低温胁迫下冬小麦JA合成相关基因的研究

植物激素JA在植物响应低温胁迫中发挥重要的作用。本课题组前期研究发现,东农冬麦1号(Dn1)的强抗寒性与JA信号转导有关,为了探讨Dn1抗寒性的提高是否与内源JA合成基因的表达有关,以Dn1为试验材料,外施MeJA处理,对不同温度胁迫下JA合成基因(TaLOX1、TaLOX2、TaLOX3、TaAOS、TaAOC、TaOPR2、TaLOX2A、TaLOX2B和TaLOX2D)的表达量进行实时荧光定量分析,并结合生物信息学分析对TaLOX2A、TaLOX2B和TaLOX2D蛋白功能进行预测。结果表明,低温胁迫提高了Dn1分蘖节中TaLOX1、TaLOX3、TaAOC和TaOPR2的相对表达量,在-10℃表达量达到最大值;外源MeJA处理显著提高了0℃下分蘖节中TaLOX1、TaLOX2、TaLOX3、TaAOS、TaAOC的相对表达量;TaLOX2A、TaLOX2B和TaLOX2D基因均位于小麦5号染色体上,编码的蛋白均定位于细胞质中,属无规则卷曲蛋白,结构相似,保守结构域相同,蛋白功能相同或相似。本研究为进一步揭示JA合成基因在冬小麦响应抗寒中的作用奠定了基础。     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the Rf-m candidate genes encoding pentatricopeptide repeat proteins in soybean

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-restorer system is a useful tool to exploit heterosis in soybean. The major restorer gene for the M-type CMS is known as Rf-m, located in the 162.4-kb region on chromosome 16. Sequence analysis has revealed that the Rf-m locus in Glycine max consists of seven pentatricopeptide repeat (GmPPR) genes. The deduced amino acid sequences contain 8 to 14 PPR motifs, and a phylogenetic analysis grouped these GmPPR proteins into two PPR subfamilies: Glyma.16G161800 belongs to the PLS subfamily, and the P subfamily consists of Glyma.16G161900, Glyma.16G162000, Glyma.16G162100, Glyma.16G162700, Glyma.16G162800, and Glyma.16G163100. The phylogenetic analysis of seven GmPPR proteins and 27 other plant PPR proteins also showed that proteins in the same subfamilies cluster together. Comparative sequence analysis was conducted using the seven Rf-m candidate GmPPR genes from the sterile line W931A, the maintainer line W931B, and the restorer line WR016, the result showed that Glyma.16G161900 had higher polymorphism than the other candidate genes. Based on real-time quantitative RT-PCR data, all seven GmPPR genes were differentially expressed but showed constitutive expression in roots, stems, leaves, and pollen grains. Additionally, the expression level of Glyma.16G161900 in the sterile line W931A was significantly higher in all tissues than in the restorer line WR016. Taken together, these results suggest that Glyma.16G161900 is the most likely candidate for the restorer gene Rf-m. This study is the first report and analysis of candidate fertility restorer (Rf) genes encoding PPR proteins in soybean.     

野生二粒小麦NBS-LRR类抗病基因家族的鉴定及其表达分析

野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides L,2n=4x=28,AABB)是普通小麦遗传改良的重要种质和基因库。抗病基因(resistance gene,R基因)是植物体内广泛存在的抗性基因,通常具有NBS(nucleotide-binding site)和LRR(leucine-rich-repeat)结构域,属于NBS-LRR家族,在植物抗病和免疫过程中具有重要作用。为挖掘和利用野生二粒小麦基因组中的R基因,基于最新发布的野生二粒小麦参考基因组数据,利用生物信息分析手段,在全基因组水平上对其NBS-LRR类R基因家族进行鉴定。结果共鉴定到429个可信度较高的NBS-LRR类R基因,其中N亚家族66个,CNL亚家族205个,NL亚家族76个,CN亚家族79个,PN亚家族3个;进一步对NL亚家族R基因进行分析,发现76个NL亚家族基因在所有染色体上均有分布,并且以成簇方式存在,包含20个保守域,且在N端高度保守;表达模式分析发现,它们在花、叶片和根中的表达量较高;最后,随机选择4个NL类R基因,发现在白粉菌诱导后均上调表达。本研究为进一步挖掘和利用野生二粒小麦NBS-LRR类抗病基因奠定了基础。     

New insight into puroindoline function inferred from their subcellular localization in developing hard and soft near-isogenic endosperm and their relationship with polymer size of storage proteins

