预发酵方式对餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌及甲烷发酵的影响

餐厨垃圾水分和有机物含量高,在收集储运过程中易酸腐变臭,影响其资源化利用。该文在新鲜餐厨垃圾中分别接种酵母菌和乙酸菌进行乙醇和乙酸预发酵,预发酵后的餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合进行甲烷发酵,并与不接任何菌种的对照组比较,考察2种预发酵方式对餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌及其与酒糟混合甲烷发酵的影响。研究结果表明,乙酸和乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾均具有良好的酸化抑菌效果,其大肠杆菌和金黄葡萄球菌数均比对照组降低了2个数量级以上;累积甲烷产量由高到低的顺序是:乙醇预发酵对照乙酸预发酵组,前者累积产甲烷量比对照组和乙酸预发酵组分别提高21.3%和49.8%;乙醇预发酵组乙醇浓度最高,而乙酸和丙酸浓度均最低;相反,乙酸预发酵组挥发性脂肪酸浓度积累导致产甲烷菌活性较低,其产气效率最低。因此,乙醇预发酵是一种既能实现餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌,又能维持发酵系统的稳定性,提高其后续产甲烷效率的有效预发酵方式。     

果蔬垃圾与餐厨垃圾混合厌氧消化产气性能

研究了果蔬与餐厨垃圾不同混合比例和不同进料负荷下的厌氧消化产气性能。以果蔬与餐厨垃圾为原料,比例分别为0∶8、2∶8、5∶8、8∶8和8∶0,不同比例的混合原料分别按2%、4%、6%（TS）的进料负荷进行厌氧消化。结果表明：果蔬与餐厨的比例为5∶8、进料负荷2%时产气性能最佳,其单位TS甲烷总产量为600 mL/g,比同比例进料负荷4%和6%分别高5.4%和10%,比2%～6%的单一餐厨和单一果蔬原料分别高4.5%～18%和7.1%～510%,消化周期小于50 d,第20天即达到产气高峰,且峰值单位TS日产气量可达95 mL/g。低负荷运行可有效地避免VFA中丙酸及氨氮的积累,提高负荷、增加果蔬的比例则会导致丙酸和氨氮的积累和抑制,影响厌氧消化体系的稳定性,导致单位TS甲烷总产量降低。研究结果可为城市生活垃圾有机废物厌氧消化处理提供设计和运行依据。     

粪便、餐厨及芦苇混合厌氧消化过程中餐厨含量的影响研究

采用完全混合湿式厌氧发酵方法,对餐厨、粪便及芦苇3种物料混合厌氧消化过程中餐厨含量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,餐厨加入量对这3种物料混合厌氧发酵影响显著。适当增加餐厨比例,有利于产气率的提高,但随着餐厨比例的增加,混合厌氧消化过程中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量增加明显,较容易出现＂酸化＂现象而影响产气效果。粪便、芦苇与餐厨湿重比为7∶2.5∶3时,产气效果最佳,最高容积产气率为1118mL·L^-1·d^-1,平均甲烷含量为64.6%,COD去除率达到68.56%。随着餐厨比例的增加,NH3-N含量逐渐增加,但未对厌氧消化产生抑制作用。     

玉米秸秆与巢湖蓝藻混合厌氧发酵的产沼气性能

为了提高蓝藻的资源化利用效率,该研究利用玉米秸秆和蓝藻混合厌氧发酵制备沼气。结果表明,与单一的玉米秸秆或蓝藻发酵过程相比,玉米秸秆和蓝藻混合发酵能够有效促进沼气的生成。当玉米秸秆、蓝藻和接种污泥混合挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)质量比是2:8:1,产气效果最佳,挥发性固体产气量为687.3mL/g,其中甲烷体积分数达到63.3%。同时该体系液相磷酸盐含量、总碳、总有机碳也最高,表明该系统内发生为了蓝藻的有效降解。研究结果对于农业废弃物和巢湖蓝藻的资源化利用具有一定的意义。     

高固体含量进料提高餐厨废弃物连续厌氧发酵性能

为了考察高低2种进料固体含量在餐厨废弃物中温厌氧发酵中对产气效果的影响,该文将餐厨废弃物预先配制成固体质量分数为19.0%和9.5%的2种进料,应用单相连续厌氧发酵系统并设置低、中、高3个有机负荷,考察产气效率及厌氧反应器内部固体含量、氨氮浓度和p H值的变化情况。试验结果表明,高固体含量进料组的挥发性固体产气率在3个机负荷下均明显占优,分别为634.34、623.14和550.08 m L/g,而低固体含量进料组分别为549.86、491.22和0 m L/g。此外,采用高固体含量进料的厌氧反应器内固体质量分数一直保持在10%以下,符合湿法半连续发酵工艺要求。该研究对餐厨废弃物湿法厌氧发酵的沼气生产中,如何最大化节约原料稀释用水上提供了设计参考。     

