Population size does not influence mitochondrial genetic diversity in animals

Within-species genetic diversity is thought to reflect population size, history, ecology, and ability to adapt. Using a comprehensive collection of polymorphism data sets covering approximately 3000 animal species, we show that the widely used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker does not reflect species abundance or ecology: mtDNA diversity is not higher in invertebrates than in vertebrates, in marine than in terrestrial species, or in small than in large organisms. Nuclear loci, in contrast, fit these intuitive expectations. The unexpected mitochondrial diversity distribution is explained by recurrent adaptive evolution, challenging the neutral theory of molecular evolution and questioning the relevance of mtDNA in biodiversity and conservation studies.     

稀有白甲鱼西江种群mtDNA D环区的结构及遗传多样性

采用PCR扩增和DNA直接测序技术,测定分析了采自珠江水系西江的30尾稀有白甲鱼(Onychostoma rara)mtDNA D环约467 bp的序列。结果显示,该序列的长度为467～470 bp,共计发现了16个变异位点,占分析总位点数的3.40%,其碱基组成A+T的平均含量(67.6%)高于C+T(32.3%)。稀有白甲鱼西江种群mtDNA D环区在结构上可分为终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,存在着与终止相关的序列ETAS以及保守序列CSB-F、CSB-E、CSB-D和CSB1。定义了11种单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(Hd)为0.733 3,单倍型之间平均遗传距离(P)为0.010 2,核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.005 79,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为2.705 75。11个单倍型构建的非加权分组平均法(UPGMA)系统树聚为2个分支。该研究表明稀有白甲鱼西江种群存在着较丰富的遗传多样性。研究亮点:(1)有关濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼西江种群mtDNA D环测序及遗传多样性研究尚未见报道;(2)本研究揭示了稀有白甲鱼西江种群尚保存有较丰富的遗传多样性;(3)对稀有白甲鱼西江种群遗传学研究具有理论价值,并对开展该种群的保护和资源利用具有现实指导意义。     

Investigation of mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity and phylogeny of goats worldwide

Genetic diversity, population structure, and population expansion of goats worldwide (4 165 individuals from 196 breeds) were analyzed using published mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D_loop hypervariable region sequences. Results showed that 2 409 haplotypes and 301 polymorphic sites were present within the 401-bp length D_loop region, the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.03471, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.9983. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 98.92% of haplotypes were divided into six obvious clusters, consistent with the classification of the known mitochondrial haplogroups of goats. Haplogroup A accounted for the largest proportion (86%). Interestingly, two unknown divisions (Unknown I and Unknown II) were discovered from goats in Southwest China, suggesting that Southwest China has unique maternal haplogroups. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and the average number of pairwise differences between populations (PiXY) indicated that geographical variation was small but significant. Neutrality tests (Tajima's D and Fu's F_S tests) and mismatch distribution showed that haplogroups B, C, and G had expansion histories. In addition, the phylogenetic relationship between domestic and wild goats suggested that Capra aegagrus is the most likely wild ancestor and may have participated in the domestication of ancestral populations of A, B, C, and F haplogroups. A meta-analysis on the mtDNA sequences of goats from international databases was conducted to analyze goats’ genetic diversity, population structure, and matrilineal system evolution worldwide. The results may help further understand the domestication history and gene flow of goats worldwide.     

牦牛线粒体基因组研究进展

系统了解牦牛线粒体基因组(mtDNA)的研究现状,探究其存在的缺陷与不足,为今后更好地开展牦牛基因组学研究提供依据和基础材料。笔者通过查阅近20年有关牦牛mtDNA研究的文献资料,对牦牛mtDNA全序列和部分序列的研究进展进行综述。自20世纪80年代末以来,mtDNA作为一种很好的分子标记已被研究者用于探究牦牛的起源驯化、遗传多样性、迁徙模式、历史发展动态、分类学地位、适应性机理及系统发育关系等问题,并取得了具有结论性的诸多成果。然而,有关牦牛mtDNA全序列基础上的群体基因组学研究、线粒体转录组和蛋白质组学研究、核基因组与线粒体基因组间的互作和调控研究、线粒体基因组与部分性状间的关联分析等内容,还有待继续深入研究。     

Comment on "On the regulation of populations of mammals, birds, fish, and insects" III

Stochasticity in time series explains concave responses of per capita growth rate to population size. The gradients with the natural log of population size have more biological importance because they measure strength of density compensation. Its weakening with increasing body size across taxa (Sibly et al., Reports, 22 July 2005, p. 607) is consistent with slower responses in ascent than descent toward carrying capacity. Time series therefore suggest that populations of large-bodied animals underfill their environments.     

