甲藻孢囊在辽东半岛沿岸海域表层沉积物中的分布

孢囊是诸多有毒有害甲藻赤潮暴发的种源,也是底栖贝类毒素积累源之一。近年来,北黄海沿岸海域贝毒呈现明显增加的趋势,为掌握有毒有害甲藻在辽东半岛沿岸海域的种源分布情况,笔者于2013年在辽东半岛普兰店(皮口)、庄河、东港浅海海域的菲律宾蛤仔增养殖区域布设12个站位,利用柱状采泥器采集表层沉积物,通过定性和定量分析,研究甲藻孢囊在辽东半岛沿岸海域的空间分布情况,并通过群落相似性分析,研究3个海域甲藻孢囊群落的相似性情况。研究结果显示,3个调查区域共检测出甲藻孢囊10属15种,其中自养型9种,异养型6种。各区域各站位孢囊丰度相差较大,为87~775孢囊/g,平均丰度为393孢囊/g,东港和庄河海域丰度较低,普兰店海域丰度相对较高。相似性分析结果显示,3个海域孢囊群落组成亲缘关系较远。普兰店海域有毒有害甲藻分布广泛,且临近孢囊种类和丰度较高的长山群岛海域,毒素在贝类体内累积的可能性较高,需引起重视。     

三类分子探针对常见赤潮生物的检测

集中使用寡核苷酸、肽核酸和细胞凝素3类探针对来自东海和厦门海域的现场赤潮样品进行了检测,尝试鉴定识别自然水样中有害的赤潮原因种塔玛亚历山大藻,微小原甲藻和纤小裸甲藻,建立和优化了这些探针的检测方法和样品处理程序.结果表明,在东海和厦门海域的赤潮样品中均成功地检出了塔玛亚历山大藻的分布情况,各探针的检测效率为DBA>Tama28S>Tama5S;在东海和厦门海域的赤潮样品中,也成功地检测出了微小原甲藻,各探针的检测效率为:ConA>PM18S02>PM28S02;在厦门海域的赤潮水样中检出了纤小裸甲藻,各探针的检测效率为:WGA>PNATP28S01>TP18S02>TP28S01.各探针检测结果与相关文献的报道吻合较好.比较这3类探针的特异性,其中以PNA探针为最好,其次为DNA;lectin探针的特异性相对较弱.     

前沟藻对海参养殖水体的危害

正前沟藻归类于甲藻属,甲藻中有多种藻类能形成赤潮,有近60种为有毒种类,其中很多是前沟藻属甲藻。前沟藻是一种能产生溶血性毒素的有害赤潮藻种,主要分布于热带和温带海域,为世界性分布种。前沟藻是甲藻中毒性较强的一种藻类,主要生长在温带浅海和池塘中,淡水中也有分布,形状大小不等,一般由多边形板片组成,整体呈球体或圆     

不同温度对微小亚历山大藻生长和藻毒力的影响

<正>水体中的藻类是麻痹性贝毒的主要来源,现已知海洋中有13种单细胞的甲藻类可产生麻痹性贝毒。目前在我国海区已经发现的产毒甲藻主要有3种:塔玛亚历山大藻(Akexandrium tamarense)、微小亚历山大藻(Alezandrium minudum)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium acatenella)。微小亚历山大藻在我国台湾沿海较常见。因此,有必要针对我国沿海的微小     

细胞凝集素探针对典型赤潮生物的定量检测

采用14种异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）标记的细胞凝集素探针对23株典型的有害赤潮生物进行了检测,结合流式细胞仪、荧光显微镜、荧光分光光度计对探针标记区分和识别目标藻的特异性和有效性进行定性和定量测定。结果表明,DBA可以把裸甲藻（Gymnodinium）GIXM01株与其他裸甲藻区分开：SBA、WGA和PNA探针能定性或定量地区分形态相似的裸甲藻GMDH01和TPXM01。PHA-E和SJA能分别将塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）ATDH04、ATMJ02株系与同种其他的藻株区分开：PNA也能从同种其他株系中识别塔玛亚历山大藻ATDH01,ATDH02,ATDH03株系：UEAⅠ能从同种藻株中识别塔玛亚历山大藻ATCI01．JN、ATCI01藻株;RCA120可以区分产毒水平不同的亚历山大藻属（Alexandrium）的ASPGX01和ASPGX02。DBA、SBA、PNA和LCA探针能定性和定量区分微小原甲藻（Prorocentrum minimum）PMDH01和PMXM01;而PNA探针仅能定量区分原甲藻属（Prorocentrum）PDDH01与PMXM01。用WGA探针结合流式细胞仪、荧光显微镜、荧光分光光度等检测手段可以把探针标记的目标裸甲藻GSPXM01和TPXM01从米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、东海原甲藻（P.donghaiense）和微小原甲藻（P.minimum）等组成的混合样品中区分开。[中国水产科学,2008,15（2）：279-292]     

