反刍动物代谢葡萄糖营养的研究进展

介绍了反刍动物代谢葡萄糖的概念,并对代谢葡萄糖2个构成部分的研究进展分别进行叙述.通过调节控制丙酸与过瘤胃淀粉的比例来调控反刍动物的代谢葡萄糖.简述了有机酸盐及过瘤胃淀粉在动物生产中的应用.     

反刍动物葡萄糖代谢与营养调控

葡萄糖是动物重要的营养性单糖,对于维持动物健康、保持生产性能和提高产品质量等具有重要意义。反刍动物由于特殊的消化生理特点,葡萄糖有其特殊的合成代谢途径,尤其是糖原异生对反刍动物生产和健康尤为重要。本文结合反刍动物的消化生理,对葡萄糖消化吸收、糖原异生、营养代谢和调控组合等方面做了较全面综述,这对于指导生产实践是有益的。     

反刍动物的葡萄糖营养与调控

综述了葡萄糖在反刍动物营养代谢中的特殊功能，阐述了当前葡萄糖营养调控研究的新进展。     

反刍动物烟酸的营养代谢研究进展

烟酸是反刍动物机体内的一种必需维生素,是重要辅酶NAD和NADP的直接前体,参与脂肪酸、碳水化合物和氨基酸的合成和分解。一般认为,反刍动物饲料中和瘤胃微生物合成的烟酸,完全可以满足需要,不需另外添加。但生产观察和实验资料证明,反刍动物在某些条件下需要补充烟酸,如奶牛产奶量的提高、日粮中精料比例增加或亮氨酸和精氨酸过量、饲料加工过程中饲料中烟酸和体内可以合成烟酸的色氨酸的破坏均可导致反刍动物缺乏烟酸(杨赵军,1997)。一些试验证明,奶牛日粮中补加烟酸,可提高产奶量(Fronk和Schultz,1979;Riddel等,1981;Jaster,1983a)、…     

反刍动物瘤胃碳水化合物发酵研究进展

碳水化合物是反刍动物营养的一个重要组成部分，碳水化合物在反刍动物瘤胃的发酵又是其营养吸收利用的一个重要过程。本文根据国内外研究成果，全面综述了碳水化合物的分类及影响反刍动物瘤胃碳水化合物发酵的三方面因素，揭示了反刍动物对碳水化合物的吸收规律，为我国反刍动物饲养提供指导。     

反刍动物日粮中非纤维性碳水化合物营养代谢的研究进展

非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)是反刍动物日粮中重要的能量组成部分,其在日粮中的含量对反刍动物采食、生产性能、瘤胃发酵、营养物质消化和生理代谢等具有重要影响。本文就NFC对反刍动物采食量和生产性能、瘤胃代谢和营养素利用、机体健康和代谢等方面的影响进行综述,为进一步研究NFC及其科学应用提供参考依据。     

微量元素钼对反刍动物营养代谢的影响

在生产实际中铁、锰、铜、锌、钴、氟、碘、硒等必需微量元素均有相应的盐类作为添加剂加到动物饲料当中 ,而钼则很少加入 ,这主要是因为大多数饲料原料中钼的供给量足可以满足动物的生长需要 ,但饲料原料中钼含量受土壤、大气、水源中钼元素的影响较大 ,当原料中钼含量较低不足以满足动物需要时 ,即可引发动物的钼缺乏病 ,这对反刍动物的影响尤为明显。反之 ,当钼过于富集时 ,尤其是农业生产中钼酸铵作为肥料的大量施用 ,使饲料原料中钼元素含量过高 ,又可引发钼中毒。1　钼的生物学功能钼元素 (Ｍｏｌｙｂｄｅｎｕｍ)自 1782年由Ｈｉｅｌ…     

反刍动物肽营养研究进展

综述了国内外对小肽在反刍动物体内吸收与营养研究的新进展，讨论了小肽在瘤胃内的代谢及其对反刍动物的营养作用，分析了影响小肽吸收，代谢，利用的因素，最后介绍了瘤胃微生物肽营养的体系。     

