不同基质配比对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响探究

为了研究复合基质利用的可行性,探究不同基质配比对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响,本试验采用穴盘育苗技术,把腐熟的菇渣和牛粪按不同比例混配成复合基质,并设置恒先育苗基质为对照,对黄瓜幼苗进行培养。结果表明:菇渣基质占较高或较低比例时,都会影响黄瓜幼苗的生长,而T2和T3处理则适宜进行黄瓜穴盘育苗。     

施用不同配比菇渣、熟牛粪对酸性土壤质量和花生产量的影响

为了研究施用菇渣、菇渣-熟牛粪对酸性土壤质量和花生产量的影响,研发改善旱地酸性土壤质量和利于花生生长的菇渣、熟牛粪配比,设计以下盆栽和田间试验。盆栽试验选用红壤、砖红壤、赤红壤3类酸性土壤,田间试验选用红壤为研究对象。设置常规量化肥处理(CK)、熟牛粪处理(CMC)、两种菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC2)和两种菇渣-熟牛粪配比处理(SMC+CMC1、SMC+CMC2)共计6种施肥处理。结果表明,与常规量化肥处理(CK)、熟牛粪处理(CMC)相比,施用菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC2)、菇渣-熟牛粪处理(SMC+CMC1、SMC+CMC2)能有效提高土壤pH值、有机质和土壤养分含量、土壤可培养细菌数量、土壤微生物生物量碳含量和花生产量;相对于少施菇渣处理(SMC2、SMC+CMC2),多施菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC+CMC1)提升土壤有机质、养分含量及花生产量的效果更好,且配比为菇渣N 40%∶熟牛粪N 20%∶尿素N 40%的处理(SMC+CMC1)效果最佳。     

猪发酵床废弃垫料不同配比基质对辣椒生长及品质的影响

以第一代猪发酵床废弃垫料基质(WD)为主要原料,通过添加蛭石和醋糟中的一种或两种进行基质配比,测定了不同复配基质的理化性质(容重、总孔隙度、水气比、pH、EC、全氮、碱解氮、有机质等),研究了不同基质对辣椒的植株生长、光合作用、产量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:T8处理(WD︰醋糟︰蛭石=9︰2︰6)的物理性质均在理想基质范围内;T7(WD︰醋糟︰蛭石=9︰4︰4)、T8、和T9(WD︰蛭石=9︰5)处理的全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量较低,全磷、速效磷含量较高,pH较高,EC值较低;T7、T8和T9处理的辣椒植株株高、茎粗显著高于其他的处理;T8处理的辣椒叶片光合作用最强,叶绿素含量最高,且显著高于CK;T8处理的辣椒植株产量最高,其次为T4(WD︰醋糟=5︰2)处理,T4、T8处理分别较CK产量提高7.74%、11.14%;T7和T8处理辣椒的可溶性固形物含量相对较低,但其Vc、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量相对较高。综合考虑,生产上推荐使用T8处理作为辣椒生长的有机栽培基质。     

沼渣混配基质理化性状及其对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

为实现沼渣资源化应用,减少不可再生资源草炭的使用,将沼渣、醋糟等基质混配用于黄瓜育苗,以筛选出适合黄瓜育苗的沼渣混配基质。以津春1号黄瓜品种为试材,以兴农育苗基质为对照,将沼渣、醋糟、蛭石和珍珠岩以一定比例混配成六组基质配方比,测定各组混配基质的理化性状,分析各混配基质处理对黄瓜育苗的影响。各组混配基质EC值、p H值、持水孔隙和通气孔隙等各项指标都在设施栽培基质的理想范围内;处理混配基质A2(沼渣∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩为4∶3∶2∶1)为最佳育苗基质配比,不仅理化性状良好,而且其黄瓜两叶一心期株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、根系活力、叶绿素含量和净光合速率等均较高,可作为一种优质植物基质在黄瓜育苗中应用。     