磷浓度对２种有毒亚历山大藻生长和产毒力的影响

采用显微镜细胞计数和标准藻毒监测方法—小鼠生物法,研究了4种磷浓度0µmol•L-1、1.8µmol•L-1、3.6µmol•L-1和5.4µmol•L-1对有毒甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和微小亚历山大藻(Alexandtium minutum)的生长和产毒力的影响。结果表明,磷浓度对两种甲藻的生长和产毒能力都有显著性影响(p<0.05)。3.6µmol•L-1磷浓度组的塔玛亚历山大藻密度显著高于其它3个磷浓度组,0µmol•L-1磷浓度组显著低于其它3个磷浓度组。微小亚力山大藻在1.8µmol•L-1、3.6µmol•L-1和5.4µmol•L-1磷浓度下生长没显著性差异(p>0.05)。但在0µmol•L-1磷浓度下生长缓慢,藻密度显著低于其它3个有磷组。0µmol•L-1磷浓度下塔玛亚历山大藻和微小亚历山大藻的产毒能力最高, 显著高于其它磷浓度组(p<0.05),分别为3 MU•10000cells-1和5.2MU•10000cells-1。其它磷浓度组两种有毒甲藻的产毒能力没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。     

亚历山大藻(Alexandrium)分类研究现状

亚历山大藻(Alexandrium)是重要的赤潮种类之一,其属下的20余种甲藻约一半是有毒种类,它们不仅破坏渔业资源,破坏生态环境,而且它们能够产生PSP贝毒,危害人类健康。据报道,世界范围内每年由亚历山大藻产生PSP中毒死亡的人数多达几万人。亚历山大藻藻体外部结构简单,缺少有效和有用的鉴别特征,给这类甲藻的准确鉴定、分类工作带来许多困难,再加上分类标准和方法的不断更新、种类的合并拆分,致使许多研究工作者在赤潮监测计划中和赤潮发生期间不能对其进行快速、准确的鉴定,影响了各海岸国之间、科研人员之间的信息和情报交流。     

有毒赤潮藻共生菌的分离鉴定

利用脂肪酸鉴定法和荧光微生物法对塔玛亚历山大藻和利马原甲藻的共生菌进行了分离和纯化.从塔玛亚历山大藻和利马原甲藻中分离出2株可培养的菌株.脂肪酸鉴定为人苍白杆菌和交替假单胞菌,用荧光法鉴定的菌株分别为弗氏枸橼酸杆菌和短稳黄杆菌.     

