二氢吡啶在奶牛养殖中的应用研究

将二氢吡啶添加到奶牛日粮中，进行饲养试验。结果表明，试验期末，试验组奶牛产奶量与对照组相比提高5．65％，未达显著水平；奶料比、乳脂率、乳蛋白含量与对照组相比无变化。试验组奶牛乳房炎的发生率与对照组相比降低61．95％。     

DHI报告在奶牛场饲养管理中的应用

DHI报告是提高奶牛群管理水平的有效工具之一,可以为奶牛场饲养管理提供决策依据。利用白城地区某奶牛场2018年9月~2019年8月的DHI数据资料,对牛群305 d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数、尿素氮、胎次、泌乳天数等相关指标进行分析,明确奶牛场饲养管理中存在的问题,并提出相对应的解决对策与建议,有利于牛群保持较高的生产潜力。结果表明:该牛场胎次2.3胎,平均泌乳天数203 d,牛群整体繁育工作失衡;牛群305 d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率低,牛群的遗传和饲养管理存在问题;体细胞数>50万/mL,牛群乳房炎发生率高;MUN水平22 mg/d,日粮能氮失衡。建议牛场管理者应加强奶牛繁育工作,调整日粮结构,改善奶牛应激期的饲养环境以及奶牛乳房炎的检测与防治工作。     

反刍动物专用复合酶对奶牛生产性能的影响

为检验反刍动物专用复合酶对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响,对泌乳奶牛进行为期30d的饲养试验。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在此基础上每日添加反刍动物专用复合酶30g,测定奶牛的消化性能、产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率。结果表明:试验结束时,试验组粪便筛上层残留物较试验前明显减少,下层残留物显著增加,中层比例变化不明显,对照组粪便筛上、中、下三层比例变化不明显;试验组奶牛日产奶量显著高于对照组,两组乳脂率、乳蛋白率相差不大。     

乳倍利对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

试验选用产后约112d的奶牛30头,采用单因子配对试验,以泌乳天数、胎次和产奶量基本一致为配对原则分成试验组和对照组。试验组奶牛的日粮中用1kg乳倍利代替部分的蛋白饲料和过瘤胃脂肪(钙皂),其他成分同对照组。探索乳倍利对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和体细胞数的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中添加乳倍利可以使奶牛的产奶量提高1.15kg/d.头;与对照组相比乳脂率提高4.92%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白率提高了3.24%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

复合菌培养物对奶牛产奶性能及体细胞数的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加复合菌培养物对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和体细胞数的影响。选择30头荷斯坦奶牛,分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加复合菌培养物400 g/(头·d),试验期为37 d。测定指标包括产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及体细胞数。结果表明,试验组奶牛产奶量比对照组增加6.84%(P>0.05);乳汁体细胞数下降率比对照组提高29.78%(P<0.05);两组奶牛乳脂、乳蛋白之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。本试验结果表明,复合菌培养物在降低体细胞数和改善奶牛产奶性能方面具有良好的效果。     

补饲HK添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

将14头荷斯坦泌乳奶牛按配对试验要求分成7对2组,在对照组日粮基础上,试验组添加HK添加剂。结果表明,经30 d饲养试验,试验组奶牛日均产奶量提高1.57 kg标准乳,同时HK添加剂还能够提高牛奶中乳脂率、乳蛋白及总固体物质含量。     

奶牛全泌乳期饲料配方筛选试验研究

为筛选奶牛泌乳期系列饲料配方,试验选用30头泌乳后期奶牛,参考胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情、体型等因素,采用随机区组对比设计,分为4组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,组间差异不显著。对照组饲喂奶牛场使用的精料补充料,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂专门设计的奶牛饲料精料补充料A、B和C系列。结果表明:泌乳前期试验2组奶牛产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳中期试验组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳后期试验组奶牛产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以试验2组,即B饲料配方效果最为显著,显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。泌乳前期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。泌乳中期和泌乳后期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于试验1组和试验3组(P<0.05)。乳糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。由此可知,试验2组,即B系列饲料配方可以显著提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳干物质含量及日粮养分消化率。     

大豆磷脂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

本实验选用14头年龄、胎次、产奶量、乳成分基本一致的奶牛,分为对照组和试验组。试验组奶牛日粮用未经包被处理的大豆磷脂替代玉米(占日粮精饲料2%),探索其对奶牛产奶量及乳脂率和乳蛋白的影响。结果发现:试验组比对照组产奶量提高0.9千克/天·头(p>0.05),乳蛋白上升,乳脂率下降,但差异均不显著(p>0.05)。     