稻草与鸡粪配比对混合厌氧消化产气率的影响

为获得稻草与鸡粪混合厌氧消化较佳的原料配比,以稻草和鸡粪为原料,在初始挥发性固体(VS)负荷为6%和中温(37℃)条件下,考察不同的稻草与鸡粪VS配比(0:1、1:2、1:1、2:1、1:0)对混合厌氧消化过程的影响。结果表明,不同配比条件下厌氧消化均没有出现挥发性有机酸或氨氮抑制,整个发酵过程的pH值稳定在6.8～8.2;与稻草和鸡粪单独厌氧消化相比,混合厌氧消化能够显著提高原料产气率;在稻草与鸡粪VS比分别为0:1、1:2、1:1、2:1、1:0时,实际挥发性固体甲烷产率分别为212.43、240.45、250.28、206.09和178.03mL/g,实际平均甲烷体积分数分别为58.8%、50.5%、50.8%、49.2%和50.1%;C/N在11.2～47.5,甲烷产率和沼气产率的实际值与理论值之比(Ya/Ym)呈现先上升后下降趋势,在C/N为17.8时,Ya/Ym达最大值。在中温厌氧消化工程应用中,建议稻草与鸡粪VS比为1:1,或控制配比后混合原料的C/N约为17.8,设计发酵停留时间为23d,挥发性固体产气率为446mL/g。     

工艺措施对猪粪秸秆混合厌氧干发酵产气性能的影响

为避免挥发性脂肪酸积累、提高产气效率,研究猪粪单独发酵、猪粪秸秆混合发酵、猪粪秸秆混合原料分层接种和猪粪秸秆混合原料渗滤液回流等工艺措施下,中温(37℃)厌氧干发酵(总固体含量为20%)的产酸及产气性能。结果表明:猪粪秸秆混合原料分层接种厌氧发酵启动快,产气效果最佳,累积挥发性固体含量VS产甲烷量可达139.2mL/g;混合发酵渗滤液回流可有效降低总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acids,TVFAs)质量浓度(维持在0.66 mg/g),累积VS产甲烷量比分层接种低16.7%;猪粪秸秆混合发酵与猪粪单独发酵的反应器中TVFAs质量浓度分别达到19.08和19.83 mg/g,前15 d日产甲烷量为0.1 mL/(g·d),基本不产气。通过不同工艺措施对比,获得产气量最高和启动期最快的发酵方式,提高猪粪厌氧干发酵产气效率,为猪粪等高固体含量有机废弃物的资源化处理利用提供参考。     

香蕉秸秆与牲畜粪便固体联合厌氧发酵产沼气的特性

为了探讨香蕉秸秆与牲畜粪便的组合对固体厌氧发酵产沼气特性的影响,该文在20%的固体质量分数和中温(35±1)℃条件下,分别开展了不同质量分数的牛粪或猪粪与香蕉秸秆的联合厌氧发酵产气性能的比较研究。结果表明,与香蕉秸秆单独厌氧消化相比较,分别组合质量分数为75%的牛粪和猪粪,沼气累积产量可提高1.3～2.0倍。虽然组合猪粪或牛粪皆可改善底物厌氧消化产气性能,促进产气量的提高,但二者对改善底物的厌氧产气特性的影响不同,组合猪粪可以显著增强产气效率。对于猪粪与香蕉秸秆的组合底物,当猪粪的质量分数为50%时,甲烷产率和累积甲烷产量达到最高值,分别为191 mL/g和12.7 L,较牛粪与香蕉秸秆的组合底物分别提高了69%和92%。而沼气产率和累积沼气产量最高值出现在猪粪的质量分数为75%时,较牛粪与香蕉秸秆的组合底物分别提高了18%和32%,达到365 mL/g和23.9 L。此外,2种牲畜粪便的组合亦可显著增强底物中纤维素和半纤维素降解,它们的降解率相较于香蕉秸秆单独厌氧消化最高可提高1.2和3.6倍。该文研究结果可为香蕉秸秆和牲畜粪便固体厌氧产沼气工程提供参考。     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化接种物的驯化研究

研究不同投料方式对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化接种物产气活性的影响,探求餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化接种物的最佳驯化方法。在55℃条件下,采用不同方式对厌氧污泥进行驯化作为餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化的接种物,观察了驯化前后污泥中微生物菌群的形态结构,考察了驯化过程中污泥pH值和VFA(挥发性脂肪酸)浓度的变化,并且比较了驯化后污泥的产气活性,结果表明：污泥经过添加一定量的餐厨垃圾驯化培养后,其微生物菌群形态由球形演变为单一的杆状菌体,且分布较分散,产气活性也有所提高,其中每日投加餐厨垃圾2.5 g(污泥质量的0.5％),驯化2     

底物浓度和接种率对稻秸沼气启动的影响

采用室内模拟方法,在35℃恒温条件下,研究底物浓度和接种率对稻秸沼气发酵启动的影响。结果表明,纯稻秸厌氧发酵时必须加大接种量。与TS为12%和20%的处理相比,TS浓度为16%产气速度为最佳,其产气启动快,发酵第7d即达产气高峰,且甲烷含量达50%的时间分别提前了4d（TS12%）和1d（TS20%）,前20d的平均容积产气率达0.63L·L^-1·d^-1,分别提高42.30%（TS20%）和69.01%（TS12%）。总之,纯稻秸发酵时以TS为16%的启动效果最佳,试验中的接种比例为稻秸TS量的3倍（TS比）。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.