流沙湾浮游植物群落特征季节变化及其与养殖活动的关系

流沙湾是中国海水珍珠“南珠”的主产区和广东省重要的贝类养殖区。为评估湾内养殖活动的环境效应,于2015~2016年对流沙湾海区进行了夏(8月)、秋(11月)、冬(2月)、春(5月) 4个季节的浮游植物和海水理化因子调查。共检出浮游植物171种,包括硅藻门43属122种、甲藻门 10属44种、蓝藻门2属2种、金藻门2属2种和裸藻门1属1种。流沙湾内湾浮游植物细胞丰度为(0.05~79.04)×104个/L,夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,且夏季丰度远大于其他三季,内湾和外湾差异不显著。春季须状角毛藻(Chaetoceros crinitus)、红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum)和明壁圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus debilis)为主要优势种,夏季优势种主要为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum),秋季优势种主要为拟弯角毛藻(Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus)、奇异棍形藻(Bacillaria paradoxa)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus),冬季主要优势种为威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodisus wailesii)、柔弱根管藻(Rhizosolenia delicatula)、岛脆杆藻(Fragilaria islandica)。其中,奇异棍形藻为春、秋、冬季的优势种,红海束毛藻为春、夏、秋季的优势种。冗余分析表明,流沙湾浮游植物优势种在春季与水温和氨氮密切相关,夏季受透明度显著影响,而在秋、冬季受亚硝酸氮含量影响显著。流沙湾不同养殖区的浮游植物多态性和丰度有明显季节差异。与2012年相比,流沙湾外湾的养殖覆盖率提高了近50%,内湾的珍珠贝养殖减少了近90%,养殖品种、规模和分布格局都发生了明显变化,目前流沙湾的浮游植物群落特征正是对其变化的一种响应。夏季鱼类网箱养殖提高了水域营养盐水平并降低了浮游植物多样性。大规模的扇贝养殖则导致了扇贝养殖区浮游植物丰度的降低。     

乐清湾春季浮游生物群落和环境因子分布特征

根据2010年春季(4月)乐清湾的调查结果,分析了该海域浮游生物的种类组成、优势种、丰度、多样性及其对环境因子的影响.共鉴定出浮游植物6门、162种;其中,硅藻144种,占总种数的88.9％,甲藻12种,占总种数的7.4％.浮游动物10类、37种;其中,桡足类19种,占总种数的51.4％.浮游植物和浮游动物的平均丰度分别为38.12×104个/m3和37.26个/m3,其空问分布格局均呈由内湾至外湾逐渐降低.浮游植物优势种为琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)和中国盒形藻(Biddulphia sinensis),浮游动物优势种为真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)和针刺拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus aculeatus).浮游植物和浮游动物平均Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H′)分别为2.35和1.16,浮游生物群落沿环境梯度更替的现象极显著.乐清湾富营养化严重,可溶性无机氮和活性磷酸盐平均浓度分别为0.756 mg/L和0.038 mg/L.对比历史资料可知,近30年来乐清湾无机氮和磷酸盐呈升高趋势,较1982年同期分别上升112％和131％;同时浮游生物丰度有所下降,且浮游植物优势种有一定程度的变化,但浮游植物群落仍以硅藻为主、甲藻其次,而浮游动物群落仍以桡足类为主.     

Dinoflagellate cysts in ballast sediments: differences between Canada's east coast,west coast and the Great Lakes

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Development of a quantification assay for the cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alexandrium tamarense</Emphasis> using real-time polymerase chain reaction

ABSTRACT:   The cysts of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense are the seed population for the bloom responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). However, it is impossible to identify the Alexandrium spp. cyst on the basis of morphological features. In this study, we prepared A. tamarense cysts by sexual conjugation in laboratory conditions and developed an efficient DNA extraction method for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Using the A. tamarense cysts, we established the identification and quantification method showing the species specificity and the high sensistivity for A. tamarense cysts using real-time PCR. This assay was also able to detect and quantify the A. tamarense cysts accurately when mixed with excess cysts of A. catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech prepared by conjugation experiment.     

厦门海域表层沉积物石油类含量分布与评价

通过2016年8月开展的厦门海域表层沉积物中石油类含量调查,分析了厦门海域表层沉积物石油类的含量水平与分布情况。结果表明:本次调查厦门海域表层沉积物中石油类含量范围在(6.6~1 762.5)×10~(-6)之间,平均值为350.5×10~(-6);石油类含量呈现明显的分布特点:五缘湾海域至五通湾口区域的石油类含量最高,其次为九龙江口中部海域、鼓浪屿东南侧至招银港区、厦门东部水道小部分区域和五通湾口北侧海域,其余海域的沉积物质量较好,这与厦门近年来航运发展、西海域整治和五缘湾海域周边的开发建设有关。     

Determination of a tissue and sediment threshold for tributyltin to protect prey species of juvenile salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act

