渭河流域全新世土壤剖面木炭屑记录及其古环境意义

通过野外采样及其磁化率、总有机碳(TOC)、木炭屑的分析,探讨全新世野火活动与生态环境演变的关系。研究结果表明:TOC并不能完全指示野火活动,木炭屑是指示野火活动的理想指标,木炭屑对生态环境演变特征具有环境指示意义。末次冰期11500aB.P.之前,渭河流域气候干旱,植被为半荒漠草原,自然野火频繁发生;全新世早期(11500～8500aB.P.)野火发生频率大大降低;全新世气候适宜期(8500～3100aB.P.),气候比较湿润,生物风化成壤作用强烈,自然野火发生几率明显下降,但不同地点人类活动引发的野火活动存在区域差异;全新世晚期近3100年以来,气候向干旱化发展,加之人类利用土地活动加剧,生物量燃烧的规模大幅度增加;1500aB.P.以后,木炭屑浓度大幅度减少,野火发生频率大大降低。可能由于渭河流域土地利用方式发生重大改变,人工自然复合生态景观基本形成,因而不再大规模放火烧荒。此外,木炭屑对人类活动的遗迹具有指示作用。     

豫中黄土地区全新世土壤剖面成壤环境变化研究

通过对河南新郑黄土-土壤剖面的野外考察及室内的磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙及粒度分析研究,认为:豫西山地山前丘陵台地的完整黄土-土壤剖面,是在气候波动变化的条件下形成的。全新世气候的变化,导致了以风尘堆积为主的成黄土期与以风化成壤作用为主的成壤期互相更迭。在全新世早期,风尘堆积旺盛,形成了过渡性黄土层(Lt),在8500aB.P.～3100aB.P.的全新世大暖期,发育了浊红棕色古土壤(S0)。这一时期降水丰沛,土壤水分充足,导致了古土壤层(S0)及其以下的过渡层(Lt)、马兰黄土层(L1)顶部都受到了明显的淋溶作用影响,而完全脱钙。3100a B.P.之后,气候恶化,沙尘暴活动显著增强,加之黄河下游人类活动影响不断加剧,黄泛平原风沙活动十分强烈,风尘堆积形成了沙质黄土(L0)。1500aB.P.以来,近代黄土持续堆积,由于气候的转暖与人类农业耕作影响在持续堆积的近代黄土L0表层形成了现代土壤(TS)。     

青藏高原三江源南部下拉秀剖面粘土矿物组合特征及其环境意义

为揭示中全新世以来三江源南部下拉秀剖面蕴含的气候环境信息,利用X衍射方法分析了剖面各层位粘土矿物类型及其相对含量。结果表明:下拉秀剖面粘土矿物组合以伊利石为主,蛭石次之,高岭石与绿泥石含量相当,蒙脱石最少仅见于少数层位。三江源南部中全新世以来气候总体寒冷,历经了"冷干—暖湿—冷干—暖湿—冷干—更加冷干"的变化过程,在6.0ka B.P.和5.5ka B.P.前后发生了2次较强的变暖事件。冷干有利于土壤有机碳的形成与保存,有利于土壤有机碳胡敏酸富里酸比值的提高。     

泾河下游全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过对泾河流域广泛的野外考察,在泾河下游高陵县段发现了典型的全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面,系统地进行采集样品和粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、吸湿水含量等多指标分析。从沉积学角度将古洪水滞流沉积物与全新世风成黄土和土壤进行对比,证明了该剖面所夹古洪水滞流沉积物的性质为细砂质粉砂,属于河流洪水悬移质泥砂沉积物。根据地层结构及与流域内其它剖面的对比,结合OSL测年数据,确定泾河在全新世中期4200~4000 a B.P.发生了第1期古洪水事件,在全新世晚期3200~2800 a B.P.发生了第2期洪水事件。这些古洪水事件都发生在全球性气候突变转折时期,表明在这些时期气候极端恶化,变率增大,洪水和干旱事件皆有发生。该研究对于泾河防洪减灾、水资源开发利用,对于揭示水文系统对于全球变化的响应规律,具有重要的科学意义。     