Wheat endosperm texture is correlated with one major locus, Ha, located on the short arm of chromosome 5D, which comprises several genes among which are two puroindoline genes, Pina and Pinb. In this study, we used two near-isogenic lines, the hard-textured line lacking Pina and the soft-textured line containing both Pina and Pinb wild-type genes. Hard and soft endosperms were observed at four kernel developmental stages, from 180 °Cd to 750 °Cd. Puroindolines were located within protein bodies at the onset of prolamin accumulation by transmission electron microscopy and immunolabelling. Ab initio modeling showed a closer structural relationship between puroindolines and 2S storage proteins from dicots than between puroindolines and other cysteine-rich wheat proteins, i.e. LTP and amylase inhibitors. Compared to the soft line, storage protein polymers in the hard line exhibited higher molecular mass (increase of from 6 to 93%) and polydispersity indices (increase of from 26 to 63%) over the course of the 4-year experiment. This suggests that puroindolines might impact the aggregation of storage proteins. Finally, these data pave the way for investigation of the role of protein–protein interactions in the texture of wheat endosperm.     

宁夏小麦品种（系）脂肪氧化酶基因的检测与分布

为给宁夏优质小麦育种和推广提供依据,本研究以180份宁夏小麦品种（系）为材料,利用分子标记检测脂肪氧化酶（LOX）基因在QLpx.caas-1AL和TaLOX-B1位点的组成情况,分析其分布特点。结果表明,不同等位变异及其组合类型的分布比例不同。在QLpx.caas-1AL位点,除了原有的3种等位变异Xwmc312-227、Xwmc312-235和Xwmc312-247外,还发现了2种新的等位变异。经测序分析,两种新变异条带大小分别为199 bp和223 bp,暂命名为Xwmc312-199和Xwmc312-223。该位点5种等位变异的分布比例分别为46.11%、32.78%、18.89%、1.11%和1.11%。在TaLOX-B1位点存在2种等位变异,即TaLOX-B1a和TaLOX-B1b,分别占15.56%和84.44%。宁夏小麦LOX基因位点存在8种等位变异组合类型,其中Xwmc312-227/TaLOX-B1b组合类型比例（40.56%）最高,Xwmc312-235/TaLOX-B1b次之（27.78%）,Xwmc312-199/TaLOX-B1b和Xwmc312-223/TaLOX-B1b最低（均为1.11%）。同时,在不同地区和相同地区不同来源品种（系）间,LOX基因的分布也存在差异。总体来看,宁夏小麦低活性LOX基因等位变异类型（Xwmc312-227/TaLOX-B1b）所占的比例明显高于高活性类型（Xwmc312-235/TaLOX-Ba1）。     

Identification by In Vitro Translation and Northern Blot Analysis of Heat Shock mRNAs Isolated from Wheat Seeds Exposed to Different Temperatures During Ripening

Poly(A)⁺RNA isolated from durum and common wheat seeds exposed to different thermal regimes during ripening, was translated in vitro using a rabbit reticulocyte system. The modification of protein synthesis was studied with particular regard to the heat shock proteins produced under high temperature conditions. One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed products ranging in size from 14 to 100 kDa, some of which were present only when mRNA samples from high temperature-treated plants were translated. The mRNAs were also analysed by Northern hybridization with specific probes for heat shock proteins. The results clearly show that wheat plants respond to thermal stress by triggering the typical mechanisms of the heat shock response including activation of the heat shock genes, in developing grains as well as other plant parts.     

小麦TaHKT家族基因的生物信息学分析

高亲和性钾离子转运蛋白（high-affinity K⁺ transporter，HKT）是植物体内一种非常重要的离子转运蛋白，具有运输Na⁺/K⁺的能力，在植物响应盐胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。为系统了解小麦TaHKT家族基因，挖掘有效的小麦耐盐基因，本研究采用生物信息学的方法，对小麦TaHKT家族基因进行了全基因组分析，鉴定了家族成员，构建了系统进化树,并对其跨膜结构域、染色体定位、基因结构、Motif、上游顺式作用元件、共线性以及表达谱等进行了分析。结果鉴定出23个TaHKT基因，其编码蛋白质长度为443~590 aa，等电点范围8.2~10.4，跨膜结构域为6~8个。23个基因分布于小麦的2、4、6、7号染色体上，根据亲缘关系可将其分为3个亚族，同一亚族的成员具有较为相似的Motif组成和基因结构。23个基因中，发现了4对串联重复基因，10对大片段复制基因，具有良好的共线性。顺式作用元件分析发现，大部分TaHKT成员含有盐胁迫响应元件MYB、G-box、ABRE和DRE。表达谱分析发现，TaHKT基因在小麦的16种组织中均有表达，在根、茎中的表达量较高，其中TraesCS4D02G361300（ID,下同）在根中的表达量最高。在盐胁迫处理后，不同成员对盐胁迫响应程度不同，TraesCS7B02G318400在盐胁迫处理后表达量逐渐降低；TraesCS2B02G451400和TraesCS2D02G428200在盐胁迫处理后的表达量也明显降低；TraesCS2B02G451800在根部几乎不表达，但在受到盐胁迫处理后表达量逐渐提高，推测它们在小麦抵御盐胁迫过程中发挥不同作用。     

