垄畦覆膜种行覆土党参种苗移栽机的设计与试验

针对党参覆膜移栽无机可用的问题,结合西北黄土高原旱区党参垄畦覆膜、种行覆土抗逆栽培模式,设计了一种具有开沟、播苗、起垄、整形、覆膜、种行覆土功能的党参种苗移栽机。对样机关键部件进行了分析与设计,确定了尖角长翼型开沟器、整形镇压、膜上覆土等装置的结构及工作参数,解析了核心部件作业机理。田间试验表明,设计的垄畦覆膜、种行覆土党参种苗移栽机埋苗率为4.1%,露苗率为2.6%,栽植合格率为92.0%,栽植深度合格率为87.5%,膜边覆土厚度合格率为95.9%,膜边覆土宽度合格率为96.3%,生产率约为0.14 hm~2·h~(-1)。田间性能试验指标均达到国家和行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计要求。     

蔬菜钵苗大垄双行膜上种植复式移栽机设计与试验

针对平原大垄双行覆膜种植模式，研制了一种适合蔬菜钵苗大垄双行栽植的复式联合作业移栽机，对移栽机栽植机构的栽植轨迹和投苗机构的开闭控制参数进行了设计和优化，同时针对传统农机装备地轮深度调控装置难以满足大垄双行膜上栽深精确控制的难题，设计了一种基于可编程控制器的液压栽深仿形装置并整合到移栽机，使得整机可一次性完成旋耕起垄、垄上覆膜、双行独立仿形、膜上Z字形移栽等多道作业工序。分别在45、60株·min^-1的栽植频率条件下进行移栽试验，田间试验结果表明：株距合格率、移栽合格率的平均值分别为94.08%、90.45%和91.90%、88.33%,平均栽深合格率为94.15%,较好地满足了蔬菜钵苗大垄双行种植要求。     

渭源地区旱地玉米覆膜种植增温效应及高产增效研究初报

于2003~2004年开展玉米全生育期地膜覆盖观测地温及物候期试验,研究渭源地区旱地玉米覆膜种植的增温效应和增产效益。结果表明:覆膜比裸地种植有明显的增温、改变经济性状、提高玉米产量等效益。分析认为温度是该地区的首要制约因素,覆膜是增温的主要措施。覆膜玉米比裸地种植能提高0~5 cm地温2.4~3.6℃/d,玉米产量增产3 300~3 650 kg/hm2,增产率为66.7%~89.0%。     

玄参种植技术要点

正玄参平均每667 m~2效益都在2 000元以上。但玄参种植有要求,选地整地很重要。具体讲,要把握好以下要点:1栽植方法首先选择乳白色,粗如拇指,无霉斑疤痕,侧芽少,长3~4 cm的芽头作种,先用50%退菌特1 000倍液浸泡5 min,捞出晾干,在准备好的畦面上,按行株距35 cm×35 cm开穴,每穴放种芽1~2个,芽头向上,每穴抓施焦泥灰一把,然后覆土5 cm左右。栽     

民勤县沙漠边缘玉米覆膜穴播栽培试验研究

研究了沙漠边缘玉米覆膜穴播栽培效益,结果表明:覆膜要比当地不覆膜常规栽培增产1586.2kg/hm2,增产率为24.5%,净产值增长16.64%,节水1950～2925m3/hm2,可缓解当地水资源缺乏问题;覆膜栽培具有抑蒸保墒、膨软土壤等多种生态效应;在风大沙多的气候条件下,覆膜穴播栽培中要注意几项技术措施的应用。     

保护地黄瓜主要病虫害防治

1 黄瓜病毒病 1）选栽抗病品种和耐病品种,减少发病。 2）培植壮苗,早育苗,铺盖地膜,早定植,底肥施足,增施磷钾肥,及时浇水,特别是苗期土壤不能干旱,结瓜后浇水带肥。彻底清除田间杂草及地边周围的杂草,发现病株立即拔除。     