关中东部TSG全新世剖面粒度分形特征及古气候意义

利用分形理论计算可知,关中东部TSG全新世剖面的土壤粒度分布具有分形特征,剖面分形维数值在2.5443~2.7123之间,其中古土壤S0的分形维数均值最大。粒度分形维数的高值指示暖湿的气候,低值指示干冷的气候。分形特征所揭示的关中东部地区的环境演变过程为:全新世早期,粒度分形维数值相对偏低,风尘堆积占优势,为干旱寒冷的环境,成壤作用较弱;全新世中期,粒度分形维数值偏大,其平均值为2.6713,指示温暖湿润的气候,成壤作用较强;全新世晚期以来,粒度分形维数值降低,土壤颗粒粒径增大,气候变得相对干旱,成壤作用也减弱,但是全新世晚期的分形维数值高于末次冰期。     

郧西县庹家湾黄土剖面色度参数特征及其古气候重建

通过对湖北省郧西县庹家湾黄土剖面的色度参数分析,并结合磁化率、粒度、铷锶比(Rb/Sr)指标揭示汉江上游地区风成黄土的色度特征及其与气候变化的关系。应用X-rite VS450型分光测色仪对庹家湾黄土剖面色度参数进行了测量。结果表明:庹家湾黄土剖面红度a*的变化与沉积物氧化铁含量呈显著正相关,平均值由高到低依次为S_0(6.34)MS(5.52)L_t(5.18)L_0(4.98)L_1(4.82)T_(1-al_2)(3.66);亮度L*的变化与氧化铁含量和有机质含量均呈负相关,其中氧化铁含量对L*的影响更大,L*在黄土层出现了峰值;色调角h*在古土壤层呈现低值(68.64°),黄土层呈现高值,a*/b*与h*特征相反,在古土壤呈现高值(0.39),黄土层呈现低值;其中在马兰黄土L_1中存在两层弱古土壤层L_1-S_2、L_1-S_1,其色度参数特征较L_1具有较高的a*值和a*/b*值及较低的L*值和h*。黄度b*指示该区域气候变化有一定的局限性,h*、a*/b*、L*和a*均可作为良好的气候替代指标,a*值和a*/b*值越大指示气候越暖湿,成壤作用越强,L*值和h*越大指示气候越冷干,成壤作用越弱。h*、a*/b*、L*和a*共同记录了该地区晚更新世以来气候经历了晚更新世末期的干冷、全新世早期逐渐回暖、全新世中期的温暖湿润、全新世晚期气候逐渐干冷,在马兰黄土形成时期,气候出现了短暂的温暖湿润期(27.5~21.5ka B.P.)。     

湖南澧阳平原玉成土壤剖面粒度组成及其环境意义

通过对澧阳平原大量的野外考察、典型剖面玉成(YC)土壤剖面的系统采样和室内粒度分析和年代学分析,探讨了YC土壤剖面的粒度特征,揭示了澧阳平原末次冰期至全新世早期环境演变过程。研究结果表明,澧阳平原YC土壤剖面沉积物粒度无砾石,野外调查发现土壤剖面无明显层理,沉积物主要以粉砂为主,属于典型风尘沉积物特征,非水流沉积物。澧阳平原YC土壤剖面沉积物粒度经历了粗-变细-细-粗-细的变化过程,表明澧阳平原YC土壤剖面记录了末次冰期至全新世早期环境经历了5次明显变化,大致为56.0kaBP～31.8kaBP为相对寒冷干旱,31.8kaBP～23.6kaBP气候转型阶段,23.8kaBP～14.8kaBP为相对冷湿,14.8kaBP～10.6kaBP位于晚冰期阶段,气候变化剧烈,10.6kaBP～6.96kaBP为全新世早期,气候向暖湿转变。     

长江宜都段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

对长江中游地区进行详细的野外调查,在长江宜都段剖面发现3层古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD).综合全新世地层关系对比、文化遗物和光释光(OSL)技术测年结果,确定这三期古洪水事件分别发生在950～850 a B.P.,750～650 a B.P.,550～350 a B.P..结合野外宏观特征和粒度成分以及地球化学元素的测定分析,结果表明:现代土壤、近代黄土和古土壤的沉积物性质是粘土质粉沙,而古洪水SWD是沙质粉沙.古洪水SWD的峰值集中,分选性好,中值粒径和平均粒径偏粗且沙级颗粒含量偏大.古洪水SWD的Fe2O3、MnO、Rb/Sr和残积指数明显偏低,这与其粘粒含量少有关;而Na2O、CaO、Sr含量和残积指数偏高,这与其很少受到风化成壤影响,且沙粒含量高有关.     