Development and characterization of a Triticum aestivum-H. villosa T5VS•5DL translocation line with soft grain texture

The Hardness locus on the short arm of chromosome 5D is the main determinant of grain texture in bread wheat. The Pina and Pinb genes are tightly linked at this locus, and the soft kernel texture phenotype results when both genes are present and encode the wild-type puroindoline proteins PINA and PINB. In this study a compensating T5VS•5DL Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa translocation line, NAU415, was characterized by chromosome C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization and molecular markers. Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) analysis and scanning electron microscopy indicated that NAU415 had soft endosperm although it lacked the wheat Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a genes, suggesting the presence of functional Pin gene orthologs on chromosome 5VS. Using a PCR approach, Pina-related (designated Dina) and Pinb-related (Dinb) genes in H. villosa and NAU415 were identified and sequenced. The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences showed close similarities to the wild-type puroindolines of T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. The tryptophan-rich regions of both Dina and Dinb showed a sequence change from lysine-42 to arginine, a feature that may have an effect on grain texture. The potential of T5VS•5DL translocation line as a source of genes that may be used for modulation of endosperm texture and other valuable traits in wheat breeding is discussed.     

小麦PHO基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析

PHO基因家族主要参与磷酸盐的转运,在植物生长发育中起重要作用。为研究小麦PHO基因家族成员的潜在功能,本研究从小麦全基因组中鉴定PHO基因家族成员,并利用生物信息学手段对其基因结构特征、蛋白结构域、系统进化、顺式作用元件及表达特性进行分析。结果在小麦全基因组中共鉴定到12个PHO基因家族成员,所有成员均含有SPX和EXS结构域。系统进化、保守结构域和基因结构分析发现,小麦PHO蛋白与拟南芥PHO1-H1蛋白以及水稻PHO1蛋白亲缘关系较近;除TaPHO7、TaPHO10、TaPHO11和TaPHO12蛋白缺少部分基序外,其余小麦PHO蛋白均具有完整基序,且同一亚组内的成员具有相似的蛋白保守结构域和基因结构,说明PHO亚家族成员间高度保守。顺式作用元件分析发现,小麦PHO基因启动子区域含有与磷调控相关的激素诱导、光响应、低温响应等元件。基于RNA＿seq数据的组织特异性分析发现,大部分PHO基因在根中的表达量较高。qRT-PCR分析发现,低磷胁迫处理下磷高效小麦品种小偃54地下部分(根) TaPHO7和 TaPHO8基因的表达量显著高于对照。     

小麦DNA去甲基化酶基因全基因组鉴定及其在籽粒发育中的表达分析

DNA去甲基化酶（dMTase）是一种高度保守的表观遗传修饰因子,涉及许多生物学过程,包括生长发育、应激反应和次生代谢。本研究基于小麦基因组数据,对小麦 DNA去甲基化酶基因（TadMTase）进行了全面鉴定和生物信息学分析。结果表明,小麦基因组中包含18 个TadMTase基因,分布于小麦15条染色体上。系统进化分析将TadMTase分为 ROS、DML3、DML4 和 DML5等 4个亚家族,亚家族之间的TadMTase基因序列长度和内含子数量存在差异,但同一个系统进化树分支中的亚族成员具有高度相似的基因结构、保守 motifs 和结构域,为植物dMTase基因家族的直系同源基因,在进化方面具有保守性。亚细胞定位预测TadMTase均定位于细胞核中;通过与小麦祖先物种的进化及共线性分析,发现在小麦异源六倍体形成过程中存在部分TadMTase基因丢失;TadMTase基因家族启动子区域包含大量光信号、植物激素、胁迫响应和生长发育等相关顺式作用元件;转录组数据分析表明TadMTase基因在不同组织器官和籽粒发育不同时期表达模式不同,有一定的组织特异性。进一步RNA-Seq和荧光定量PCR分析表明TaROS1b-1A.1和TaROS1a-5A/D分别在籽粒的种皮和胚乳发育时期显著上调表达,且在强筋和弱筋小麦品种中表达存在差异。结果为TadMTase 基因在调控小麦籽粒生长发育及其品质形成中的调控机制提供参考。     

