鲤野生和养殖群体遗传多样性分析中的微卫星(SSLP)分析

采用7个微卫星标记,研究了鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、高寒鲤和荷包红鲤抗寒品系(Cyprinus carpio var.wananensis)三个群体的遗传变异。结果显示,鲤野生群体、高寒鲤、荷包红鲤抗寒品系的平均杂合度分别为0.276、0.147、0.0952,平均无偏倚杂合度期望值为0.431、0.355、0.305。鲤野生群体的杂合度明显高于其他两个养殖品种,说明其较其他两个养殖品种的遗传多样性丰富。     

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对青海湖裸鲤的3个洄游繁殖群体-黑马河(HM)、布哈河(BH)及沙柳河(SL)群体各30个个体的DNA多态性进行了分析。用13个引物在三个群体中共检测出85个位点,其中多态性位点68个。青海湖裸鲤群体总的DNA多态位点百分率为80．0％。数据分析结果显示：青海湖裸鲤3个群体总的Nei基因多样性为0．3395,Shannon遗传多样性信息指数为0．4861,存在着较为丰富的遗传多样性。青海湖裸鲤3个群体间平均遗传距离为0．0788,基因分化系数Gst为0．1070,表明3个繁殖群体间产生了一定程度的遗传分化,通过UPGMA方法进行聚类分析显示,HM群体和BH群体优先聚类,表示它们之间的基因交流程度要高于它们分别与SL群体之间的交流。     

网箱养殖大黄鱼遗传多样性的同工酶和RAPD分析

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法(PAGE)和RAPD技术对象山港网箱养殖大黄鱼群体遗传多样性进行检测。结果表明，所分析的12种同工酶共记录了27个基因座位，其中3个基因座位Est-2、Est-3和m-Adh-2为多态，其多态座位比例为11．111％，平均杂合度为0．0279。16个RAPD随机引物共检测出119个位点，其中多态位点20个(16.81％)，个体间的遗传相似系数为0．844～0．972，遗传变异度为0．0927，Shannon多样性指数为6．326，多样性值为0．0532。不论是同工酶电泳分析结果还是RAPD分析结果，均表明象山港网箱养殖大黄鱼遗传多样性水平较低。     

一个镜鲤家系的遗传多样性及经济性状的遗传连锁分析

本试验在一个镜鲤家系中,随机选取68尾作为实验鱼,在测量体重、体长、全长等数量性状的同时,利用15个微卫星分子标记对其进行遗传检测,共检测到40个等位基因,每个基因座的等位基因数为1～4个不等,平均等位基因2.66个,片段长度在132-551之间,有效等位基因数（Ne）为1.3721～3.8278,平均观察杂合度（Ho）为0.3235～1.0000,平均期望杂合度（He）为0.3464～0.7442,平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0.4754。结果表明：该镜鲤家系的遗传多样性处于中等水平,但在较大的选择压力下已严重偏离Hardy-Wenberg平衡。利用SPSS程序下的GLM过程对15个微卫星位点与主要经济性状的相关性进行分析,结果发现：HLJ021、HLJ354、HLJ551共3个微卫星位点对镜鲤体重显著影响（p〈0.05）,其中,位点HLJ021、HLJ044、HLJ551、HLJ1330还对体高存在显著影响（p〈0.05）,HLJ354对体长、体厚、全长存在显著影响（p〈0.05）。本研究所鉴定的与生长性状相关的标记可为德国镜鲤分子标记辅助育种提供重要信息。     

一个镜鲤家系的遗传多样性及经济性状的遗传连锁分析

本试验在一个镜鲤家系中,随机选取68尾作为实验鱼,在测量体重、体长、全长等数量性状的同时,利用15个微卫星分子标记对其进行遗传检测,共检测到40个等位基因,每个基因座的等位基因数为1～4个不等,平均等位基因2.66个,片段长度在132-551之间,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.3721～3.8278,平均观察杂合度(Ho...     