二氢吡啶对奶牛隐性乳房炎防治作用的研究

将二氢吡啶添加到奶牛日粮中进行饲养试验。结果表明,试验期间二氢吡啶可以明显降低奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率,到试验结束时,试验组牛只隐性乳房炎发生率降低71.4%,比对照组降低59.9%。试验组产奶量比对照组提高5.65%,但未达显著水平;奶料比、乳脂率、乳蛋白含量与对照组相比无明显变化。     

使用全混合日粮饲喂奶牛试验

为了解决现行奶牛饲养方式存在的问题,我们在香坊农场奶牛场进行了使用全混合日粮饲喂奶牛试验。按配对试验设计把４４头经产健康奶牛随机分成两组,一组为对照组,按现场日粮和饲喂方式进行饲养,另一组为试验组,采用全混合日粮个体饲养,两组日粮营养水平基本一致。试验结果表明,试验组全期平均产奶量显著地高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）,乳脂率和乳蛋白率,试验组也分别比对照组高００６和００８个百分点,但差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。经济分析表明,试验组奶牛每天每头较对照组多增收纯利２８１元。表明,使用全混合日粮饲养技术有利于应用反刍动物营养调控理论和技术配合日粮,有利于充分和合理利用适口性差的廉价饲料资源以降低饲料成本,从所获得的综合经济效益分析,该项新技术在现有条件下完全可以推广和应用。     

饲料甜菜对奶牛产奶量的影响

目的：为探索在奶牛日粮中添加饲料甜菜对其泌乳量的影响,提高奶牛养殖的经济效益。方法：2011年9月20日至11月20日,选择健康黑白花奶牛6头,随机分为试验组（饲料甜菜组）和对照组（普通饲料组）,进行饲料甜菜对奶牛产奶量的影响试验。结果：试验组比对照组头均日产奶量增加2 kg,产奶量提高7.9%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）;试验组比对照组粗饲料采食量增加14%,饲料成本增加504元,差异极显著（P〈0.01）;试验组比对照组头日均收入高6.8元,增加纯收入1 124元,经济效益提高13.2%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。结论：饲料甜菜饲喂奶牛,牛奶产量和质量明显提高,经济效益提高,在实践中应大力推广。     

荷兰的奶牛业

荷兰位于欧洲西部,1600万人口,大约41526平方公里国土面积,160万头泌乳奶牛,每头泌乳牛 305d平均产奶量 8000kg,每人每年平均消费牛奶300kg,有大量的乳制品出口（奶油,奶酪）。     

EM发酵精料饲喂奶牛的试验

用 EM(有效微生物群 )发酵精料代替 30 %的精料饲喂奶牛。结果试验组和对照组的平均日产奶量分别为 2 1 .71± 3.52 kg和 2 0 .45± 3.57kg,差异极显著 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;同时 ,试验组比对照组每头每日节约混合精料 1 .45kg。     

微量元素铜对奶牛营养作用及生产性能的影响

本文综述了国内外关于奶牛铜营养的试验与研究,旨在说明微量元素铜对奶牛的生理学作用、生物学效应,揭示微量元素铜对于奶牛营养的重要性.并总结了铜缺乏的临床表现及铜源的选择与供给,为在奶牛日粮中添加合理剂量的铜做出了指导与建议,目的在于提高奶牛的生产性能,增加养殖的经济效益.     

Model for estimating enteric methane emissions from United States dairy and feedlot cattle

Methane production from enteric fermentation in cattle is one of the major sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission in the United States and worldwide. National estimates of methane emissions rely on mathematical models such as the one recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). Models used for prediction of methane emissions from cattle range from empirical to mechanistic with varying input requirements. Two empirical and 2 mechanistic models (COWPOLL and MOLLY) were evaluated for their prediction ability using individual cattle measurements. Model selection was based on mean square prediction error (MSPE), concordance correlation coefficient, and residuals vs. predicted values analyses. In dairy cattle, COWPOLL had the lowest root MSPE and greatest accuracy and precision of predicting methane emissions (correlation coefficient estimate = 0.75). The model simulated differences in diet more accurately than the other models, and the residuals vs. predicted value analysis showed no mean bias (P = 0.71). In feedlot cattle, MOLLY had the lowest root MSPE with almost all errors from random sources (correlation coefficient estimate = 0.69). The IPCC model also had good agreement with observed values, and no significant mean (P = 0.74) or linear bias (P = 0.11) was detected when residuals were plotted against predicted values. A fixed methane conversion factor (Ym) might be an easier alternative to diet-dependent variable Ym. Based on the results, the 2 mechanistic models were used to simulate methane emissions from representative US diets and were compared with the IPCC model. The average Ym in dairy cows was 5.63% of GE (range 3.78 to 7.43%) compared with 6.5% +/- 1% recommended by IPCC. In feedlot cattle, the average Ym was 3.88% (range 3.36 to 4.56%) compared with 3% +/- 1% recommended by IPCC. Based on our simulations, using IPCC values can result in an overestimate of about 12.5% and underestimate of emissions by about 9.8% for dairy and feedlot cattle, respectively. In addition to providing improved estimates of emissions based on diets, mechanistic models can be used to assess mitigation options such as changing source of carbohydrate or addition of fat to decrease methane, which is not possible with empirical models. We recommend national inventories use diet-specific Ym values predicted by mechanistic models to estimate methane emissions from cattle.     