小麦HD2基因家族的全基因组鉴定及热胁迫下的表达模式分析

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histonedeacetylase,HDAC)负责去除组蛋白上的乙酰基团,在生物体的生长发育和非生物胁迫响应方面具有重要作用。本研究根据其他植物中HD2基因家族序列,利用生物信息学方法对小麦中的HD2基因进行鉴定,并对其基本生物学特性和调控网络等进行分析。结果表明,有12个小麦HD2基因被鉴定,并根据蛋白质序列C端是否含有锌指结构将其分为Group1和Group2两个亚家族;这些基因的编码蛋白均定位于细胞核内。利用WheatExp数据和RNA-seq数据对小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境下均存在差异表达。同时,利用qRT-PCR技术对其在小麦12个生长发育时期的叶片中响应热胁迫的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,其在小麦挑旗期和抽穗期表达量明显上升。     

小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位系中的染色体结构变异

用黑麦(Secale cereale L.)自交系Kustro与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种绵阳11杂交,获得了八倍体小黑麦MK,再用绵阳11与MK回交,用基因组原位杂交(GISH)和荧光原位杂交(FISH)的方法从回交后代中筛选到含1条1BL/1RS易位染色体的植株13FT-100。为了筛选含有变异染色体的姊妹1BL/1RS易位系,用FISH方法对植株13FT-100的自交后代进行了分析。结果表明,在1个后代植株中,1条6B染色体在核仁组织区断裂,造成6BS端部缺失;而在另1个后代植株中,1条1BL/1RS易位染色体的1BL端部Oligo-p Sc119.2-1信号缺失。变异6B染色体可以用来研究6BS臂从核仁组织区到端部区段的功能,变异1BL/1RS易位染色体可以用来研究1BL的变异对1BL/1RS易位染色体发挥功能的影响。本研究结果提示,对于小麦远缘杂交后代,应多留意小麦染色体结构的变化,获得具有新型结构的小麦染色体或易位染色体可能对小麦育种研究更具重要意义。     

Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata

In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L⁻¹), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.     

Characterizing the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Arma custos and Picromerus lewisi (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) and Conducting Phylogenetic Analysis

We characterized the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and conducted phylogenetic analyses of 48 Hemiptera species by sequencing and analyzing the mitogenome of Arma custos (Fabricius) and Picromerus lewisi (Scott). The complete mitogenomes of the two predators were 16,024 bp and 19,587 bp in length, respectively, and it contained 37 classical genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region. Most PCGs in these predators use ATN as the start codon. This research revealed that the genes of the two natural enemy species have an A + T content of 75.40% and all tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf structure, with the exception of trnS1, which lacks a dihydrouridine arm. This is the first study to compare the mitochondrial genetic structure of two predatory insects; the mitochondrial genetic structure of individual predatory insects has been sequenced in previous studies. Here, phylogenetic analysis on the basis of amino acid and nucleotide sequences of 13 mitochondrial PCGs using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods were conducted to generate similar tree topologies, which suggested that the two predators with close genetic relationships belong to Asopinae subfamily. Furthermore, the monophyly of the Pentatomoidea superfamily is well accepted despite limited taxon and species sampling. Finally, their complete mitogenome provided data to establish a predator–prey food web, which is the foundation of effective pest management. Our results also enhanced the database of natural enemy insects.     

Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of Multi-tiller and Dwarf Mutant d63 in Rice

A spontaneous mutation,tentatively named d63,was derived from the twin-seedling progenies of rice crossed by diploid SARIII and Minghui 63.Compared with wild-type plants,the d63 mutant showed multiple abnormal phenotypes,such as dwarfism,more tillers,smaller flag leaf and reduced seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight.In this study,two F 2 populations were developed by crossing between d63 and Nipponbare,d63 and 93-11.Genetic analysis indicated that d63 was controlled by a single recessive gene,which was located on the short arm of chromosome 8,within the genetic distance of 0.40 cM from RM22195.Hence,D63 might be a new gene as there are no dwarf genes reported on the short arm of chromosome 8.     