周原全新世复合古土壤和成壤环境的微形态学研究

通过对陕西周原黄土剖面的微形态研究 ,结合微量元素、粒度及磁化率分析 ,探讨了黄土风化成壤的特征 ;揭示出该剖面的全新世古土壤S0 是温暖湿润的环境下形成的具有强烈粘化特征的复合土壤 ,是 60 0 0～ 5 0 0 0aB .P .出现的区域性干旱气候事件造成风尘加速堆积的结果。关中盆地在 85 0 0～60 0 0aB .P .风化成壤最为强烈 ,气候最为暖湿。在 5 0 0 0～ 3 1 0 0aB .P .又出现了一个比较强烈的成壤时期。而最近 3 1 0 0年以来是一个风尘堆积较强的相对干旱期。     

新构造运动对黄土高原土壤侵蚀的影响

新构造运动是影响黄土高原土壤侵蚀的主导性因素.第四纪以来,受青藏高原阶段性强烈隆升的影响,黄土高原的形成与演化也具有阶段性.黄土高原地质时期土壤侵蚀的相对强烈期为更新世早期(2.5～2.4MaB.P.)、更新世中期(1.67～1.43MaB.P.)、更新世中晚期(0.85MaB.P.)、更新世晚期(0.10～0.07MaB.P.)和全新世5个时期,其中前4个时期为自然侵蚀期,全新世为人为加速侵蚀期.新构造运动是黄土高原重力侵蚀的主要影响因素,构造弧形隆升和断隆带是黄土高原的强烈侵蚀产沙中心.     

陇东和陇中黑垆土的发生与演变

前人认为，我国黑垆土是现代草原环境条件下形成的。我们通过对陇东和陇中黑垆土理化性质分析，１４Ｃ年代和孢粉组成的测定。认为这里的黑垆土是由深色埋藏古土壤层和浅色表土覆盖层叠加构成。剖面呈两段性构造。古土壤层由晚更新世晚期开始发育，主要成壤于全新世中期，具有与现代成土环境不相符合的深厚腐殖质蓄积层，理化性质，孢粉成分等残遗埋藏特性。浅色表土层是全新世晚期气候传向旱型化条件下发育的土壤，其性质和现代成土     

Biomorphic analysis as a part of soil morphological investigations

Biomorphic analysis is the microscopic investigation of plant tissue, detritus, phytoliths, pollen and other remains of biota for the reconstruction of ancient pedogenic conditions and the evolution of soils. Each biomorph is associated with certain types of landscape, and provides information on conditions of soil development and on landscape evolution. Every stage of soil development forms its own biomorph profile, and profiles of different stages can be distinguished. They indicate the main vegetation changes during the Holocene. Human impacts such as grazing, tillage and tree felling also exert a considerable influence on the qualitative and quantitative distribution of biomorphs through the profile. As examples, samples were studied from soil profiles representing different climatic subzones of the Russian Plain. The results show that biomorphic analyses can provide information that is otherwise unobtainable and can elucidate some controversial questions of soil genesis and cultural changes.     

Stages of the development of alluvial soils in the Bikin River valley (the Amur River basin) in the Middle and Late Holocene

The evolution of alluvial soils in the Bikin River basin in the Middle and the Late Holocene is discussed. On the basis of biostratigraphic data, four pollen zones have been identified in the soils: Pinus koraiensis-Picea, Pinus koraiensis-Quercus-Sphagnum, Betula-Alnus-Alnaster, and Quercus. A set of soil characteristics (texture, acid-base properties, and the organic matter content and group composition) have also been determined. These data allow us to distinguish between four stages of alluvial soil formation in the Bikin River basin. They characterize humus-forming conditions in the Middle and the Late Holocene. Reconstruction of ancient vegetation conditions makes it possible to conclude that climatic fluctuations were synchronous with changes in the soil characteristics. During the Holocene climatic optimum, humus was formed in a slightly acid medium, and humic acids predominated. In cold periods with increased precipitation, fulvic acids predominated in the composition of humus, and the portion of insoluble residue was high because of the more acid medium. The stages of alluvial pedogenesis in the Bikin River valley follow the sedimentation model of soil evolution. Alluvial gray humus soils evolved from typical gray humus soils under meadow communities during warm periods to gleyic and gleyed soils under birch shrubs and alder groves in colder and wetter periods.     

