不同因素影响下层状土壤水分入渗特征及水力学参数估计

层状土壤是自然界常见的土体结构,其水分运移规律不同于均质土;大气降水、灌溉水等水分的入渗是土壤水文过程的一个重要环节,同时它也与地下水补给、污染物运移等过程紧密相关。土壤初始含水量、土体构型及供水强度等因素均会影响水分的入渗过程。为探究积水深度、土体构型、初始含水量三种因素对层状土壤水分运移的影响,通过室内积水入渗试验对湿润锋、累积入渗量、土壤剖面压力水头进行观测,并利用Hydrus-1D模型反演水力参数并对相应条件下的水分运移规律进行模拟和分析。结果表明,层状土壤中湿润锋随时间的推进方式由非线性过渡至线性,入渗率逐渐减小。三种因素作用下,层状土壤水分运移特征有明显差异:积水深度、土壤初始含水量增加时,湿润锋运移速率和入渗率均增大,且各观测点压力水头升高加快,土壤不饱和程度降低;上砂壤下粉砂壤构型较上粉砂壤下砂壤构型而言,整体湿润锋推进速率和入渗率较大,出流快,且入渗后期界面处的压力水头高于其他观测点。且结果表明,反演的水力学参数较拟合实测的参数更适用于层状土壤入渗的模拟和预测。该研究旨在揭示和掌握层状土壤水分运移规律和影响因素的作用机制,并进一步为农田灌溉措施的合理制定提供科学依据。     

不同煤矸石厚度及位置对土壤水分入渗过程的影响

矿区土壤煤矸石的存在能够改变土壤的某些物理特性,并影响土壤水分入渗过程。采用一维定水头垂直入渗室内土柱模拟试验,对5种不同煤矸石厚度(0,4,8,12,16cm)及3个位置(上层、中层、下层)的土壤水分入渗过程进行研究。结果表明,煤矸石覆盖土壤表层有利于土壤水分入渗,土壤水分累积入渗量和稳定入渗速率随着煤矸石厚度(0～16cm)的增加呈现增大的趋势,但煤矸石厚度较大(8,12,16cm)或较小(0,4,8cm)时土壤稳定入渗速率差异不显著。当煤矸石位于中层时,煤矸石的存在抑制了土壤水分入渗过程,土壤水分稳定入渗速率随着煤矸石厚度(4～16cm)的增加而变大,但煤矸石厚度为12,16cm时土壤稳定入渗速率差异不显著。煤矸石位于下层时,煤矸石厚度对土壤水分入渗过程影响较小。不同煤矸石厚度情况下,煤矸石位于上层时累积入渗量最大,而位于中层时累积入渗量最小。与Philip方程相比,Kostiakov入渗模型可以更好地反映含有煤矸石土壤的累积入渗量变化过程。     

不同生物炭施加量的土壤水分入渗及其分布特性

为了揭示生物炭施加到黑土区土壤后形成的特殊双层土壤结构对土壤水分入渗及其分布的影响,该研究采取室内与田间试验相结合的方法,探讨了积水入渗条件下不同生物炭施加量(0、10、20、40和80 t/hm~2)的土壤水分入渗特性,并建立了生物炭-土壤双层土壤结构水分分布模型,对不同生物炭施加量的农田土壤水分分布进行了模拟。结果显示,生物炭-土壤双层结构土壤水分入渗过程表现为斜率由大变小的两段非线性曲线,转折点为入渗锋面到达生物炭-土壤交界面后暂停继续下渗,上层土壤质量含水率累积到界面含水率超过临界含水率42.5%的时间;生物炭的施加使土壤入渗率、饱和导水率和临界吸力与对照相比提高的比例范围分别为21.95%~112.20%、14.29%~52.38%和13.75~78.69%,同时也可显著增强上、下层土壤的持水性能。在上层土壤厚度为20 cm时,影响临界吸力的因素只有生物炭的施加量,且其与施炭量的相关性大于土壤入渗率和饱和导水率;施用生物炭条件下的土壤水分分布规律可以用本研究所建立的生物炭-土壤双层土壤结构水分分布模型来表达。研究表明,生物炭添加能够改善黑土区土壤持水能力和水分入渗特性,有利于作物生长,减少地表径流和水土流失;同时也为生物炭在黑土区农业生产上的应用选择合理施加量提供科学参考。     

不同地表覆盖下冻融土壤入渗能力及入渗参数（英）

为了研究不同地表覆盖下冻融土壤入渗能力的差异和入渗参数的变化规律,进行了一系列裸地、地膜覆盖地和秸秆覆盖地土壤田间入渗试验。研究表明,冻土的入渗能力主要受冻层的控制,冻层是入渗水分的控制界面,土壤冻融特征差异是影响不同地表覆盖下土壤入渗能力大小的主导因素。冻融土壤的水分入渗过程可用三参数考斯加科夫土壤入渗经验模型描述。水分入渗开始 1 min内的累积入渗量大小随着冻层厚度和密实度的增加而减小,随着土壤冻融循环次数增加而增大;入渗能力的衰减率随着冻层厚度和密实度的增加而减小;稳定入渗率大小主要取决于土壤冻结状态和入渗锋面处的水力特性。三入渗参数均与土壤含水率和冻结深度有关,不同地表覆盖下的土壤入渗参数随着冻层深度的增加而减小,随着土壤的消融解冻而增大。该研究成果对农业生产实际和水土保持具有重要的指导意义。     