凡纳滨对虾引进群体与养殖群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为了解引进群体与国内养殖凡纳滨对虾群体遗传多样性水平,提高我国凡纳滨对虾种质改良效果,应用AFLP标记技术对国外引进群体和国内养殖凡纳滨对虾群体的遗传多样性进行分析。采用7对AFLP引物组合对7个群体(4个引进群体,3个养殖群体)210个个体进行扩增,结果发现,7个群体在100~500 bp共检测到105个位点,其中多态性位点为90个,多态位点比例为85.71%。4个引进群体(KONABA、SISMAN、OI、CHAI)的多态性位点百分率分别为62.5%,57.29%,61.21%,61.46%;3个国内养殖群体(ZX、ZK、GDOU)的多态性位点百分率分别为65.63%,61.46%,54.17%。7个群体的平均期望杂合度为0.202,表明所检测的7个群体均具有较高的遗传多样性。AMOVA分析显示,51.79%的变异来源于群体间,群体的平均ΦST值为0.518,表明凡纳滨对虾群体内遗传多样性非常丰富,群体间相似性较大,且存在较强的基因交流。本研究可为我国凡纳滨对虾种质改良提供基础资料。     

散鳞镜鲤两个保种群体的遗传多样性

利用20个微卫星标记分析国内仅存的两个散鳞镜鲤（Cyprinus carpio）保种群体（SP、CJ）的遗传多样性。结果表明：共检测到147个等位基因,平均值为7.35,有效等位基因数（Ae）、期望杂合度（He）以及多态信息含量（PIC）的平均值分别为2.7828、0.6041和0.5386。SP群体的Ae、He以及PIC值分别为3.1126、0.6479和0.5948,大于CJ群体（2.4529、0.5602和0.4823）。在两个群体中,群体特有等位基因共53个,其中9个为低频等位基因。对20个引物在两个群体中等位基因的显著性分析表明：其中有16个引物可以作为区分两个群体的特异性分子标记。瓶颈效应分析结果显示：2个群体均经历了瓶颈效应。同胞率检测结果（SP 97.5%;CJ 96.7%）偏高说明群体内近交压力较大。哈迪-温伯格平衡检测表明：两个群体大部分位点偏离平衡并处于杂合子过剩状态。两个群体间的遗传距离（D）为0.5625,SP和CJ群体的个体均各聚为一支。群体间的遗传分化指数（Fst）为0.1138,Nm值为1.9462。该研究表明：散鳞镜鲤群体遗传多样性水平较高,其中SP群体的遗传多样性水平高于CJ群体,两群体处于中度遗传分化。     

稻田适养品种呆鲤的遗传多样性分析

为探明湘黔山区稻田养殖呆鲤群体的遗传多样性现状,采用14对微卫星引物对湘西永顺、怀化藕团、黔东南锦屏县的呆鲤养殖群体与湘江野鲤自然群体、兴国红鲤养殖群体的遗传多样性及群体间的遗传分化水平进行研究。结果显示：14个微卫星位点平均等位基因数为16.571～19.214,平均有效等位基因数为9.420～11.143,各群体的平均遗传观测杂合度为0.705～0.778,平均期望杂合度为0.884～0.893,平均多态信息含量为0.883～0.891;各位点群体间的遗传分化系数平均值为0.017,基因流为3.088～27.730,5%的遗传变异来自于群体间,而95%的变异来源于群体内个体间和个体内。试验结果表明,本次采集的5个群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,群体间存在一定的基因流动且遗传分化较弱,在长期的稻田养殖条件下,呆鲤群体遗传多样性未下降,未与湘江野鲤产生明显分化,但藕团呆鲤与湘江野鲤产生了一定的遗传分化。     

中国红鲤四群体线粒体DNA遗传多样性、起源及分化

用13种限制性内切酶对兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤及瓯江彩鲤4种红鲤的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行RFLP分析。共产生17种限制性态型,其中5种酶为限制性片段长度多态性(RFLPs),归结为5种单倍型;兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤和瓯江彩鲤的核苷酸多样性(Ⅱ)分别为0．0087、0．0059、0．0094、0．0286,瓯江彩鲤的遗传多样性最为丰富;瓯江彩鲤起源于单倍型Ⅱ为主的母系祖先,推算分化时间分别约在11．5万年、9．5万年前;玻璃红鲤和荷包红鲤起源于单倍型I为主的母系祖先,推算分化时间分别约为5～5．6万年、2万年前。     