不同基质配比对戈壁温室黄瓜生理代谢和产量及品质的影响

基质是黄瓜生长的基础,对其产量品质影响巨大,为得到戈壁温室有机生态型无土栽培中高品质黄瓜生产的最适基质配比,以当前生产中常用基质配比为对照,研究了5种不同配方的基质对黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光参数及产量品质影响,并比较了不同处理下黄瓜生长生理及产量品质指标。结果表明,采用配方为腐熟牛粪、粉碎玉米秸秆、菌渣、草炭、蛭石体积比为3∶2∶2∶2∶1的基质栽培时,黄瓜叶片最大量子产额(Fv/Fm)与生长潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的值最大,分别为0.76、3.18;黄瓜株高196.15 cm、茎粗0.92 cm、叶片数38.31片、单株结瓜数17.65个、单株产量3.58 kg、折合产量155 508.90 kg/hm2,均高于其他处理。采用该基质配比时黄瓜果实的Vc含量与可溶性糖含量均最高,分别为167.28、19.83 mg/g FW;硝酸盐含量最低,为78.94 μg/g FW。可见,使用腐熟牛粪、粉碎玉米秸秆、菌渣、草炭、蛭石体积比为3 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 1的基质配方时黄瓜综合表现最佳,产量及品质最优。     

添加尿素和秸秆对三熟制水旱轮作土壤各形态氮素的影响

添加不同外源氮对土壤中不同形态氮素的转化具有十分重要的影响。选取长期耕作土壤,设置对照、添加尿素N 150 kg/hm~2(U150)、添加秸秆(相当于添加N 38 kg/hm~2,Straw)、添加尿素N 150 kg/hm~2+秸秆(相当于添加N188 kg/hm~2,U150+Straw)和添加尿素N 188 kg/hm~2(U188)5个处理进行室内培养试验,研究了添加不同外源氮对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮含量的影响。结果表明,土壤铵态氮随着培养时间的延长表现为先增后减的趋势,添加尿素的两个处理其土壤铵态氮较Straw、U150+Straw处理能够更快地达到峰值;而土壤硝态氮则表现为逐步增加的趋势。添加尿素处理能够显著提高土壤矿质氮的含量,在添加等量氮素的条件下,U188处理矿质氮含量在培养期间始终高于U150+Straw处理;此外,U150+Straw处理矿质氮含量在培养前期均低于U150处理,至培养30天后其含量略高于U150处理。与对照相比,培养结束时添加不同外源氮素处理的土壤矿质氮含量能够提高169.61%~496.75%。对于微生物生物量氮和可溶性有机氮而言,添加不同外源氮素分别在培养10天和30天达到峰值,此后逐渐降低。不同处理而言,添加秸秆+尿素、添加秸秆处理的微生物生物量氮和可溶性有机氮含量在培养前期明显高于仅添加尿素的两个处理,说明添加有机物料氮源主要有益于提高土壤有机态的氮素含量。     

不同肥源对萝卜硝酸盐累积分布和同化的影响

采用田间试验研究了牛粪、化肥单施和配施对萝卜产量,菜体硝酸盐累积、分布、同化,及土壤硝态氮含量变化的影响。结果表明,牛粪、化肥单施和配施,萝卜产量动态变化依次为FOM(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)、OM(牛粪)F(化肥)CK(无肥),叶部和肉质根硝酸盐含量高低依次为FFOMCKOM,粗蛋白累积量依次为FFOMCKOM,土壤硝态氮含量动态变化依次为FFOMOMCK。综合各因素总体以化肥配施牛粪最为适中,若重点考虑食用安全和土壤硝态氮累积环境效应,则以单施牛粪表现为最佳,各处理引起硝酸盐富集和土壤硝态氮残留的风险依次为化肥(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)牛粪。萝卜硝酸盐含量分布表现为叶部生长旺盛期叶部硝酸盐含量高于肉质根,肉质根生长旺盛期地下部将贮存更多的硝酸盐。在地上部,当植株硝酸盐富集时,硝酸盐累积在内叶和叶柄中;当植株生长处于养分"饥饿"状态时,硝酸盐释放到外叶和叶片中。因此,菜地连续施用有机肥,不仅可减少蔬菜对硝酸盐的富集,且可维持后期蔬菜产量。     