反刍动物的葡萄糖营养与调控

综述了葡萄糖在反刍动物营养代谢中的特殊功能 ,阐述了当前葡萄糖营养调控研究的新进展     

Mechanism of insulin action on glucose metabolism in ruminants

This review presents a brief overview on the mechanism of insulin action on glucose metabolism at the molecular basis in ruminants. For ruminants, an exact mechanism of insulin on glucose metabolism is still rudimentary, but it is clear that originally, if not all, the mechanism of insulin action in ruminants was the same as in other species. Like non‐ruminants, the insulin‐sensitive glucose transporter GLUT 4 is thought to be a key‐protein in the control of glucose uptake and metabolism in ruminants, and insulin regulates glucose transport by stimulating the translocation of GLUT 4 from an intracellular membrane pool to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and muscles. Moreover, insulin‐induced GLUT 4 translocation is activated through the common intracellular signaling pathway of insulin phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) signaling pathway rather than the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)‐dependent signaling pathway. However, GLUT 4 mRNA and protein, and insulin‐induced GLUT 4 translocation on adipocytes and muscles in ruminants are lower than those in rodents and human subjects. Furthermore, insulin‐induced PI3‐kinase activation is reduced concomitantly with the lower content of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) in ruminants. In spite of normal status, a resistance to the stimulatory action of insulin on glucose metabolism in ruminants as compared to non‐ruminants may be due to, at least in part, the lower content of GLUT 4 and the lower capacity of insulin signal transduction, resulting to the lower glucose transport activity.     

The role of glucose infusion on the metabolism of nitrogen in ruminants

This work determined the time necessary to stabilize the decrease in urinary N excretion after initiating continuous i.v. glucose infusion and the quantity of glucose required to maximize N balance in growing wether lambs fed a high-protein diet (21.1% CP, DM basis). In the first experiment, six wethers (30 kg) were used in a 10-d crossover design comparing jugular infusion of glucose (600 kcal gross energy/d) plus saline with saline alone. The second infusion experiment was carried out with six wethers (31 kg) assigned to two 3 x 3 plus extra period latin squares, with glucose infusion rates of 0, 300 and 600, and 0, 450 and 900 kcal/d, respectively. Urinary N decreased (P less than .02) by d 2 of glucose infusion, remained stable to the end of the 10-d infusion period, and returned to the preinfusion level within 2 d after glucose infusion was discontinued. Urinary N decreased (P less than .01) and N balance increased (P less than .005) with an increasing level of glucose infusion through 600 kcal/d. Plasma glucose and insulin were elevated (P less than .05) only by infusion of 900 kcal/d of glucose. Glucose was present in the urine of wethers infused with 900 kcal/d of glucose. Glucose infusion had no effect on diet digestibility, hematocrit or plasma urea N. The level of glucose infused into growing wether lambs that maximized reduction of urinary N and was fully utilized for protein deposition without increasing plasma glucose and insulin was about 12 g.Wk-.75.d-1.     

反刍动物乳腺的氨基酸营养代谢研究

反刍动物乳腺是一个很活泼的蛋白质合成场所,90%以上的乳蛋白都是在乳腺中合成,其合成过程与其他组织合成蛋白质的过程相似。乳腺也是主要的氨基酸代谢调控组织,氨基酸抽取和转化为乳蛋白的机理与乳的分泌有关。血流量是主要的调控点,血液的流动可以改变乳腺的营养供给和平衡。因此,有必要对组织内氨基酸营养代谢尤其是泌乳反刍动物乳腺内氨基酸营养代谢进行深入研究,以便能准确地预测日粮中可利用蛋白质对乳蛋白的影响,使奶牛生产者能更好地配制日粮,提高日粮蛋白质的转换效率,同时为确定提高乳蛋白含量的方法和措施提供理论依据。1乳腺对…     