广西野生鲤与建鲤的遗传多样性分析

利用10个微卫星标记,对2代群体选育的建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)和封闭水体的广西野生鲤鱼进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到53个等位基因,等位基因位点数在4~7个之间,平均等位基因数5.3个,片段长度在118~284 bp之间,有效等位基因在1.167 5~1.520 3,平均为1.360 2,广西野生鲤群体的有效等位基因数1.562,大于建鲤的1.388;位点观测杂合度在0.397~0.762之间,平均为0.562 6,期望杂合度0.301~0.629之间,平均0.463 3,广西野生鲤群体的期望杂合度0.581,大于建鲤的0.473;微卫星位点多态性信息含量(PIC)在0.289 7~0.685 0之间,平均多态信息含量0.438 8,为中度多态性,广西野生鲤群体多态信息含量0.685,大于建鲤的0.424,两个群体平均基因分化系数为0.106 9,广西本地野生鲤与建鲤的遗传距离为0.1463,相似性系数为0.828 4,表明广西野生鲤与建鲤之间存在明显的遗传异质性。     

Genetic characterization of wild Dutch common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Six male carp, caught in the water system surrounding the Anna Paulowna (AP) Polder in The Netherlands, were characterized using allozyme and microsatellite markers. At the sMDH‐A1,2* loci an allele was found, which has previously only been found in wild River Rhine and wild Vietnamese common carp. Microsatellite allele frequencies showed that these AP carp were significantly different from a group of carp originating from several different domesticated strains. Based on both allozyme and microsatellite data, the AP carp probably originated from a wild or feral self‐sustaining population.     

Successful reproduction of common carp Cyprinus carpio in irrigation waterways

Some key reproductive characters of invasive common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were studied in an irrigation system of south‐eastern Australia. Spawning occurred on a variety of natural (i.e. submerged vegetation, plant debris and stones) and artificial substrates, and the presence of 0+ individuals was an indicator of spawning success. Compared with other C. carpio stocks worldwide, the lower minimum length at maturity reflected the higher water temperatures of the region, whereas the relatively lower mean pseudo‐gonadosomatic indices were attributed to less diverse food resources than those available in floodplain areas. The successful reproduction of feral C. carpio in irrigation waterways confirms its high adaptability and plasticity of traits and its classification into the phytolithophil guild, as opposed to the phytophil wild form. The findings of the present study should be given careful consideration in view of preventative measures for further spread of invasive C. carpio in similar waterways worldwide, but also for the enhancement of the species' fisheries in some man‐made reservoirs.     

松浦红镜鲤保种群体的遗传结构

应用35对多态性较高的微卫星标记对鲤新品种——松浦红镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. songpu red mirror carp)的保种群体进行了遗传结构研究。结果显示, 在91尾松浦红镜鲤个体中, 共检测到140个等位基因, 每个位点等位基因数3~6个, 平均有效等位基因数为3.042 6; 期望杂合度范围为0.375 0~0.827 4, 均值为0.649 3; 多态信息含量范围为0.396~0.912, 均值为0.586 9; 哈迪−温伯格平衡检验结果表明群体处于不平衡状态; 平均固定系数为-0.026, 说明该群体存在杂合子过剩现象; 瓶颈效应分析表明, 群体已经历了瓶颈效应; 根据连锁不平衡方法计算有效群体大小为31.2。该研究表明松浦红镜鲤遗传多样性较为丰富, 为了在下一步保种工作中避免或降低瓶颈效应, 应加强保护工作, 从而保持其丰富遗传多样性和优良的经济性状。

     

Cryopreservation of sperm of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Milt of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. was cryopreserved in pellet form with the use of 12 extenders. Most efficient were: BE2 original extender (containing 85 mM NaCl, 50 mM KCl, 3 mm CaCl₂, 1 mm MgCl₂ with 10% dimethyl-acetamide (DMA) and 10% addition of hen's egg yolk) and Kurokura et al.'s extender with 15% DMA and 10% yolk (about 73% and 69% of eyed eggs, about 61% and 52% of swim-up larvae, respectively). Within the most effective treatments, survival from the eyed-egg stage to the swim-up stage was similar to that observed in the control group. Survival from the eyed-egg stage to the swim-up stage (percentage of eyed eggs was considered as 100%) was highly significantly and positively correlated with the actual rate of swim-up larvae.     

鲤硒缺乏的病理学

将健康幼鲤360尾设置3个相同平行处理,每个处理用鱼120尾,随机分为四组,分别投以0、0.15、0.30和0.45 mg/kg硒水平的饲料,各试验组的发病率和死亡率与日粮中硒含量高低呈负相关,其发病率分别为46.7%、33.3%、13.3%和0%,死亡率分别为26.7%、16.7%、6.7%和0%.病鱼出现特征性的瘦背症和脊柱弯曲等症状.组织学上最突出的变化表现为营养性肌病、营养性肝病、胰腺的变性、坏死等多器官组织的退行性变化.超微结构上,骨骼肌纤维、肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂,甚至发生溶解,整个线粒体呈囊泡状.硒缺乏幼鲤血液中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性升高,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高.     