南海斑点马鲛群体遗传多样性研究

本研究采用PCR技术对采自广州附近海域的斑点马鲛(Scomberomorus guttatus)19个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop基因进行扩增和分析,结果表明,该斑点马鲛群体的遗传多样性较为丰富,19个个体通过聚类形成两大分支,表明该群体可能来源于2个不同的母系祖先。     

中国近海真鲷遗传变异的线粒体控制区序列分析

测定了辽宁东港、广东大亚湾和广西东兴3个海域各15尾真鲷的线粒体控制区5′端660bp的核苷酸序列,发现91个可变位点,64个简约信息位点。在45尾样品中共检测到43个单倍型,3个群体的平均单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为(0.99～1)和(0.02522～0.02579),表现出较高的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性。在真鲷个体NJ树上出现3个谱系,各谱系中不同地理来源的个体比例相当,不呈现明显的地理聚群,推测各谱系大约形成于晚更新世的末期。Tajima’sD呈负值但不显著(P0.08),表明真鲷历史上没有发生快速扩张,种群大小稳定。群体间遗传分化指数Fst都为负值(-0.0001～-0.0188)但不显著(P0.1);AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要集中在群体内的个体间(100.49%),而群体间的遗传变异很小(-0.49%);表明我国近海真鲷群体有可能是同一种群。     

猫科动物线粒体DNA研究进展

综述了线粒体DNA在猫科动物的系统进化关系与分类地位、物种的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构以及物种识别等方面的研究现状，并提出今后应对野生猫科物种的mtDNA全基因组测序，以及对某些与mtDNA基因相关的疾病等进行深入研究。     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of four goat lineages based on analysis of complete mtDNA d-loop

The complete sequences of mtDNA D-loops from 362 individuals were analyzed in order to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of their lineages. The results indicated that all of the analyzed sequences were differentiated into four clear lineages (A, B, C, and D). Lineages C and D might originate from Lineages B and A, respectively. The genetic diversity of complete mtDNA D-loop of four lineages was very abundant. The 76 bp insertion and the 17 bp deletion were detected in the longest and the shortest sequences, respectively. The 76 bp insertion was a repeat like motif found in many other animals. Lineages C and D were differentiated into two subclades (C1 and C2) and (D1 and D2), respectively. Lineage C might originate from Asia, and Lineage D might originate from Fertile Crescent.     

涪陵水牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

利用测序技术和生物信息学分析技术,对涪陵水牛27个个体的线粒体DNA D-loop 915 bp全序列的遗传多样性及系统进化进行分析,检测到16种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点48个,约占所测核苷酸总长的5.24%,其中有43个转换,5个颠换。涪陵水牛mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样度(π值)为0.0196±0.0020,单倍型多样度(H)为0.9060±0.0460,表明涪陵水牛mtDNA遗传多样性丰富。根据单倍型构建了涪陵水牛的NJ分子系统树,发现存在沼泽型水牛支系A和B,表明涪陵水牛具有2个母系起源。     

中国近海小黄鱼遗传变异的细胞色素b序列分析

分析了中国近海丹东、营口、舟山、温州和福州32尾小黄鱼线粒体Cytb基因的862bp序列,共检测到31个变异位点,13个简约信息位点,26个单倍型;单倍型多样性为0.984±0.013,核苷酸多样性为0.00395。高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性,Tajima’s中性检验为负值且显著,核苷酸不配对分析呈单峰曲线,在简约性网络图中单倍型呈星状分布,表明小黄鱼经历过种群扩张,扩张年代约为0.14MY前。群体间较低的Fst值和较高的Nm值,在NJ系统树和简约性网络图中不同地理来源的单倍型交错分布,分子方差分析都表明群体间未出现明显的遗传分化,与传统的地理群体划分并不一致。推测小黄鱼产浮性卵、生活史中出现大规模的洄游以及扩张后的群体尚未在迁移与漂变间达到平衡可能是未检测到显著地理和谱系结构的主要原因。     