大棚温室杏根癌病的发生与防治

大棚温室杏自2000年在夏县瑶峰镇下埝底村、南关村等村开始栽植,2004年达400 hm2,大棚杏效益可观,667 m2效益达1.5万～2万元,但是由于杏根癌病的发生,制约了杏树面积的发展和产量的提高.杏树根癌病又名冠瘿病,是一种危险性毁灭性的病害,原发生于山东、辽宁、河北等地,随苗木调运侵入夏县,据2003年调查,发病面积达12%,2004年调查发病面积达34.5%.严重田块造成了刨树毁园,对大棚杏产量效益造成了严重影响,使部分杏农望树兴叹,栽上杏树2 a,没有见到一点效益,全园毁灭,甚是凄惨.     

水稻半旱式耕作法防治纹枯病试验初报

水稻半旱式耕作法(又称垄畦栽培法,即起垄栽稻)。稻田做成垄沟相间式样,垄畦面宽23cm,垄高20—23cm,沟面宽30cm。垄畦上栽稻两行,株距13cm,垄上行距20cm,垄与垄之间稻株行距33cm,禾苗分蘖后,垄畦面保持湿润,沟内蓄水。使稻田既有水,又通气,形成不利于病菌侵染衍繁,而有利于植株生长发育的田间小气候和生态环境,以达到抑制、减轻病害,促进增产。 近几年来,我县在一晚田中大面积推广半旱式耕作法综合防治纹枯病,收到了显著     

油菜秋冬季田间管理技术

壮苗是油菜高产的基础。为了培育油菜冬前壮苗,应根据不同情况采取相应的田间管理技术对策:1)精心移栽,保证活棵。要移栽6片真叶的大壮苗;移栽前大田要施足基肥,整好畦田,开好“三沟”;移栽时要边起苗、边移栽,不栽细弱苗、称钩苗、杂种苗,要栽稳、栽实,对大苗、高苗要进行深栽,栽后浇定根水。油菜苗期干旱,可引水进行沟灌,畦面润透后立即将水排干,或结合追肥进行浇水,保持土壤湿润,促进发根长叶,为壮苗越冬打下基础。2)中耕培土,间苗、定苗。稻茬油菜整地质量差,移栽活棵后应及时进行中耕松土,以利于通气、降湿、增温,增强土壤供肥能力,促…     

基于五连杆移栽机构的自定深仿形装置设计与试验

针对现有钵苗移栽机在起伏垄面作业时栽深控制稳定性低的问题,采用栽植器仿形方法,以可编程机床控制器(program machine control)为核心,设计了自动精准定深仿形装置以实现对每行栽植器独立主动仿形。通过理论分析确定自定深仿形装置关键结构与扭矩、升降速度等参数,并设计了自定深移栽试验台。运用正交试验优化方法,研究该仿形机构作业速度、升降速度和移栽株距参数变化与栽深合格率关系。通过Box-Benhnken组合试验,得到影响栽植深度合格率的各因素由大到小为移栽株距、升降速度、作业速度。通过软件寻优得到栽深合格率最高条件下的最佳参数组合为作业转速180 mm·s~(-1)、升降速度142 mm·s~(-1)、移栽株距195 mm。台架试验表明,采用自定深仿形装置后的平均栽深合格率为91.9%,具有田间实际应用价值。     

烤烟种植规模与经济性状的关系分析——以江西崇仁为例

为给崇仁县烟农适度种植规模提供理论参考,对崇仁县2013年烟农的种植规模和烤后烟叶经济性状进行描述统计、相关分析和聚类分析。结果表明:种植规模和经济性状在烟农之间存在着广泛的变异。单户烟农种植规模与上等烟比例呈显著正相关,与中等烟比例之间呈显著负相关,与单位面积产值、单位面积产量之间存在显著正相关,和均价呈正相关。在崇仁县现阶段的生产水平下,烟农种植规模集中在2.334~2.413 hm 2范围内,烟农的种烟综合经济效益较高。     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.     