• 1. The purpose of this report is to determine the concentrations of tributyltin in sediments that would be protective against adverse effects on prey species of salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act.
• 2. Two approaches for determining adverse sediment concentrations due to tributyltin (TBT) contamination are presented here. The first is the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach, which relies on a sediment‐water partition coefficient and toxicological data for water exposures. The EqP approach utilizes the large water quality database that has been generated over the last two decades for TBT and provides strong evidence for adverse effects at low exposure concentrations.
• 3. The second approach involves determination of a TBT tissue residue that is considered harmful for most species, which is then used to predict the sediment concentration that would likely produce this adverse tissue concentration.
• 4. Both approaches are presented here because they generally support each other but based on the information presented below, and the inherent difficulty in measuring porewater concentrations, the tissue residue approach is the recommended method for determining adverse sediment concentrations.
• 5. Using this analysis, the protective sediment concentration for TBT proposed here is 6000 ng g^?1organic carbon. Direct effects are not expected on salmonids at this sediment concentration because of their relatively short residence time in the estuary, general lack of interaction with sediment, and relatively high metabolic capacity. This concentration may ensure adequate abundance of salmonid prey species; however, it may not be low enough for the protection of sensitive benthic species.

Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空心莲子草中抗污损活性皂苷成分的研究

海洋污损生物危害水产养殖,为发现抗污损的天然资源,对入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternantheraphiloxeroides)进行了抗污损活性化学成分研究。分离鉴定了3个皂苷类化合物,分别为3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯(1)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸甲酯基齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯(2)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基-30-去甲基-12,20(29)-二烯齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯(3),其中化合物2为首次从该植物中分离得到。初步的抗污损结果表明,皂苷3具有明显的杀灭污损生物藤壶的作用,活性与阳性对照CuSO4相近,但是对卤虫的毒性则远低于相同剂量的CuSO4;部分皂苷混合物也具有一定的选择性杀灭藤壶的作用。     

An analysis in support of sediment quality thresholds for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to protect estuarine fish

• 1. Under the US Endangered Species Act and the Essential Fish Habitat provisions of the Sustainable Fisheries Act, it is the responsibility of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to safeguard the health of fish in estuarine and coastal waters.
• 2. This includes assessment of the impacts of exposure to toxic chemicals on fish and their critical habitat.
• 3. This analysis was conducted to assist NMFS resource managers in determining when fish are exposed to potentially harmful concentrations of one of the most common environmental contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
• 4. Effects thresholds were estimated primarily through segmented regression of site‐specific sediment PAH concentrations and associated disease prevalences in a resident fish species, English sole, Pleuronectes vetulus.
• 5. The analyses and supporting data encompass several endpoints, including DNA damage, liver lesions, and impacts on growth and reproduction.
• 6. In general, liver lesion prevalences, DNA adduct levels, and impacts on growth and reproduction were minimal at sediment PAH concentrations at or below 1000 ppb. Above 1000 ppb, there appears to be a substantial increase in the risk of contaminant‐related injury to English sole.

Published in 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乳山湾东流区表层沉积物中有害物质调查研究

对乳山湾东流区表层沉积物中有害物质调查分析表明，表层沉积物中有害物质含量分布具有明显的区域分布，在湾顶部虾池排放口附近，硫化物和有机质含量较高。说明养殖排放水对此有影响。不同沉积物类型，对有害物质的积累能力是不同的，一般随沉积物粒度的变细而增大。与评价标准相比，总的看来，沉积物中有害物质含量没有超标，但在丰水期和养殖高峰期，硫化物、Cd、Pb略有超标。     

Effects of Heavy Metals on the Hatching Rates of Brine Shrimp Artemia salina Cysts

The effects of heavy metals (Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³+, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺. Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn⁷⁺, Mn⁴⁺ and Mn²⁺) on the relative hatching percentage of brine shrimp, Artemia salina were assessed. Artemia salina cysts (San Francisco Bay Brand) hatched in seawater containing various heavy metal concentrations. After 48 hours, the number of hatched nauplii were counted. A negative linear relationship between hatching rate of Ariemia salina cysts and heavy metal concentration occurred, except copper which conformed to a cubic model. The relative toxicities of heavy metals on Artemia salina cysts were as follows (Cu²⁺, most toxic; Mn²⁺, least toxic): Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Mn⁷⁺ > Cr³⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Fe²⁺ > Hg²⁺ > Mn⁴⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Mn²⁺.