黑河中游绿洲不同质地土壤水分的入渗与再分布

该文利用双环入渗仪,通过定水头法研究了黑河中游绿洲地区玉米地和防护林地土壤水分的入渗过程,并利用Hydrus-1D模型和Trime-IPH手持式TDR分别对土壤水分的入渗和再分布过程进行了动态模拟和测定。结果表明:不同质地土壤水分入渗和再分布差异明显。土壤下部粘土夹层不仅对水分入渗起到显著的阻碍作用,而且具有较强的持水保水能力。统计分析表明,试验期间模拟土壤含水量的均方根误差和相对误差分别在0.02cm3/cm3和0.68%以下,模拟剖面储水量的均方根误差和相对误差分别在0.908 cm和0.9%以下,因此Hydrus-1D模型对绿洲地区土壤水分在垂直方向的运移模拟具有较高的精确度,这为该区域水分管理和可持续发展提供理论依据。     

土壤有机质含量对土壤入渗能力及参数影响的试验研究

基于土壤质地为壤土的大田水分入渗试验,分析了有机质含量对大田土壤水分入渗能力和考斯加科夫入渗模型参数的影响。研究表明：土壤有机质对大田土壤入渗能力和入渗模型参数的影响都比较明显,土壤累积入渗量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增大;入渗模型参数k和α值随土壤有机质含量的增加而减小。研究结果对于土壤入渗能力预测模型的建立和地面灌水技术参数的优化具有一定价值。     

层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动数值模拟与验证

[目的]为进一步认识层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动规律。[方法]依据非饱和土壤水分运动理论,建立了垂直一维土壤饱和—非饱和水分运动的数学模型,并用SWMS-2D软件进行求解。采用已有文献资料,对均质土和层状土的土壤剖面含水率、土壤湿润锋运移值和累积入渗量及入渗速率等指标的实测值与模拟值进行分析验证。[结果]实测值与模拟值具有较好的一致性,所提出的数学模型既适用于均质土壤,也适用于层状土壤。[结论]所建模型能比较真实地反映均质土和层状土垂直一维入渗土壤水分运动的状况,证明利用SWMS-2D软件对层状土柱中土壤水分运动进行模拟具有可行性。     

沟灌过程中土壤水分入渗参数与糙率的推求和验证

为了推求沟灌条件下土壤水分入渗参数,基于水量平衡法利用室内沟灌平台试验推求验证沟灌运动过程中水分入渗量以及水分入渗函数Kostiakov或修正的Kostiakov的参数,在两种不同糙率和排水边界条件下,运用水流推进阶段以及推进后阶段的实测数据如流入量、水流前峰推进函数、水深以及流出量等,建立了计算函数,并将其计算的入渗参数代入地表水流运动模型SRFR中验证水流推进过程以及不同测点的水深过程线,结果表明模拟值与实测值较为吻合.说明利用水量平衡法建立的土壤水分入渗参数可以准确的表达土壤水分入渗规律.     

应用HYDRUS-1D模拟砂质夹层土壤入渗特性

依据非饱和土壤水分运动理论,采用HYDRUS-1D软件,对砂质夹层土壤入渗特性进行数值模拟,分析各因素对砂质夹层土壤入渗规律的影响。结果表明：砂质夹层结构对土壤入渗特性有较大影响,具有暂时的阻水和减渗作用;湿润锋穿过砂层上界面后,入渗过程变为稳渗阶段,稳渗率主要受砂层质地、砂层埋深和压力水头影响,与土壤初始含水率和砂层厚度无关;砂质夹层土壤剖面水分分布不连续,上层土壤基本饱和,砂层土壤未饱和,土壤剖面含水率主要受砂层质地、砂层埋深和砂层厚度的影响。研究结果可为农业水资源利用及工程防渗技术提供理论依据。     

露天煤矿排土场覆土厚度对土壤水分入渗及植物水分利用的影响

表土回覆是露天煤矿排土场生态修复的关键步骤，覆土厚度直接影响植物生长和复垦成本，为研究露天煤矿排土场不同覆土厚度对土壤水分入渗及植物水分利用的影响，采用室内土柱模拟试验，设置10,20,30,40,50 cm共5个覆土厚度，分别进行垂直入渗试验和室内盆栽试验(玉米),并结合氢氧同位素稳定示踪技术，研究不同覆土厚度土壤入渗和玉米水分利用特征，筛选研究区排土场最佳覆土厚度。结果表明：覆土厚度为10～30 cm(27.05～33.02 mm/min)的初始入渗速率显著高于40～50 cm(21.59～24.89 mm/min)的初始入渗速率(p<0.05),稳定入渗速率随覆土厚度的增加而增大，当覆土厚度高于40 cm后，随着覆土厚度的增加稳定入渗速率维持在3 mm/min左右。矸石层入渗过程受覆土层的影响较大，覆土厚度高于40 cm后，矸石层入渗速率基本稳定在土层连接面的入渗速率上。不同覆土厚度下玉米木质部水氢氧同位素值与土壤水氢氧同位素随土层变化曲线交点主要集中在覆土层，因此，玉米生长水分主要来源于覆土层。覆土厚度越大，2条线交点增多、交点分布范围增大，玉米对土壤水分的利用范围越大，...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.