Determinants and rates of land degradation: Application of stationary time-series model to data from a semi-arid environment in Kenya

The causes of land degradation in the African drylands have been shown to vary. Some researchers consider climate to be the major contributor to degradation, with anthropogenic factors playing a minor role. Others reverse the significance of these two factors. A third group attributes land degradation to climate and anthropogenic factors equally. This study was undertaken to establish the factors influencing land degradation in a semi-arid environment in southeastern Kenya and the rate of change in vegetation types for a period of 35 years(1973–2007). The reduction in grassland cover was used as an indicator of land degradation. Causes of land degradation were determined by a multiple regression analysis. A log-linear regression analysis was used to establish the rate of vegetation change. The multiple and log-linear regression analyses showed:(1) woody vegetation, livestock population and cultivated area to be the main contributors of reduction in grassland cover in the area, and (2) an increase in undesirable woody species, livestock population and cultivated area had a significant(P0.05) negative effect on grassland vegetation. Increased human population, low amounts of rainfall and drought showed no significant negative effect on grassland vegetation cover. In conclusion, human and livestock population growth and increased agricultural land have contributed to intensive crop cultivation and overgrazing in the semi-arid lands. This overuse of the semi-arid rangelands has worsened the deterioration of the natural grassland vegetation.     

冬虫夏草菌种油混悬剂的研究

冬虫夏草人工培育中,接种侵染成功率一直是制约其规模化生产的重要因素。本次试验采用正交试验设计,应用数学软件MATLAB极差分析法,根据综合平衡法原则,筛选出冬虫夏草菌种油混悬剂最优的组合方案,即菜籽油与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(7:3)复合油10g,固液比1.0:10,十二烷基硫酸钠0.9g、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚0.5g、硬脂酸铝0.6g,其制剂的沉降体积比和再分散性分别高达97%和100%。高活力菌丝和孢子制成的油混悬剂提高了侵染成功率,适宜作为人工培育冬虫夏草的菌种,能满足大规模培育冬虫夏草的接种需求。     

黄土丘陵区旱地春小麦气候适宜度及其变化特征——以定西市李家堡乡麻子川村为例

为应对气候变暖对农业生产的影响,定量评价气候要素对春小麦生长的影响,运用模糊数学理论和滑动平均模拟法,利用前人建立的气候适宜度模型,进行春小麦气温、降水、日照隶属度模型和气候适宜度模型的研究。结果表明：春小麦全生育期气温、降水适宜度呈下降趋势,而日照无明显变化趋势。生育期内日照适宜度最高,气温次之,降水适宜度最低。苗期降水适宜度最低,抽穗期次之,气温适宜度苗期最低,变异系数最大,表明苗期的降水和气温是影响春小麦生长的关键,其次是抽穗期。降水是制约旱地春小麦生长最关键的气候因素,且气候适宜度随气候变化呈下降趋势,并在各发育阶段和年际变化过程中都呈不稳定波动状态,对春小麦生长具有极显著的负效应。全球气候变化增加了黄土丘陵区春小麦生产的气候风险。     

基于水足迹的民勤县农作物耗水当量与气候响应评估

在阐述水足迹、水资源压力指数的基础上,计算了1991—2013年民勤县8种主要农作物(玉米、小麦、棉花、葵花、苹果、瓜类、蔬菜)蓝水需水量、总耗水当量和单位作物耗水当量,研究了这些作物在23年内总耗水当量和单位耗水当量的时间序列变化规律,并对比三种经济技术耗水分离模型,分离出4种典型作物(小麦、玉米、棉花、瓜类)单位气候耗水当量,最后选择逐步回归分析法探讨了作物气候耗水当量与相关气候因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)民勤总耗水当量逐年增加,粮食作物总耗水当量变化最大,蔬菜、油料作物(葵花)次之,单位作物耗水当量在震荡中逐年递减;(2)HP滤波法为最优气候耗水当量分离模型,单位作物气候耗水当量趋势性不明显,序列期内震荡显著,且不同作物差异较大;(3)显著影响单位作物气候耗水当量的主要气候因子为5、6月份总降水量和7月份相对湿度,与生长期内气温要素相关性不强。可见,不同作物耗水变化的气候响应模式差异较大,整体受降水和温度的影响显著,但对全球气候变暖大趋势的响应机制尚不明确。     