肥水蚓坑措施下不同施肥对土壤养分和山地苹果生产的影响

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区是山地苹果重要产区,为提升山地果园土壤养分和果实品质及产量,以“肥水蚓坑”措施为基础,通过田间试验探讨不施肥、单施化肥、有机无机肥配施(牛粪+化肥、菇渣+化肥、牛粪+菇渣+化肥)等不同施肥对山地果园土壤养分、叶片营养、苹果产量与品质的影响。结果表明：(1)不施肥处理的土壤有机质含量和速效养分含量均低于施肥处理,其中,单施化肥处理低于有机无机肥配施处理,牛粪+菇渣+化肥处理的效果优于其他施肥处理。(2)施肥处理的苹果叶片不同生育期的全氮、磷、钾含量均显著高于不施肥对照,有机无机肥配施处理优于单施化肥处理。(3)不施肥处理与施肥处理的苹果果实硬度和果形指数无显著差异,施肥处理均可显著提高苹果产量和果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及维生素C含量,牛粪+菇渣+化肥优于其他处理,单施化肥的果实可滴定酸含量显著高于不施肥和有机无机肥配施。单施化肥的果实糖酸比与不施肥无显著差异,却显著低于有机无机肥配施。综上,“肥水蚓坑”结合有机无机肥配施可以减少化肥的施用,提高土壤养分含量,确保苹果提质增产,牛粪+菇渣+化肥(牛粪∶菇渣=1∶1)是山地苹果提质增产的优质管理模式,值得在陕北黄土丘陵...     

生物质炭醋糟复配物代替草炭对辣椒幼苗生长的影响

生物质炭的农业利用日益受到关注。针对草炭资源日益耗竭的问题,以药渣炭、木屑炭和猪粪炭为试验对象,配比一定量的醋糟,分析了不同配比生物质炭复合基质对辣椒幼苗生长的影响,探讨了生物质炭复合基质代替草炭基质的可能性。试验结果表明:生物质炭在与醋糟按4∶2、3∶3、2∶4等不同配比混合后,基质的pH大多数在6.0~7.5,基质的通气孔隙有所提高。综合整个幼苗生育期,含20%生物质炭的各复合基质处理的辣椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部生物量均显著优于对照草炭基质;含20%、40%药渣炭的基质处理的幼苗根表面积、根体积表现较好,在前期与草炭基质无显著差异,后期显著高于草炭基质。药渣炭和木屑炭与醋糟混配基质的壮苗指数优于草炭处理,其中B1A2(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=4∶2∶3∶1)、B1A4(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)、B2A4(木屑炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)处理的壮苗指数均显著高于其他处理。综合评价各生长指标,B1A2和B1A4处理基质的表现最好,可代替草炭基质在辣椒育苗上应用。     

不同有机肥对黑土氮素时空分布的影响

以吉林省梨树县黑土试验示范基地为研究对象,进行2a的春玉米大田定点试验,设置有机肥+NPK和单施NPK 6种等氮施肥方式,即鸡粪还田(鸡粪+NPK),牛粪还田(牛粪+NPK),秸秆还田(秸秆+NPK),秸粪混施(秸秆+鸡粪+牛粪+NPK),粪粪混施(牛粪+鸡粪+NPK),单施NPK。比较不同施肥处理下在玉米不同生育期和0—60cm不同土层氮素的时空分布规律。试验结果表明,各施肥处理对不同生育期以及不同剖面深度的土壤氮素时空分布影响不同。在苗期,单施NPK处理,土壤全氮含量最高,氮含量增加7.74%,从拔节期经过抽穗期到成熟期,鸡粪还田处理氮含量表现出最高,拔节期达到最大值,氮含量约增加28.06%。碱解氮表现出和全氮一致的规律,在苗期施用化肥碱解氮含量增加最多,在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期,鸡粪还田处理土壤碱解氮含量最高,拔节期达到峰值,碱解氮含量约提高58.03%,其次为牛粪。硝态氮、铵态氮是重要的可供作物吸收利用的氮素养分,但硝态氮淋溶特性较强,在时空分布上有独特的分布规律,且随剖面深度的增加变化较为明显。铵态氮的分布规律和硝态氮有所不同,时空分布变化不显著。有机肥对养分的提高有明显的作用,同时施入有机肥减轻了土壤硝态氮的淋失,减缓其向下迁移的速度,降低了对地下水、大气以及土壤的环境污染风险,但试验表明鸡粪淋溶较强,牛粪、秸秆缓效性强,更适宜与其他有机肥混施。综合考虑土壤肥力、氮素的利用率与生态环境效益,6种施肥处理以秸粪混施、粪粪混施最佳。     

