猪肉剩余货架期快速预测电化学设备的设计与试验

针对生鲜猪肉等短货架期食品对微生物快速检测的巨大需求,该研究依据微生物呼吸作用的电子传递规律,采用原电池的工作原理,结合构建的微生物生长预测模型(4~30℃)决定系数R2为0.9954以上,试制了操作简单、方便快捷的生鲜猪肉剩余货架期的电化学预测设备,并采用Labview编程语言开发了信号采集和数据分析软件。结果表明该设备检测时间为20 min,可预测4~30℃范围内生鲜肉的剩余货架期,预测准确度为1.02~1.06,研究结果为采用电化学方法预测食品中微生物含量及其货架期提供理论参考。     

我国大樱桃深加工开发利用研究

大樱桃是深受人们喜爱的水果,但货架期较短,对其进行深加工显得尤为重要。我国大樱桃深加工产品主要有罐头、果脯、果酱、果汁、果酒、果醋等,这些产品中食品添加剂使用较为普遍。为了延长大樱桃产业链、提高产品附加值、促进大樱桃产业提质增效,整理归纳了近年来大樱桃深加工相关技术的研究文献,从果肉、果核和树叶3个方面综述了深加工开发利用研究进展,果肉的深加工主要是制作罐头、果酱、果冻、果汁及复合饮料、果脯、果酒、果醋和色素等,果核的深加工主要是提取大樱桃仁油、黄酮、多糖、蛋白及抗氧化多肽,树叶的深加工主要是提取黄酮和多糖;并针对樱桃深加工中存在的问题提出了今后的主要研究方向。     

Comprehensive sensomics analysis of hop-derived bitter compounds during storage of beer

For the first time, quantitative LC-MS/MS profiling of 56 hop-derived sensometabolites contributing to the bitter taste of beer revealed a comprehensive insight into the transformation of individual bitter compounds during storage of beer. The proton-catalyzed cyclization of trans-iso-α-acids was identified to be the quantitatively predominant reaction leading to lingering, harsh bitter tasting tri- and tetracyclic compounds such as, e.g. the cocongeners tricyclocohumol, tricyclocohumene, isotricyclocohumene, tetracyclocohumol, and epitetracyclocohumol, accumulating in beer during storage with increasing time and temperature. The key role of these transformation products in storage-induced trans-iso-α-acid degradation was verified for the first time by multivariate statistics and hierarchical cluster analysis of the sensomics data obtained for a series of commercial beer samples stored under controlled conditions. The present study offers the scientific basis for a knowledge-based extension of the shelf life of the desirable beer's bitter taste and the delay of the onset of the less preferred harsh bitter aftertaste by controlling the initial pH value of the beer and by keeping the temperature as low as possible during storage of the final beverage.     

低剂量辐照对淡腌大黄鱼贮藏的影响

为探索伽马辐照对淡腌大黄鱼的保鲜效果,以感官、菌落总数(TVC)、总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)为指标,探讨1kGy低剂量辐照对常温(25℃)贮藏淡腌大黄鱼品质和货架期的影响。结果表明,低剂量辐照处理可延长淡腌大黄鱼的货架期,对照组货架期分别为9和11d,而试验组的货架期可分别延长至16和20d;辐照处理后淡腌大黄鱼的菌落总数显著减少,在贮藏期间试验组数量始终比对照组少;辐照处理可显著减缓淡腌大黄鱼挥发性盐基氮的增加;对脂肪氧化的影响较小。研究结果为海产品辐照商业化应用提供了技术依据。     

基于无线射频识别技术的罗非鱼冷链物流温度监控系统

为了提高冷链物流过程中品质控制,以罗非鱼为例,分析了冷链物流中温度监测需求与温度数据传输的业务流程;基于无线射频识别(RFID)技术,利用Visual Studio2005和SQL server2005,结合编码技术开发了冷链物流温度监控系统,并将货架期模型嵌入到系统中,实现了对运输后水产品的货架期预测.系统运行结果表...     

不同储藏条件对干辣椒品质的影响

为给辣椒干经营者和消费者提供干辣椒在储藏期间营养品质的变化趋势及具体量值,使其了解影响干辣椒储藏的主要因素,从而对干辣椒进行科学的储藏,减少因储藏带来的各种损失。该研究以线辣椒品种（系）“L14”和“陕椒2006”为试材,在冷藏遮光、常温遮光、常温不遮光条件下储藏8个月,定期观测其主要品质性状的变化。结果表明：随着储藏时间的延长,“L14”和“陕椒2006”果实中的辣椒素、辣椒红色素、维生素C和可溶性蛋白质的含量均下降,可溶性糖含量则缓慢上升。用邓肯氏新复极差法对试验数据进行差异显著性检验,发现温度对储藏期间辣椒素、辣椒红色素的影响在储藏150?d后达到显著水平（P＜0.05）,对维生素C及可溶性糖的影响分别在储藏30?d后达到显著（P＜0.05）和极显著水平（P＜0.01）,对其他指标的影响不显著;光对辣椒红色素、维生素C的影响在储藏30?d后达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）,对其他指标的影响不显著。综合各品质指标考虑,低温遮光是辣椒干储藏的理想方式;但从经济的角度考虑,150?d以内的短期储藏在常温遮光条件下进行亦可。     

