炭疽菌对墨兰叶片3 种保护酶活性的影响

 研究了墨兰接种炭疽菌后SOD、POD 和PAL 活性的变化。结果显示: 与对照相比, 接种后36h 之前PAL 活性变化不大, 36 h 后活性开始上升, 84 h 时达到最高; POD 在接种后12 和60 h 出现两个活性高峰, 且第1 峰大于第2 峰; SOD 在接种后12 h 达到最高, 之后下降。     

青香蕉和黄熟香蕉果皮感病过程中5种酶活性的变化

以同一品种的未后熟的青香蕉和已黄熟的香蕉为材料,测定了接种炭疽病菌5d内果皮PPO、POD、SOD、PAL和LOX活性的变化,探讨与香蕉抗病性相关的酶类。结果表明,不论接种与否,青香蕉果皮中的PPO、POD和SOD的活性明显低于黄熟香蕉,而PAL和LOX活性高于黄熟香蕉;接种对PPO、POD和LOX活性影响不大,但引起SOD和PAL活性下降。青香蕉果皮中较低的PPO、POD和SOD的活性有利于活性氧和酚类物质的积累而产生过敏性反应,较高的PAL和LOX活性则利于苯丙烷类代谢和脂质过氧化,有利于抗病物质的形成。PAL和LOX是香蕉抗病性形成的关键酶。     

激发子物质处理富士苹果果实后抗轮纹病病菌侵染的研究

富士苹果果实经硝普钠(SNP)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、水杨酸(SA)和氯化钙处理后再接种轮纹病菌,各个处理均能不同程度地防止轮纹病菌的侵染和扩展,其中MeJA和SNP处理效果最明显,烂果率和烂果面积分别比对照减少26.7%、26.7%和41.6%、36.2%。另外,还对各处理果实的PAL、SOD、POD和PPO活性变化进行了分析,结果表明,接种轮纹病菌的72h内,4个处理的PAL和PPO活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,而SOD和POD活性变化除SA处理一直保持平稳波动上升外,其余3个处理也表现为先升后降趋势;各处理的PAL和POD峰值出现的时间均早于SOD和PPO。PAL、POD和PPO活性峰值和平均值均以MeJA处理最高,SOD活性峰值和平均值SNP处理最高。     

茎枯病菌毒素对芦笋愈伤组织防御酶活性的影响

以‘阿波罗’‘冠军’和‘NJ987’3个芦笋品种的愈伤组织为试材,研究了茎枯病菌毒素对芦笋愈伤组织防御酶活性的影响及再生苗抗性的诱导效应。结果表明:3个芦笋品种愈伤组织在茎枯病菌毒素胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均较对照显著升高。其中SOD、POD、PPO活性均呈先迅速升高,稍有下降后再次升高的趋势,并分别在第2、8天先后出现2个峰值。CAT活性在第2天达到峰值,之后呈降低趋势。‘冠军’愈伤组织PAL在接种后2d内迅速升高达到峰值,之后一直保持较高水平;‘NJ987’和‘阿波罗’愈伤组织PAL则分别在第2、4天后才开始迅速上升,在第8天时达到峰值。经毒素处理后存活的愈伤组织再生苗对茎枯病菌的抗性增强。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病的作用研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2为供试菌,黄瓜品种"津春4号"为试材,采用生理生化方法,研究了BSD-2发酵液、抗菌肽及芽孢稀释溶液对叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响;采用电泳法测定POD同工酶和叶片胞间隙蛋白质的变化。结果表明:处理后的酶活均在第5天达到高峰,发酵液处理对酶活性的提高作用明显。POD同工酶的变化不仅表现在同种同工酶表达量的改变,同工酶种类也相应地增加,叶片胞间隙蛋白电泳中出现大小约为27kDa的新增蛋白条带,并且发酵液处理第11天时新增蛋白出现表达量的积累。表明枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2及其抗菌物质可以通过提高防御酶活性,促进POD同工酶和胞间隙相关蛋白质的表达,从而诱导黄瓜产生对灰霉病的抗性作用。     