The Pinb-2 genes in wheat comprise a multigene family with great sequence diversity and important variants

The puroindoline genes Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 located at the Ha locus on chromosome 5D of common wheat are considered the most important genetic determinants of grain hardness. The recent identification of Pinb-2 genes on group 7 chromosomes emphasises the need for detailed analysis of the genetics of this important trait. This study focussed on the analysis of Pinb-2 genes from accessions of hexaploid, tetraploid and diploid wheat, to address key questions related to their diversity and possible roles. Extensive DNA sequence heterogeneity was identified in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), leading to seventeen reproducible haplotypes, of which thirteen are new. The results confirmed the known groups Pinb-2v1 to Pinb-2v5, identified a new group Pinb-2v6, and showed that the Pinb-2 genes comprised a small multigene family, at least in some genomes. The putative proteins exhibited changes at the important tryptophan-rich domain as well as basic and hydrophobic residues. A new Pina-D1 allele (at Ha locus) was also identified, designated Pina-D1t, with a premature stop codon at the TRD. Additionally, peptides designed on PINB-2 proteins displayed activity against bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. The data strongly support the Pinb-2 genes being functionally relevant to roles including influencing grain texture.     

Agropyron elongatum HMW-glutenins have a potential to improve wheat end-product quality through targeted chromosome introgression

After screening of 177 disomic addition lines (DALs) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) containing a pair of chromosomes from different alien species, we found that the chromosome 1E addition line of Agropyron elongatum, that is known to be a potential genetic resource for drought and salinity tolerance, showed potential for improvement of bread-making quality of wheat. This was indicated by increased SDS sedimentation, specific sedimentation, mixograph peak time and SE-HPLC analysis of polymeric proteins. This addition line spontaneously gave rise to a substitution line for chromosome 1D in subsequent generations that showed weak dough strength. Analysis of the x-type HMW-glutenin subunit sequence of Ag. elongatum from DAL1E indicated that it closely resembled the x-type sequence of the A and B genomes of wheat, and the y-type was intermediate between x- and y-type HMW-glutenin subunit genes. From these observations, it was inferred that 1E-encoded seed storage proteins have considerable potential for improvement of wheat end-product quality if transferred to specific chromosomes such as 1A of Chinese Spring (CS) wheat, which has a negative overall effect on bread-making quality.     

Analysis of Pina and Pinb alleles in the micro-core collections of Chinese wheat germplasm by Ecotilling and identification of a novel Pinb allele

Kernel hardness is mainly conditioned by allelic variations of Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes located on the short arm of chromosome 5D. In this work, the Ecotilling approach was optimized to investigate Pina and Pinb alleles in the micro-core collections of Chinese wheat germplasm, and three Pina and eight Pinb alleles were found. Generally, more Pinb alleles were detected in the accessions coming from the regions that grow winter or a mixture of spring and winter wheats. This was particularly evident for the Southwestern winter wheat, Xinjiang winter–spring wheat and Yellow and Huai River Valley winter wheat regions. A novel variant (designated as Pinb-D1x) was discovered in one of the accessions from the Xinjiang winter–spring wheat region. Compared to wild type (WT) allele Pinb-D1a, two nucleotide substitutions occurred in the coding region of Pinb-D1x, one (at nucleotide position 257) resulting in the replacement of a WT cysteine residue by tyrosine and the other (at nucleotide position 382) creating a premature stop codon. The implications of our data to understanding the diversity of Pina and Pinb alleles in wheat and to future molecular breeding of wheat kernel hardness are discussed.     

大麦ARF基因家族的全基因组分析

生长素响应因子(auxin response factor,ARF)基因家族是植物特有的转录因子家族,在调控植物生长发育过程中起到重要作用。而关于大麦ARF基因家族全基因组分析的研究尚未见报道。为进一步探讨大麦ARF基因的功能,以公布的大麦栽培品种Morex的基因组数据为基础,采用生物信息学方法鉴定了大麦ARF基因,并对其结构、染色体分布、蛋白保守结构域、系统进化树及表达谱进行了分析。结果表明,共鉴定出了17个大麦ARF基因,除4号染色体外,其余6条染色体上均有分布,片段复制事件是大麦ARF基因家族的主要扩张方式;HvARF蛋白均具有保守的B3结构域和Auxin_resp结构域,而Aux/IAA结构域仅存在于12个HvARF蛋白中,且不同蛋白所含该结构域1~2个不等;不同植物中ARF基因在功能上具有保守性;不同组织器官中HvARF基因的表达存在明显的差异。