Effect of Temperature on Moisture Barrier Efficiency of Monoglyceride Edible Films in Cereal‐Based Composite Foods

The effects of temperature on moisture transfer within a composite food consisting of a sponge cake (SC) separated from a high moisture content agar gel (AG) by an acetylated monoglyceride (AMG1 and AMG2) film were investigated through moisture content profile experiments. A diffusion model was successfully used to predict moisture transfer within various composite foods (AG/SC, AG/AMG1/SC, and AG/AMG2/SC). The barrier efficiencies of the two hydrophobic films studied were reduced by temperature increase due to activation of diffusivity and equilibrium water sorption. Despite the low melting point of highly acetylated monoglyceride films, their barrier efficiency appeared to be less sensitive to temperature than monoglyceride films with a lower degree of acetylation. Consequently, in poor storage temperature conditions, these latter monoglyceride films seemed to be more effective in enhancing the shelf‐life of the composite food studied here.     

Antioxidant‐Rich Foods Retard Lipid Oxidation in Extruded Corn

Antioxidant‐rich plant materials could provide protection against oxidation in extruded foods and feeds, but their efficacy is not well established. Degermed yellow cornmeal was mixed with 0.02% (w/w) ascorbic acid or quercetin, or with 2% (w/w) spray‐dried ginkgo extract, onion powder, potato peels, or wheat bran. The mixtures were processed in a laboratory‐scale twin‐screw extruder at a feed rate of 227 g/min. Water pump rate was 16 g/min; screw speed was 200 rpm. Mass temperature during extrusion averaged ≈170°C. Samples were cut into small spheres, dried to 5% moisture, then stored in trilaminate bags at 25°C. Ground sample headspace was assayed for hexanal and other volatile indicators of oxidation by gas chromatography. Ginkgo and potato peels significantly darkened the extrudates. Total soluble phenolics, as ferulic acid equivalents, were highest in the ginkgo sample. Volatile compounds were lower in several treatments during storage compared with the control. These findings suggest that manufacturers may be able to formulate products with improved shelf‐life through addition of antioxidant‐rich food materials.     

预测牛乳货架期的时间--温度指示器的研制

利用生物化学方法实验研究了牛乳品质与存放温度、时间的关系,并根据菌落总数和酸度作为依据得出时间-温度-货架期曲线。应用单片机技术,研制出能实测和记录冷藏链时间-温度变化和剩余货架期的指示器。以期实现冷藏链中牛乳的品质监测。研究结果表明,存放过程中,菌落总数随着温度的升高和时间的延长而增加,新鲜度随温度的升高和时间的延长而降低。对于经历了不同温度-时间存放的牛乳,应用指示器实测的剩余货架期和生物化学实验得到的结果相比,偏差在0.5 d以内。当牛乳剩余货架期少于1 d时,指示器发出声音报警。     

不同贮藏温度下养殖大黄鱼货架期预测模型的构建

为探讨不同温度范围内导致产品腐败的原因和开发货架期预测模型,通过对低温(0～10℃)、室温(25℃)和变温贮藏下养殖大黄鱼感官、理化和微生物质量指标和细菌种群的研究,确定上述温度条件下的货架期和特定腐败菌,开发出3种货架期预测模型,并用恒温和波动温度下的货架期进行验证。结果表明,养殖大黄鱼低温下的货架期为5.4～17.8d,特定腐败菌为腐败希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌,室温下货架期仅1.1d,特定腐败菌为弧菌和肠杆菌。依据相对腐败速率与温度的相关性,开发出Exponential、School-field和Square-root货架期预测模型,模型参数表观活化能Ea、最小温度Tmin和温度特性系数a分别为74kJ/mol、-10℃和0.11,并用3、7、10℃恒温和变温下的货架期对模型进行验证,相对误差分别为0%～13.8%、-0.9%～9.8%和-0.2%～-22.1%,表明School-field和Exponential货架期模型性能优于Square-root货架期模型,能快速有效预测0～25℃范围的大黄鱼品质。该文将为进一步研发集包装、贮藏和流通等为一体的水产品品质智能化预警系统提供依据。     