牛粪好氧和蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料成型基质块制备及育苗试验

为优化蔬菜育苗成型基质的配方,提高成型基质蔬菜育苗效果,分别以牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟料和牛粪蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料为主料,草炭为辅料,吸水树脂为膨胀剂,木醋液为调节剂,黄瓜为指示植物,研究不同配方对成型基质块成型及育苗效果的影响,并对各目标指标进行综合评价,以确定较佳的成型育苗基质配方。试验结果表明:牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟料制成的成型基质块在膨胀性能、抗跌碎性及育苗期间破损情况优于牛粪蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料制成的成型基质块,但其p H值、EC值较高,使其存活率和茎粗株高等育苗特性与牛粪蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料相比较差。2种腐熟料基质配方可采取不同的调节方法改善其特性,蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料中添加适量秸秆类纤维状物质可以减小其成型基质块的跌碎率和破损率,牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟料中添加硫磺粉可以调节p H值。从基质块质量综合指数来看,既适合成型又有利于育苗效果的配方为:腐熟料和辅料的体积比为3:2~4:3;成型基质块中膨胀剂的含量以该试验中最小添加量27 m L左右最为合适,与总物料(腐熟料和辅料混合后的物料)的比值为5.5 m L/L;木醋液在2种腐熟料中的添加量不同,在牛粪好氧腐熟料中,木醋液添加量约为8.5 m L/L,而牛粪蚯蚓腐熟料中则为18 m L/L,此时两种腐熟料成型基质块的跌碎率均小于5%,破损率均小于20%和小于40%,幼苗存活率分别大于40%和大于70%,全株干质量全部大于100 mg。该研究结果可为蔬菜有机栽培成型基质的开发及其品质改善提供理论依据,具有重要意义。     

Effect of Organic Materials on Yields and Nutrient Accumulation of Wheat

ABSTRACT

This experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a sandy clay loam treated with garbage and mushroom composts, cattle and chicken manures, or municipal sludge at rates of 0, 30, or 60 ton ha^?1. The organic materials were applied to the pots and incubated for 15 d. The soil samples were watered at field capacity. In this experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used as a test crop. At the end of the experiment, it was found that treating sandy clay loam with the organic materials increased plant total and grain yields, protein content, 1000-kernel weight, number of grains in spike, and accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) by wheat compared with the control treatment, depending on the organic material applications. Thus, the increases were found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Among the types of organic materials, the sewage sludge was the most effective material in increasing N, P, K, Fe, Zn, and Mn content of leaf, grain, and stem samples of the wheat plant. It was followed by mushroom compost and cattle manure. Based on the results, sewage sludge and garbage compost are suggested for use as an amendment for the soil studied. Comparing the beneficial effects of the organic materials applied for improving plant growth and nutrient accumulation, the materials can be arranged in the following descending order: municipal sludge > chicken manure > cattle manure > garbage compost > mushroom compost. It is suggested that recycling of organic materials for agricultural usage as an organic-matter resource is an alternative, organic fertilization option in Turkey.     

不同调理剂对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

分别以木屑、药渣、菇渣、砻糠灰作为猪粪堆肥的调理剂,研究其在堆肥过程中温度、含水率、pH、EC和主要营养元素N、P、K的动态变化。结果表明,在整个堆制过程中,4个处理的堆温变化明显呈现出升温期、高温期和降温期3个阶段,其中,木屑处理堆体升温最快,且高温持续时间最长,砻糠灰处理高温持续时间最短;与初始值相比,堆肥后每个处理pH均有所上升,其中菇渣处理上升幅度最大,达0.9个单位;堆制过程中,4个处理有机质总体呈现下降的规律;堆肥后药渣处理的TN和TP含量最高;堆肥后砻糠灰处理的TK含量最高;堆肥后4个处理的pH和EC值都在腐熟堆肥的适宜范围之内,从N+P2O5+K2O总养分和保氮角度来看,应选药渣作调理剂,从提高堆肥TK含量来看,应选砻糠灰作调理剂。     