棉酚对鲤鱼急性中毒的研究

鲤鱼（体重约16克）腹腔注射乙酸棉酚0，7．3，54，100，200，400mg/kg体重，经四天（96小时）后，死亡率分别是0，0，20％，70％，90％，100％。96小时半数致死剂量是63．6mg/kg体重。注射剂量高于54mg/kg体重时，发生腹腔红肿、体壁溃烂，甚至死亡。实验结果说明虽然棉籽水平的棉酚不引起鲤鱼的任何可见的中毒症状，但是腹腔注射大剂量棉酚可引起与哺乳类相似的中毒症状。     

Additive, dominance genetic effects for growth-related traits in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Additive, dominance genetic effects were analysed for body weight (BW) and seven morphometric traits from three variants of red common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis, C. carpio var. wuyuanensis and C. carpio var. color, based on a diallel cross‐mating design by using the additive–dominance genetic model. The results indicated that at 8 months of age (juvenile stage), the traits of pre‐dorsal height (PDH), pre‐dorsal width (PDW) and caudal peduncle height (CPH) were mainly controlled by additive effects; the traits of BW, total length (TL), standard length (SL), head length (HL) and caudal peduncle length (CPL) were mainly controlled by dominance effects. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of all traits ranged from 0.000 to 0.556; however, the broad‐sense heritabilities ranged from 0.453 to 0.775. At 20 months of age (adult stage), the traits of TL, SL, PDH and CPL were mainly controlled by additive effects, whereas the traits of BW, PDW, HL and CPH were mainly controlled by dominance effects. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of all traits ranged from 0.000 to 0.710; the broad‐sense heritabilities ranged from 0.629 to 0.934. Through the genetic merit prediction from three parents, it was found that the additive and dominance effects of C. carpio var. color could increase the BW and body length in their progeny, but these two genetic effects of C. carpio var. singuonensis and C. carpio var. wuyuanensis could decrease BW in their progeny. The genetic effects of C. carpio var. wuyuanensis could reduce total length, SL and caudal peduncle length, but increase body height in their progeny.     

A novel testicular degenerative condition in a wild population of the common carp Cyprinus carpio (L)

Gonad abnormalities can restrict or completely block reproductive capability of individuals and in some case that of their populations. Here, we describe a novel testicular degenerative condition of non-germ cell origin with a high prevalence (up to 22.1% of the population) in a wild population of carp. Based on gross morphology, and microscopic and cellular examinations, the condition shows progressive severity which could be categorized into low, mild, severe and complete. In early stages of the condition, an abnormally increased proliferation (11-fold) of the Sertoli cell occurred, followed by degenerative cell death of all testicular cells, resulting in fluid-filled vesicles in the later stages. This initial uncontrolled proliferation of Sertoli cells suggests that the condition could be triggered by malignant pathways; however, the observed subsequent apoptosis of all testicular cells en masse, rendering the animals “sterile,” appears unique. Observations, to date, indicate that this condition is specific to male carp and not present in other species of fish sharing the habitat. High prevalence of the condition allowed comparative evaluation between affected individuals, an aspect likely to facilitate future studies, including elucidation of the cause, robust testing of therapies and practical applications such as management of feral carp populations.     

The digestibility of nutrient sources for common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus

The apparent digestibility of protein, fats, carbohydrate and energy within three feed ingredients (wheat, barley and corn) for common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, was studied, using chromic oxide as a dietary marker. Each experimental diet consisted of a mixture of the test ingredient and 50% basal diet (containing 50% soybean meal, 35% wheat meal, 10% soybean oil, plus 5% vitamins, egg yolk, guar and chromic oxide). It was found that in wheat meal the protein had an apparent digestibility of 92%, and the lipid an apparent digestibility of 80%. The apparent digestibility of corn was 81% for protein and 90% for lipid, while for barley the figures were 73% and 67%, respectively. For apparent digestible energy, the figures were 12.39 kJ g^?1 for wheat, 6.69 kJ g^?1 for barley and 9.32 kJ g^?1 for corn.