豆野螟发生为害及综合防治研究进展

从豆野螟分布、发生为害及综合防治等几方面综述了该虫的研究进展。气候因子、豆类品种、栽培耕作制度及天敌是影响豆野螟发生的主要因素。在防治方面，主要是化学防治，生物防治开始受到重视。在综述基础上，探讨了豆野螟今后研究的内容和重点。     

烟草内生短短芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及对烟草青枯病的防效

 在烟草青枯病区采取健康烟草植株,从其茎杆内分离到2株对烟草青枯拉尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacarum)有强拮抗作用的内生菌株009和011。形态观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列比对结果表明,菌株009和011均归属为Brevi-bacillus brevis,009、011菌株与B. brevis(AY591911)相似性分别为99.5%和99.0%,GenBank登录号分别为DQ444284、DQ444285。生长特性研究结果表明,它们的最适生长pH值分别为6.5、7.5,最适生长温度分别为25、30℃。温室内用淋根法分别先接种009和011菌株,后接种病原菌,其防效分别为87.25%和52.30%。用009和011菌液分别和烟草青枯病菌的混合液淋根,其防效明显低于前者。田间小区试验结果表明,011菌株的防效明显高于009菌株和农用链霉素。     

Control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis> in glasshouse fuchsia by specific climate management

The effect of climate management as a tool for integrated control of Botrytis cinerea in fuchsia culture was studied in two glasshouse experiments. This included: (i) a conventional, temperature based (T) and (ii) a humidity/temperature based (HT) climate control. When neighbouring plants came in contact with one another, a novel, economical method of direct ventilation of the canopy was employed as an additional treatment in each glasshouse. Despite significant differences in plant growth, no distinct effects on the susceptibility of clonal fuchsia plants or on the growth rate of stem blight lesions within the canopy were found for the different climate managements. Using the HT strategy, the canopies were effectively dehumidified during the night in contrast to the T management. Towards the end of the cultivation, a period with dense canopies, direct ventilation was most effective in dehumidifying the canopy. The differences in microclimate were correlated with B. cinerea stem infection and sporulation incidence. Best results were achieved using a combination of the HT strategy with direct ventilation, reducing stem blight values to less than a third as compared to the T management. With regard to plant health, climate management in glasshouses can only be improved by specific manipulation of the canopy climate: in presence of susceptible plant tissue, a management providing vapour pressure deficit values within the canopy above 1 hPa, or more safely, 1.5 hPa, is recommended.     

基于气象因子驱动的阴山地区马铃薯产量预测模型

为了及时掌握马铃薯产量,提高产中、产后气象服务能力,指导马铃薯生产,以内蒙古阴山旱作区马铃薯生产为例,利用16个旗县1980-2007年气象和产量资料及发育期等其它相关资料,采用相关和回归分析等方法,分区域分析了影响马铃薯产量的关键气象因子,并建立了气象产量预测模型.结果表明:(1)降水是影响产量的关键因子,温度次之;前山地区高温胁迫的影响大于后山,降水不足的影响则相反;干旱少雨、高温胁迫是制约该地区马铃薯产量提高的主要因素.(2)用逐步回归方法建立的幼苗期-结薯期、幼苗期-淀粉积累期、结薯期-淀粉积累期和生长季4个时间段的气象产量预测模型均达到极显著水平,拟合率75％以上,产量预测平均误差11.1％,误差变幅0.34％ ～ 27.9％,近85％的预测值准确率超出80％,对区域预测结果好于各旗县;(3)结薯期是对水热最敏感的时期;不同时间段模型中以生长季和幼苗-结薯期模型预测结果较好.所建模型可以在马铃薯产量预测业务中应用.