反刍动物营养中铜的研究进展

铜是反刍动物必需微量元素之一。文中论述了铜在反刍动物体内的分布及消化代谢特点、作用机制 ,反刍动物铜营养需要量 ,影响铜利用的因素以及外源铜在反刍动物日粮中的添加利用。     

反刍动物脂类营养研究进展

反刍动物日粮中脂类的含量较低,精料中含2％～4％,粗料中含5％～7％。在常规日粮中,脂类大部分是以甘油三酯的形式存在,另外还有小部分的糖脂和角质脂（主要是蜡质和复合脂）。饲草中脂类主要是复合脂,包括糖脂和磷脂（70％～80％）。     

反刍动物与蛋氨酸营养

蛋氨酸是生命重要的物质基础 ,在动物的生长发育和新陈代谢过程中需要大量蛋氨酸参与。蛋氨酸是常见二十几种氨基酸中的含硫氨基酸之一 ,在体内转变为胱氨酸是其发挥生理作用的途径之一。蛋氨酸还能提高动物的免疫力和抗霉菌毒素的作用。在常见猪禽日粮中蛋氨酸通常为第一或第二限制性氨基酸。最近的研究表明 ,以玉米秸秆和豆粕为主要日粮的生长肉牛 ,其第一限制性氨基酸也是蛋氨酸 ,蛋氨酸在反刍动物营养中越来越受到人们的重视。国内外相继对过瘤胃蛋氨酸和反刍动物对蛋氨酸的需要量 ,进行了大量的研究 ,本文就此作一综述。1　蛋氨酸的营…     

Saponins in nutrition of swine, poultry and ruminants

Saponins are glycosides found in many plants, which have soap character due to their surfactant properties. They work haemolytic and may cause symptoms of intoxication in high concentration. Among therapeutically relevant effects expectorative, anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating effects have the highest ranking. Beyond that, saponins demonstrate antimicrobial properties particularly against fungi and additionally against bacteria and protozoa. In animal nutrition additions of saponins can suppress intestinal and ruminal ammonia production. The ammonia-reducing effect is primarily attributed to an inhibition of proteolytic microorganisms. Due to reduced NH3-concentrations metabolism is relieved, which offers benefits to animal welfare and animal performance. Accordingly improved feed convertion ratio can be registered in weanling and growing-finishing pigs with the employment of saponin-containing feed additives. With regard to ruminal fermentation in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that beside proteolytic protozoa also cellolytic and amylolytic bacterial species are restrained. To what extent antimicrobial activity supress digestion or whether the selective effects on microorganisms can be used purposefully to manipulate ruminal fermentation, must be clarified in further investigations.     

ATP in the metabolism of ruminants]

The ATP yield from the carbohydrates of anaerobically living microorganisms in the rumen amounts to only 5-10% of the ATP yield of the intermediary metabolism in the presence of oxygen. Vital functions and thus microbial protein synthesis are due to protein degradation in the rumen. The ATP yield in the intermediary metabolism of ruminants is mainly achieved from propionate and microbial protein by means of gluconeogenesis because the absorption of glucose from digested starch is very low. The relationships between ATP yield in the rumen and the processes of glucose provision for the production of lactose as well as the protein content of the milk are shown. As important processes of ATP production in microorganisms from easily soluble carbohydrates take place in silage preparations before feed intake, the corresponding consequences for the metabolism of high-performance cows fed with silage are shown.     

反刍动物蛋白质的营养及研究进展(续)

4　反刍动物氨基酸的营养与研究进展4 .1　反刍动物氨基酸的代谢氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位 ,从很大程度上说 ,蛋白质的营养就是氨基酸的营养 ,对于反刍动物来说也不例外。反刍动物体内氮的来源有 4个途径 ,即通过瘤胃壁吸收的氮、小肠吸收的瘤胃微生物氮、瘤胃非降解蛋白质