速冻莲藕片贮藏过程中品质变化动力学模型

为了探寻贮藏温度对速冻莲藕片品质的影响及预测其货架期,该文研究在贮藏温度?5、?15和?25℃条件下,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度随着贮藏时间的变化,建立了3个指标变化动力学模型。结果表明:随着贮藏温度的升高,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度的变化速率逐渐增加,?5℃条件下贮藏的速冻莲藕片品质快速下降,?15和?25℃条件下贮藏前期莲藕片品质下降不显著(P0.05),随着时间的延长,?25℃部分玻璃态贮藏的莲藕片品质最佳;不同贮藏温度下速冻莲藕片维生素C和硬度变化符合一级反应,总色差和亮度变化符合零级反应,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度反应速率常数符合Arrhenius方程,并建立莲藕片货架期动力学模型,通过对其验证发现模型拟合度良好(R20.9),能预测速冻莲藕片贮藏期各品质指标变化和不同温度下的货架期寿命。研究结果可为速冻莲藕片低温贮藏品质变化和货架寿命预测提供理论依据。     

Shelf-life modeling of bakery products by using oxidation indices

The aim of this work was to develop a shelf-life prediction model of lipid-containing bakery products. To this purpose (i) the temperature dependence of the oxidation rate of bakery products was modeled, taking into account the changes in lipid physical state; (ii) the acceptance limits were assessed by sensory analysis; and (iii) the relationship between chemical oxidation index and acceptance limit was evaluated. Results highlight that the peroxide number, the changes of which are linearly related to consumer acceptability, is a representative index of the quality depletion of biscuits during their shelf life. In addition, the evolution of peroxides can be predicted by a modified Arrhenius equation accounting for the changes in the physical state of biscuit fat. Knowledge of the relationship between peroxides and sensory acceptability together with the temperature dependence of peroxide formation allows a mathematical model to be set up to simply and quickly calculate the shelf life of biscuits.     

Dietary fiber content and associated antioxidant compounds in Roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) beverage

The beverage of Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers is widely consumed in Mexico. Polyphenols contained in plant foods are frequently associated with dietary fiber. The aim of this work is to quantify the dietary fiber, associated polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity of the Roselle flower and the beverage traditionally prepared from it and its contribution to the Mexican diet. Roselle flower contained dietary fiber as the largest component (33.9%) and was rich in phenolic compounds (6.13%). Soluble dietary fiber was 0.66 g/L in beverage, and 66% of total extractable polyphenols contained in Roselle flower passed to the beverage and showed an antioxidant capacity of 335 micromoL trolox equivalents/100 mL beverage measured by ABTS. These data suggest that Roselle flower beverage intake in the Mexican diet may contribute around 166 and 165 mg/per serving to the intake of dietary fiber and polyphenols, respectively. The health benefits from consumption of Hibiscus beverage could be of considerable benefit to the whole population.     

Influence of crystallization on the oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) physical state on the kinetics of oxidative reactions. To this purpose, EVOO was stored at increasing temperatures from 3 to 60 degrees C and the oxidation was followed by measuring both primary and secondary oxidation products. Results highlighted that crystallization plays an important role in determining EVOO stability. Below the melting point, the oxidation rate was found to be higher than that expected on the basis of the Arrhenius equation. The observed deviation from the Arrhenius equation was attributed to the physicochemical changes occurring as a consequence of phase transitions. In particular, the increase in unsaturated triacylglycerol concentration and the decrease of polyphenol content in the liquid phase surrounding fat crystals were indicated as the main factors causing the deviation. By taking into account these changes it was possible to describe the temperature dependence of the oxidation rate in the entire range of temperatures considered. This model appears to be promising in the challenge to find mathematical models able to predict the stability and, hence, the shelf life of lipid-containing foods.     

冰温贮藏对梭子蟹品质影响及其货架期模型的建立

为延长梭子蟹的保存期,以即死三疣梭子蟹为研究对象,以冷藏及冰藏为对照,研究冰温(272K)贮藏对梭子蟹品质的影响,并结合梭子蟹的理化指标变化和零级化学动力学模型与Arrhenius方程,建立梭子蟹货架期预测模型,对其剩余货架期进行预测。结果表明,冰温保鲜可有效缓解梭子蟹品质劣变,在贮藏过程中,总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数(TVC)及K值的变化速率均较冷藏、冰藏缓慢,货架期延长了1~2 d;建立的梭子蟹货架期预测模型具有较高的拟合精度,预测值和实测值之间的相对误差小于10%,表明该模型能够准确地预测梭子蟹在特定条件下的剩余货架期。本研究结果为冰温技术在梭子蟹保鲜中的应用及梭子蟹剩余货架期的预测提供了理论依据。     