Tandem duplication of D-loop and ribosomal RNA sequences in lizard mitochondrial DNA

Some Cnemidophorus exsanguis have mitochondrial DNA's (mtDNA's) that are 22.2 kilobases (kb) in size, whereas most have mtDNA's of 17.4 kb. Restriction site mapping, DNA transfer hybridization experiments, and electron microscopy show that the size increment stems from the tandem duplication of a 4.8-kb region that includes regulatory sequences and transfer and ribosomal RNA genes. This observation is notable in that sequences outside of the control region are involved in major length variation. Besides revealing a novel form of mtDNA evolution in animals, these duplications provide a useful system for investigating the molecular and evolutionary biology of animal mtDNA.     

畜禽保种群体遗传多样性的模拟

 【目的】基于微卫星标记特点,采用计算机模拟技术,探讨畜禽保种群遗传多样性的变化过程。【方法】选择30个均匀分布于基因组、具有4—10个等位基因的标记位点,位点间无相互作用;模拟产生的畜禽保种群公母比例为1﹕5、随机交配、各家系随机等量留种、群体规模保持世代恒定,世代间无重叠,群体有效大小分别为Ne=10、20、50、100和200,保种繁殖50个世代,1 000次重复。采用多态性位点数（num-p）、平均等位基因数（Na）、有效等位基因数（Ae）、观测基因杂合度（Ho）、期望杂合度（He）、稀有等位基因数（RA）、缺乏丰富位点数（NRP）作为遗传多样性度量指标。【结果】保种群体的遗传多样性总体趋势随保种世代而逐渐降低,不同群体规模遗传多样性的降低速度差异显著,相比基础群,Ne值越大,num-p、Na、Ae、Ho、He和 RA的下降速率越慢,且当Ne=100和200时,num-p基本维持50个世代不变,RA则分别增加0.86%和2.49倍;而Ne值越大,NRP的增加速率越慢。【结论】遗传漂变导致了群体内遗传多样性的丢失。小群体中遗传漂变导致的遗传多样性丢失速度比大群体更高,发生在闭锁群体水平上的有效群体规模的减少将加快基因漂变速度,从而降低保种群体内的遗传多样性。     

紫贻贝野生群体与养殖群体线粒体COI基因的遗传比较分析

[目的]比较紫贻贝野生群体与养殖群体线粒体COⅠ基因的遗传多样性,为其种质资源筛选提供理论依据。[方法]采集山东省乳山市野生紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis Linnaeus)和养殖紫贻贝各12个样本;通过设计特异性引物,采用PCR技术对24个个体的mtDNA COⅠ序列进行了扩增,测序得到的序列总碱基数为706 bp;采用MEGA(Version 4.0)和DnaSP(Version 4.0)软件对序列进行了分析。[结果]24条序列中T、C、A和G碱基平均含量分别为34.6%、16.7%、25.9%和22.8%,其中A+T的含量(60.5%)显著高于G+C含量(39.5%),表现了明显的碱基偏倚。24个个体表现为18种单倍型,包括568个多态位点,单倍型间平均遗传距离为0.683,单倍型多态性(h)为0.953,核苷酸多态性(π)值为0.317 69。[结论]紫贻贝的遗传多样性水平较高,且乳山养殖群体和野生群体无遗传分化。     

安徽长江水系黄鳝的群体遗传结构分析

为研究安徽长江水系黄鳝(Monopterus albus)的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,测定了其6个地理群体(当涂、无为、繁昌、贵池、怀宁和望江)共178尾个体的线粒体DNA控制区部分序列.对其长度为556～558 bp的控制区同源序列进行分析,共检测到变异位点41个(变异率7.35％),单倍型56种.平均单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.694～0.954、0.00237～0.01382.群体分化指数(Fst)和基因流(Nm)分别为0.01974～0.87529、0.07124～24.82928,分子变异分析(AMOVA)中,群体间遗传变异占61.72％,表明黄鳝群体间具有明显的遗传分化.基于单倍型或群体间遗传距离的分子系统进化树均显示,6个地理群体分为两支:当涂与繁昌群体聚为一支,其余4群体聚为另一支.     