国家奶牛良种补贴项目在泾阳县实施的成效与启示

为今后奶牛改良工作成果的巩固和推广提供依据,对国家奶牛良种补贴项目在泾阳实施的效果与措施进行总结.结果表明:累计使用良种冷冻精液细管23.7万支,生产改良奶牛3.15万头,且已有1.1万头的优质母牛已正式进入产奶阶段.良种补贴后代奶牛的头胎日产奶量达到27 kg左右,比同期母亲日产奶量高2 kg～3 kg;生奶平均乳...     

后备牛蛋白质营养需要研究进展

为培育优质泌乳奶牛,研究不同生理阶段后备牛日粮的最佳蛋白质水平。采用生长比较试验、消化代谢试验和屠宰试验研究蛋白质水平对后备牛的影响。结果表明,①0～2月龄哺乳期犊牛,代乳粉中粗蛋白水平22%为宜;②3～4月龄断奶犊牛,开食料中粗蛋白水平20%最佳;③8～10月龄后备母牛,在日粮消化能为13.17MJ/kg时,粗蛋白水平约12%,蛋白能量比为37.9:1(g/Mcal),可满足ADG为0.9kg/d时的生长需要。结论,蛋白水平对后备奶牛的生长发育非常重要。     

葵花籽油日粮中添加酵母硒对奶牛抗氧化性能及牛奶肪酸组成的影响

试验旨在研究在含葵花籽油奶牛日粮中添加酵母硒对奶牛抗氧化性能及牛奶脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选取32头体况、奶产量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,随机分成4组。对照组A在基础日粮中添加350g葵花籽油,处理组B、C、D在A组日粮基础上分别添加酵母硒8、15、22g。结果表明:酵母硒的添加极显著提高了血清硒(P<0.01);C、D组乳硒较A、B组均有极显著提高(P<0.01);当酵母硒水平为15g时,血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力达到最大(P<0.05)。酵母硒的添加提高了CLA的含量,当添加量时,15、22g酵母硒可极显著提高乳中CLA的含量(P<0.01)。     

The effect of energy supplementation on nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed grass silage diets

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect that various isoenergetic diets, containing different quantities of soluble carbohydrate and fiber and different types of starch, have on nitrogen (N) balances. Six lactating dairy cows in early to midlactation consuming grass silage diets with not less than 600 g/kg total DMI as forage were used in the experiment. Four concentrates were prepared that had higher amounts of either fiber, soluble sugars, corn (low degradable starch source), or barley (high degradable starch source). Overall N utilization by the cows was poor, rarely exceeding 0.30 g milk N/g of dietary N intake. Fecal N outputs accounted for more than half of total N excreted in all treatments except for diets supplemented with high degradable starch, in which urinary N excretion was significantly higher compared with the other treatments. Milk yield was unaffected by concentrate type, averaging 19.9 kg/d, but milk protein content decreased from 32.9 for starch-based diets to 30.9 and 30.0 g/kg for the soluble sugar- and fiber-based diets, respectively. The efficiency of N utilization improved in the low degradable starch treatment, which had lower N excretion (65%) and higher protein concentration in milk. Furthermore, feeding cows corn-based concentrates reduced urinary N excretion by almost 30% compared with barley-based concentrates; therefore, feeding corn-based diets is recommended for the reduction of nitrogen pollution in lactating dairy cows.     

Chronic copper toxicity in a dairy herd

The addition of excessive copper to a commercially prepared dairy ration caused chronic copper toxicity in a dairy herd. A formulation error by a feed company resulted in copper levels of 800 to 1,000 mg/kg in the “as fed concentrate,” amounting to about 400-500 mg copper/kg of the whole ration. Five animals died with typical signs of acute copper toxicity, including intravascular hemolysis and methemoglobinemia. A further 39 cows died on the farm from a combination of debilitation and secondary infectious causes, and 215 were sent to slaughter because of debilitation and poor milk production. The mortality of calves born to dams that had been fed the toxic concentrate was approximately 50%.

We postulate that dairy cows, particularly pregnant cows, may be more susceptible to copper toxicity than other cattle, and suggest reexamination of the presently allowable maximum levels of copper supplementation of diets for dairy cattle.