Light wavelength effects on a lutein-fortified model colloidal beverage

The effect of light on a model colloidal beverage system containing whey protein, lutein, and limonene was investigated. Changes in volatile chemistry were evaluated under accelerated conditions (12 h, 25 °C) at selected wavelengths regions (395, 463, 516, 567, and 610 nm absorbance maxima) using a photochemical reactor. The most damaging wavelengths to lutein stability were UV (200-400 nm) and 463 nm wavelengths. Hexanal formation was highest in the control beverage when exposed to full spectrum light and UV (200-400 nm) wavelengths. Hexanal also was formed in the lutein-fortified beverage under full spectrum light and UV (200-400 nm) wavelengths but to a significantly lesser degree. Limonene degraded significantly under all treatment conditions, with most degradation occurring during full spectrum light exposure. Lutein fortification did not completely protect limonene from degradation.     

Sea buckthorn products: manufacture and composition.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a unique plant currently being domesticated. The fruit is the main component of value, although the leaves are occasionally made into sea buckthorn tea. The two main sources of valuable products are derived from the berries, juice from the fleshy tissue and seed as a single seed from each berry. The juice provides a nutritious beverage, high in suspended solids and very high in vitamin C and carotenes. The juice may contain an oil phase trapped within the suspended solids, or the oil may be removed as pulp oil and provided separately. The pulp remaining after juice removal provides for extraction of "sea buckthorn yellow", a pigment that has potential use as a food coloring material. The seed is a source of seed oil, which is very unsaturated and shows promise, because of its light absorption and emollient properties, as an ingredient in cosmetics, phytopharmaceuticals, or UV skin protectant preparations. It may be prepared by conventional extraction techniques or by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The manufacture of the main products derived from sea buckthorn is described, including several examples from the patent literature. The available compositional data for the main products are tabulated to form a comprehensive source of information on the manufacture and composition of sea buckthorn products.     

Impact of high-pressure processing on vitamin E (α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol), vitamin D (cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol), and fatty acid profiles in liquid foods

In the present study, four high-pressure (HP) treatments (100, 200, 300, and 400 MPa) of 9 min duration were evaluated to assess their effect on the lipid fraction (fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acid profile) of an orange juice-milk and a vegetable beverage. After HP treatment, nonsignificant changes in vitamin D(2) and D(3) contents were observed for both beverages. An increase in vitamin E activity was observed in HP beverages when pressures >100 MPa were applied, mainly due to an increase in α-tocopherol content. Only a small reduction in fat content was found for the orange juice-milk beverage, but no changes were observed for the vegetable beverage. A significant decrease in SFA levels was observed in HP-treated (300-400 MPa) orange juice-milk. With regard to MUFA, a significant increase in oleic acid (C(18:1)) was found in both liquid foods. Nonsignificant differences in the PUFA profiles were observed after HP processing.     

Shelf-life prediction of processed milk by solid-phase microextraction, mass spectrometry, and multivariate analysis

A technique based on solid-phase microextraction, mass spectrometry, and multivariate analysis (SPME-MS-MVA) was used to predict the shelf life of pasteurized and homogenized reduced-fat milk and whole-fat chocolate milk sampled over a 7 month period. Using SPME-MS-MVA, which is essentially a mass spectrometry-based electronic-nose instrument, volatile bacterial metabolites were extracted from milk with SPME (Carboxen-PDMS) and injected into a GC capillary column at elevated temperature. Mass fragmentation profiles from the unresolved milk volatile components were normalized to the intensity of a chlorobenzene internal standard mass peak (m/z 112) and subjected to MVA. Prediction models based on partial least-squares regression of mass intensity lists were able to predict the shelf life of samples to approximately +/-1 day, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.98 for the two types of milk samples. Using principal component analysis techniques, the procedure was also useful for classifying samples that were rendered unpalatable by nonmicrobial sources (contamination by copper and sanitizer) as well as by bacteria.     

Degradation kinetics of catechins in green tea powder: effects of temperature and relative humidity

The stability of catechins in green tea powders is important for product shelf life and delivering health benefits. Most published kinetic studies of catechin degradation have been conducted with dilute solutions and, therefore, are limited in applicability to powder systems. In this study, spray-dried green tea extract powders were stored under various relative humidity (RH) (43-97%) and temperature (25-60 °C) conditions for up to 16 weeks. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine catechin contents. Catechin degradation kinetics were affected by RH and temperature, but temperature was the dominant factor. Kinetic models as functions of RH and temperature for the individual 2,3-cis-configured catechins (EGCG, EGC, ECG, and EC) were established. The reaction rate constants of catechin degradation also followed the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) relationship. This study provides a powerful prediction approach for the shelf life of green tea powder and highlights the importance of glass transition in solid state kinetics studies.