Humus pedorelicts in soddy calcareous soils of the Vyatka-Kama interfluve

A plowed soddy-calcareous soil with relict features developed from Permian clayey calcareous soil was described for the first time in the area of soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils of mixed forests in the middle and lower riches of the Vyatka River. This soil was thoroughly examined by physical, chemical, biochemical, radioisotope, and physicochemical methods. A second humus horizon enriched in calcium humates was described in this soil. Its age was determined at about 7200 yrs. This horizon attests to the presence of in situ postcarbonate pedorelicts in the soil cover of the eastern Russian Plain. The studied soil was formed during the Atlantic optimum of the Holocene under conditions more favorable to humus-accumulative processes as compared with those during the subsequent period. The soil evolution in the second part of the Holocene was characterized by the partial preservation of the previously formed features with the development of eluviation features under colder and wetter climatic conditions. This intrazonal soil is genetically close to gray forest and soddy-podzolic soils with residual second humus horizons that are widespread on the Vyatka-Kama interfluve. The evolution of the latter soils in the second part of the Holocene has been driven by eluviation processes that gradually eliminate the features of the second humus horizon from the soil profiles.     

Buried paleosols of the Upper Paleolithic multilayered site Kostenki-1

The morphology and chemical and physicochemical properties of paleosols buried at the Upper Paleolithic multilayered site Kostenki-1 in Kostenki–Borshchevo district of Voronezh oblast were studied. Four in situ paleosols formed 20–40(45) ka ago were separated in the archaeological excavation. Together with the surface soils, they characterized two different epochs of pedogenesis—the interstadial and interglacial (Holocene) epochs—and three shorter cycles of pedogenesis. The traces of human occupation in the studied hollow in the Late Paleolithic were found in the layers corresponding to the interstadial epoch. The buried paleosols had a simple horizonation: A(W)–C. A shallow thickness of the soil profiles could be due to relatively short periods of pedogenesis and to the shallow embedding by the carbonate geochemical barrier. The degree of the organic matter humification in the paleosols varied from 0.6 to 1.5, which corresponded to the mean duration of the period of biological activity of 60 to 150 days per year characterizing the climatic conditions of the tundra, taiga, forest-steppe, and steppe natural zones. In the excavation Kostenki-1 (2004–2005), soil–sediment sequences composed of five series of lithological layers with soil layers on top of them were found. Their deposition proceeded in two phases—the water phase and the aerial phase—that predetermined the morphology and composition of the soil–sediment sequences. The history of sediment accumulation in the studied hollow consisted of five stages. Similar morphologies and compositions of the soil–sediment sequences corresponding to these stages attest to the cyclic pattern of their development. The stages of sedimentation and soil formation corresponded to cyclic climate fluctuations with changes in the temperature and moisture conditions. A comparative analysis of the morphology and properties of the paleosols and soil–sediment sequences made it possible to characterize the environmental conditions of ancient humans and the dynamics of the climate during the past 50 ka.     

High-resolution studies of the oldest cultivated soils in the southern Loess Plateau of China

The Holocene loess–soil sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau constitutes an excellent record of evolution of soil formation, monsoonal climate, eolian dust accumulation and influences of arable farming of over 8000 years. A high-resolution soil profile on the Zhouyuan loess tableland to the west of Xi'an was studied using particle-size analysis, measurement of magnetic susceptibility, total Fe, TOC and CaCO₃. The results provide new insights into the roles of eolian dust deposition and human impact of cultivation on soil development in this environmentally sensitive zone. Several loess layers are found interbedded with cinnamon soils in the profile. This has been caused by changes in rainfall and intensity of dust deposition that is forced by changes in balance between the northwest continental monsoon and southeast maritime monsoon of East Asia during the Holocene. The processes of soil formation were interrupted several times by intensified dust-fall and climatic aridity in the last 11,500 years. The initial clearance of forest for arable farming occurred at ca. 7500 years BP on the loess tableland. It was contemporaneous with the arrival of the wetter and warmer climate of the Holocene Megathermal (8500–3100 years BP). Thereafter, arable farming has been maintained during both the time of soil formation and that of intensified dust accumulation, though there could be temporary cessation or reduced intensity of cultivation in the drier intervals because of lack of rainfall and soil moisture. Increased intensity of dust accumulation has been ongoing since ca. 3100 years BP in the Loess Plateau. A loess deposit of 40–80 cm has overlaid the Multiple or single-welded cinnamon soils on the flat land over the plateau.     