荔枝果实感染霜疫病后的生理变化

人工接种霜疫病菌的荔枝果实感病后,病斑部位的果皮和距离病斑部位较近的果皮中■产生速率和MDA含量较高,而SOD活性较低;距离病斑部位较远的果皮中■产生速率和MDA含量较低,而SOD活性较高;邻近病斑部位的果皮中PPO、POD和PAL活性较高,而距病斑部位较远的果皮中PPO、POD和PAL活性较低。表明霜疫病菌的侵染对荔枝果皮中以SOD为核心的活性氧清除酶系统产生了破坏作用,导致SOD活性下降,使得自由基等活性氧与其清除系统之间的相对平衡被破坏,启动膜脂过氧化,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量显著增加,造成对细胞的伤害,加速荔枝果实衰老和劣变。同时霜疫病菌侵染诱导荔枝果皮中POD、PPO和PAL活性增高,是加速荔枝果皮酶促氧化褐变的一个重要原因。     

辣椒疫霉菌对不同辣椒品种抗病性相关酶活性的影响

对优质抗辣椒疫病品种海丰Zt-277、特大汤椒二号F1和感辣椒疫病品种天骄2号进行辣椒疫霉菌接种,测定了辣椒叶片中与抗病性相关的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量变化,结果表明,接种与未接种相比,抗病品种叶片中SOD,POD活性提高幅度要低于感病品种,MDA的含量提高幅度要高于感病品种.但不论辣椒疲霉菌接种与否,抗病品种辣椒叶片中SOD、POD活性高于感病品种;感病品种辣椒叶片中MDA含量高于抗病品种.     

蝴蝶兰外植体褐变发生与总酚含量、PPO、POD和PAL的关系

 蝴蝶兰外植体在褐变发生前期PPO和POD活力皆升高, 褐变发生后酶活力下降。同工酶谱分析发现, 培养0 d的蝴蝶兰外植体PPO没有酶带出现, 而POD有1条弱带。离体培养2 d POD出现3条酶带, 第4天有新酶带Ⅰ发生, 随后消失, 其余3条带, 随培养天数的延长, 酶带活性渐弱。PPO同工酶谱在培养2 d出现3条酶带, 迁移率为0128的酶带Ⅲ在培养4 d活性较强, 随后3条酶带减弱。总酚含量和PAL活力随外植体褐变增强而逐渐增加, 两者呈现极显著正相关。     

感染TSWV后不同抗性番茄栽培自交系叶片防御酶变化

选取3个对番茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)表现不同抗性的番茄栽培自交系YNAU335(免疫)、96172I(感病)和5号(感病),利用紫外分光光度法,研究接种TSWV后相关防御酶活性的变化,揭示YNAU335对TSWV的抗病生理机制。结果表明:在对照条件下,YNAU335自交系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶(CHT)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-GA)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性高于96172I和5号自交系,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性低于2个感病自交系;感染TSWV后,3个自交系中SOD、POD、CHT和β-1,3-GA活性均高于对照,PPO活性低于对照,YNAU335中PAL活性高于对照,2个感病自交系的PAL活性低于对照;感染TSWV后YNAU335中的6种酶的活性均高于2个感病自交系。     

壳寡糖诱导和白粉菌侵染的辣椒叶片防御酶系活性研究

以遵义朝天椒为供试材料,用壳寡糖喷雾处理辣椒叶片后再接种辣椒白粉菌,系统地研究了壳寡糖对辣椒防御酶活性变化的影响。结果表明:壳寡糖喷雾处理辣椒后,辣椒叶片中多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性较对照都有明显增加,其中PPO和PAL峰值提前(处理后接种)。试验证明,壳寡糖处理后,随着酶活性增强,辣椒的系统抗病性得到表达,二者有一定的相关性。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.