基于线粒体控制区的中部太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼种群遗传结构的研究

根据2010年9月-2012年1月,我国远洋捕捞船在太平洋中部(16°S~8°N;160°W~155°E)的7个采样点采集到的101个样本,利用线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)基因的585 bp序列,分析了它们的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果显示,585 bp片段中发现23个变异位点,80个单倍型;序列多样性分析结果显示,7个采样群体单倍型多样性指数h=0.994±0.002和核苷酸多样性指数π=0.00892±0.00038。分子方差分析揭示98.18%的遗传变异来自种群内,群体间的Fst分析揭示黄鳍金枪鱼7个采样群体内部不存在显著的遗传分化。Fu’s Fs呈负值和核苷酸不配对呈单峰,显示了黄鳍金枪鱼大约在335~544万年前经历了种群扩张;基因交流与遗传分化分析表明,该7个采样点的黄鳍金枪鱼群体之间存在强烈的基因交流,种群遗传分化水平较低。黄鳍金枪鱼种群遗传多样性低,为单一种群,应采用合理的有效措施进行管理,确保黄鳍金枪鱼产业的可持续发展。     

利川马mtDNA Cytb基因遗传多态性分析

利用PCR和生物信息技术,对22匹利川马线粒体DNA Cytb基因全序列的遗传多态性及系统进化进行了分析.结果发现,利川马的Crtb基因全序列为1140 bp,并且检测到9种单倍型和26个核苷酸多态位点,约占所测核苷酸总长的0.53%.利川马mtDNA Cytb基因单倍型多样度为0.840 0,核苷酸多样度为0.0486.表明利川马mtDNA Cytb基因遗传多态性较丰富.根据mtDNA Cytb基因序列构建的NJ树,发现利川马是多起源的物种.     

基于线粒体DNA分析青鱼养殖群体的遗传多样性

为了解安徽省养殖青鱼群体的遗传多样性变化,基于线粒体Cytb基因与D-loop区采用直接测序的方法,分析了安徽省滁州、怀远和无为3个青鱼养殖群体的遗传多样性和群体分化,并评估突变、环境选择和基因流等因素对遗传多样性的影响。结果显示:3个群体具有丰富的遗传多样性(Hd 0.5,Pi 0.05);群体间出现了高度分化(Fst 0.15),但是仍有遗传背景交叉;Cytb基因与D-loop区分别检出9个和41个变异位点;群体间基因交流明显(Nm 1);受到纯化选择作用(Ka/Ks=0～0.099)。     

樱桃谷鸭线粒体控制区的遗传多样性分析

[目的]探究樱桃谷鸭的遗传背景。[方法]通过线粒体D—loop区测序对樱桃谷鸭19个个体进行测序。[结果]结果表明,樱桃谷鸭群体内的核苷酸多样性（Pi）、单倍型多样度（Hd）和平均核苷酸差异数（K）分别为0．01434、0．982和10．140,存在4种单倍型,可以将樱桃谷鸭分为2个较大的类群,同时樱桃谷鸭与绿头野鸭、建昌鸭和野生斑嘴鸭有较高的亲缘性。鸭种群线粒体D—loop区序列个体变异程度很小,但种群的遗传多样性水平很高,可用于群体内及群体间不同个体的遗传多样性分析。[结论]该研究结果为樱桃谷鸭的多态性位点和单倍型的深入分析提供参考。     

福安水牛线粒体DNA Dloop区遗传多样性分析*

 采用PCR产物直接测序的方法对20头福安水牛的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D LOOP区全序列进行了测定,并对所得数据进行了比对和分析。结果共检测到16种单倍型,48个核苷酸多态位点,其中单一变异位点9个,简约信息位点39个。在所分析的序列中,T,C,A和G的平均含量分别为27.9%,25.6%,31.9%和14.6%,核苷酸多样度为0.01946±0.00288,单倍型多样度为0.957±0.032,序列间平均核苷酸差异数是17.238,结果显示福安水牛线粒体DNA遗传多样性丰富。系统发育和遗传距离分析显示：福安水牛与河流型水牛存在较大差异,其自身聚为支持率极高的两大支,即世系A和世系B,揭示福安水牛存在两个母系血统来源。