霉菌感染及毒素中毒对猪的危害和发生原因

发霉腐败的农作物、饲草、饲料产生的有毒代谢物能引起动物生长发育迟缓、免疫力下降并引发其他各类疾病、器官机能障碍，导致人畜急、慢性中毒、致畸、致癌、致突变，甚至死亡。当前霉菌毒素在我国乃至世界养猪业中危害巨大，且越来越呈现出广泛的、严重的破坏性，造成的经济损失不可估量，对人的危害有待进一步的考察。     

猪霉菌毒素中毒及防控措施

饲料中的霉菌毒素是引发猪饲料中毒的主要原因之一,严重影响着猪的生长发育、母猪生产、繁殖性能以及仔猪的成活率,还可以引起免疫抑制,使猪的抵抗力下降,诱发多种疾病,甚至引起死亡。残留于猪肌肉、内脏中的霉菌毒素还可能通过食物链传递给人,造成更大的危害。因此,饲料霉菌毒素对养猪生产的危害应引起养殖者的重视。目前饲料检测到的毒素已超过350种,饲料中各种霉菌毒素之间有协同作用,猪采食了由霉菌毒素污染的饲料,引发抵抗力下降,继而容易继发各种传染病。     

猪黄曲霉毒素中毒的诊断

随着规模化养猪业的日益发展,一些不被养殖者重视的疾病也时刻威胁着养猪业的健康发展,给养猪业造成一定的经济损失,近几年笔者接触多起由于霉菌引起猪中毒死亡的事件,由于及时正确的诊断及采取有效的治疗方法,取得了很好的效果,现将其中一起隋况介绍如下：     

猪黄曲霉毒素中毒酌诊断

随着规模化养猪业的日益发展,一些不被养殖者重视的疾病也时刻威胁着养猪业的健康发展,给养猪业造成一定的经济损失,近几年笔者接触多起由于霉菌引起猪中毒死亡的事件,由于及时正确的诊断及采取有效的治疗方法,取得了很好的效果,现将其中一起隋况介绍如下：     

猪场霉菌毒素中毒的控制措施

猪霉菌毒素中毒就是猪采食了发霉饲料而引起的中毒性疾病.一年四季均可发生.以春夏多雨潮湿季节更为严重,有明显的季节流行性,各种年龄、品种的猪都可发病.     

猪霉菌毒素中毒的危害及防治

霉菌毒素广泛存在于空气、土壤及腐败的有机物中。猪只通过采食发霉变质的谷物而引起中毒,对猪危害很大。目前已知的霉菌毒素有200多种,对养猪业危害最大的主要有黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮毒素等。1临床特征1.1急性中毒病猪体温升高至40℃以上,精神沉郁,     

猪霉菌毒素中毒及其防治

1霉菌及霉菌毒素霉菌在自然界中广泛的存在,在微生物分类学上属真菌。霉菌毒素是指霉菌在谷物或饲料上生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒2次代谢产物,是偶尔产生的,具有季节性和地区性。在我国一直以为南方才是霉菌的多发地区,但是在北方尤其是在东北地区,霉菌毒素中毒的病例发生率越来     

猪霉菌毒素中毒的临床表现

简述了生产中常见的猪霉菌毒素中毒的10种临床表现,应引起养猪场户的高度重视,以便及早发现,防范于未然。     

猪霉菌毒素中毒的危害及防制措施

霉菌毒素中毒在许多养猪场时有发生．对养猪业危害越来越严重,应引起高度重视,需采取有效措施防制中毒的发生,确保猪只健康生长,促进养猪业的持续性发展。     

Molds, mycotoxins, and mycotoxicosis

Interest in mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in humans and animals has greatly increased in recent years. Horses have long been considered very susceptible to molds. The signs, treatment, and prevention of several conditions, such as leukoencephalomalacia, aflatoxicosis, ergotism, fescue toxicity, slobbering disease, ryegrass staggers, and moldy sweet clover disease, are discussed.     

Granulocytopaenia and thrombocytopaenia in dairy cattle--a suspected mycotoxicosis

During a 6-week period, 22 Dairy Shorthorn cows and heifers died with granulocytopaenia and thrombocytopaenia. Clinical signs observed in the affected animals included increased salivation, pyrexia, depression, rumenal stasis, bilateral epistaxis, melaena, increased bleeding after removal of retained foetal membranes and rapid weight loss. Despite intensive antibiotic and vitamin K therapy and blood transfusions, all affected animals died. The aetiological agent, thought to be a fungal toxin, could not be isolated from post mortem specimens or pasture samples.     

Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol mycotoxicosis in dairy cattle herds

Mycotoxin contaminations pose a growing problem in animal production from the economic and toxicological point of view. Clinical symptoms of mycotoxicosis are relatively unspecific, making the disease difficult to diagnose. This study presents a clinical case of dairy cattle infected with natural mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium (zearalenone [ZEA] and deoxynivalenol [DON]) in eastern Poland. In dead and infected cows, the presence of ZEA and DON was determined in the blood serum, significant changes were observed in blood morphological and biochemical profiles, extravasations and bowel inflammations were also observed. The results reported testify to an acute autoimmune process in the intestines as well as immunosuppression.     

Fumonisin mycotoxicosis in broilers: performance and pathology.

Fusarium moniliforme culture material containing fumonisin B1 at 300 mg/kg was incorporated into a broiler starter ration and fed ad libitum to 1-day-old broiler chicks for 2 weeks in two experiments. Clinical features of the disease produced included diarrhea, a 19% reduction in body weight, a 30% increase in relative liver weight, and a worsening of feed conversion by 20 points at 2 weeks of age. Histologically, chicks fed fumonisin had multifocal hepatic necrosis, biliary hyperplasia, muscle necrosis, intestinal goblet-cell hyperplasia, and rickets. Simultaneous feeding of 0.5% aluminosilicate had no effect on the clinical disease or lesions. The clinical disease and lesions induced mimicked those of a viral enteritis.     

Cryptosporidium infection as a cause of calf diarrhea

Cryptosporidiosis is a self-limiting protozoal disease of the intestinal tract. Although identified as possible agents of calf diarrhea less than 15 years ago, Cryptosporidium spp. are now believed to be common in calves and in many other host animal species worldwide. Recent literature on all aspects of cryptosporidiosis in calves is reviewed, predicaments in diagnosis and management are discussed, and public health concerns are raised.     

Clinicopathological findings of an episode of mycotoxicosis in horses

This report of mycotoxicosis in horses describes the clinical signs, post-mortem findings, histopathological findings and prognosis following the accidental feeding of mycotoxin contaminated fodder to the horses at a farm over a 3-year period. Variable clinical signs viz. weight loss, height retardation in foals, episodes of sudden weakness and staggering gait, ulceration in the oral cavity and at mucocutaneous junctions, yawning, decreased appetite to complete anorexia, rectal prolapse, and failure of blood clotting were observed in many horses at an organised equine farm over a period of 2–3 years. Post-mortem examination of these cases revealed liver cirrhosis and pathological changes in other organs too. On examination of the fodder, it was observed that pearl millet fodder fed to the animals had ergot infestation. On laboratory investigation of the fodder, aflatoxins levels ranged from 24 ppb to 70 ppb in pearl millet fodder. The analysis eventually led to discontinuation of the pearl millet fodder. On follow-up for 2 years, no new cases of hepatic cirrhosis were seen. Most of the horses at the farm including those that had shown high levels of serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and weight loss, recovered completely. The present episode demonstrates that there is a need for regular monitoring of cereal fodders of horses in subtropical and tropical areas to avoid mycotoxicosis. In the present episode, monitoring serum/plasma GGT levels was found to be a sensitive biochemical indicator to identify liver damage caused by mycotoxins.     

Mycoplasma as a cause of canine urinary tract infection

Mycoplasmas were isolated from 60 specimens of urine obtained by cystocentesis from 41 dogs (23 males and 18 females) with urinary tract infection. Mycoplasmas were isolated in pure culture from 41 (68%) of the specimens, and were isolated in conjunction with one or more bacterial species from 19 (32%) specimens. Clinical signs of urinary tract infection were noted in 20 of 31 dogs in which mycoplasmas were isolated in pure culture, and numbers of WBC in the urine sediment were above the reported normal range in 22 of 25 urine specimens from those 20 dogs. Twenty-four of 29 mycoplasma isolates were found to be Mycoplasma canis, 4 were found to be M spumans, and 1 was identified as M cynos.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of small intestine mucosa in gilts with zearalenone mycotoxicosis

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium. It evokes disruptions in sex cycle and changes in the morphology of the reproductive organs in pigs. The morphology and ultrastructure of the small intestine mucosa were assessed after the course of the experimental zearalenone mycotoxicosis. During the experiment, pigs were fed feed containing low doses of ZEA. The experiment lasted 7 days and it was carried out on sexually immature gilts that were divided into 3 groups: control group (C) and 2 experimental groups (E1, E2; n=8). Groups E1 and E2 were given ZEA every day at a dose of 200 and 400 microg/kg b.w. The samples of tissues were taken for examinations after the slaughter on the last day of the experiment. No significant changes in the morphology of the intestinal mucosa were found in the experimental animals. Increased activity of the goblet cells and high content of mucinogen vesicles, lymphocytic infiltration, increased activity of endocrine cells and the presence of Paneth cells on the bottom of intestinal crypts, which sugest mobilisation of the local defence mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa, were obseved in group E2.