Carbon isotopic ratios of wetland and terrace soil sequences in the Maya Lowlands of Belize and Guatemala

This article provides new data and synthesizes earlier findings on the carbon isotope ratios of the humin part of soil organic matter from a range of sites in the central Maya Lowlands. Changes down the soil profile in carbon isotope ratios can provide an important line of evidence for vegetation change and erosion over time, especially in well dated aggrading profiles. Research thus far has provided substantial evidence for significant inputs from C₄ vegetation in buried layers from the Ancient Maya periods in depositional soils but equivocal evidence from sloping soils. We present new findings from soil profiles through ancient Maya wetland fields, upland karst wetlands, ancient Maya aguadas (reservoirs), and ancient Maya terraces. Most of the profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment greater than the 2.5–3‰ typical from bacterial fractionation. Seven of nine ancient Maya wetland profiles showed δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 4.25 to 8.56‰ in ancient Maya-dated sediments that also contained phytolith and pollen evidence of grass (C₄ species) dominance. Upland karst sinks and ancient reservoirs produced more modest results for δ¹³C enrichment. These seasonal wetland profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 1 to 7.3‰ from the surface to ancient Maya-period sediments. Agricultural terraces produced mixed results, with two terraces having substantial δ¹³C enrichment of 5.34 and 5.66‰ and two producing only equivocal results of 1.88 and 3.03‰ from modern topsoils to Maya Classic-period buried soils. Altogether, these findings indicate that C₄ plants made up c. 25% of the vegetation at our sites in the Maya Classic period and only a few percent today. These findings advance the small corpus of studies from ancient terraces, karst sinks, and ancient wetland fields by demonstrating substantial δ¹³C and thus C₄ plant enrichment in soil profile sections dated to ancient Maya times. These studies are also providing a new line of evidence about local and regional soil and ecological change in this region of widespread environmental change in the Late Holocene.     

文化遗址区古土壤特性及古环境研究进展

分析古土壤性质是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤性质来反映古环境和古人类活动日益成为国内外研究的热点。系统地总结了近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤的土壤粒度、土壤微形态、土壤元素、土壤磁化率、多环芳烃、动植物遗存等在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明上述研究方法有效地反映古环境信息和古人类活动。提出了应借鉴相关研究指标,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,加强对文化遗址区土壤的分类研究,逐步建立考古土壤学这一新的学科分支。     

环境因子对山区粮食气候产量的影响——以云南省为例

高原山区土地资源短缺、人地矛盾突出,应对气候变化的能力尤为脆弱,探讨高原山区环境因子对粮食气候产量的影响,可为山区土地资源的合理利用和保护提供科学依据。本文利用云南省各县1985-2012年平均粮食单产数据,采用生物模型Logistic函数模拟趋势产量,以计算气候产量。提取同时期气候、地形、土壤等17个环境因子,利用相关分析、冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）等统计分析方法探究环境因子对山区气候产量的定量影响。结果表明：研究区多年平均气候产量为-0.15～-0.01t·hm-2,且研究时段内呈降低趋势;气候产量与土壤全钾含量呈极显著负相关,与坡度、坡向呈极显著正相关,与其它14个环境因子无显著相关性。RDA分析结果表明,坡度、坡向、土壤碳氮比、气温、土壤pH、土壤全钾含量6个环境变量为最小解释变量组合。坡度是影响山区粮食生产的关键性环境因子之一,与粮食实际产量呈负相关,而与气候产量呈正相关。坡度单因子可解释44.62%的粮食实际产量、26.29%气候产量的变化。从研究结果看,气候产量相对较高的地区通过坡改梯、土壤培肥等手段提高粮食单产是气候变化前提下维持区域粮食生产安全的有效途径。