Combination of agricultural waste compost and biofertilizer improves yield and enhances the sustainability of a pepper field

Application of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been considered as an environmentally friendly method for crop yield promotion as well as plant disease management. Efforts have been devoted to unraveling mechanisms involved in bacteria–plant and bacteria–pathogen interactions. However, little is known on the effect of the interaction among PGPR, soil, and plant. We compared growth and yield promotion capacity of biofertilizer Ning Shield, a consortium of bacterial preparation used as a biofertilizer (BF), and its mixture with compost of agricultural waste including spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus (SSP)/Volvariella volvacea (SSV), chicken manure (CM), and inorganic fertilizer (IOF) in a pepper field, respectively. The disease control efficacy, pepper fruit preservation time, and nutrients were also determined. Soil nutrient parameters including organic matter and available NPK of treatments were assayed before and after one growth season. All of the mixture of BF+organic compost treatment significantly enhanced the yield and quality of pepper fruit. Moreover, disease control capacity was promoted by the mixture of BF+organic compost, with BF+SSV reaching the highest control efficacy of 81% on 60th day after transplanting, and remaining 76% at the 105^th day. The BF+SSV treatment showed soil fertility retention ability with higher soil nutrient contents after one growth season of pepper. This study provides evidence that, when combined with organic fertilizers such as spent mushroom substrate compost, beneficial microbes have the ability to promote plant growth and yield as well as suppress plant disease by sustaining soil fertility through complex bacteria–soil–plant interaction.     

Use of Organic Materials as Growing Media for Honeydew Melon Seedlings in Organic Agriculture

An experiment was conducted to determine the possibility of using organic materials for the honeydew melon seedling production. Honeydew melon was grown in nine media with different rates of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), vermicompost (VC), cattle manure compost (CaMC), and coconut fiber (CF). Element sulfur was also added to mixtures at a rate of 1.0 g kg^?1 substrate. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results determined that all media had desirable physical properties. At the same rates of SMS and VC, CF supported better growth of seedling than CaMC. Seedlings treated with CF had higher morphological growth parameters. It is suggested that CF should be used as an additive for media of SMS and VC. The study clearly indicated that the growing medium with 50% SMS, 30% VC, and 20% CF gave the best condition for honeydew melon seedlings.     

生物氢烷工程沼渣用于油菜及菠菜育苗的效果

为探究将生物氢烷工程沼渣应用于蔬菜育苗基质生产的可行性,以油菜品种"华绿四号"、菠菜品种"先锋菠菜"为材料,按不同体积比将生物氢烷工程沼渣与土壤或草炭、蛭石和珍珠岩三者混配作为育苗基质,通过穴盘育苗试验研究生物氢烷工程沼渣对基质理化性质和油菜、菠菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可显著改善基质的容重、总孔隙度、有机质含量、pH值和电导率EC(electronical conductivity)值等理化性质;适宜配比的生物氢烷工程沼渣对幼苗生长发育有一定的促进作用,其中T6(生物氢烷工程沼渣20%、草炭30%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)的基质配方较为适宜,T6中油菜出苗率显著高于CK3(草炭50%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)(P0.05),提高了14.3%,菠菜出苗率提高了12.4%,幼苗的株高、茎粗、单株叶面积显著高于或接近CK3(P0.05),幼苗根冠比和壮苗指数与CK3无显著差异;添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可使幼苗地下部生物量显著升高(P0.05),促进根系生长,使幼苗地上部、地下部生物量分配更加均衡。因此,生物氢烷工程沼渣具有一定的肥效,可部分替代草炭用于叶菜育苗基质生产,但使用前可考虑进行好氧堆肥处理进一步腐熟或与氮肥配施以提高肥效。     

膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥CH4、N2O和NH3排放的影响

厨余垃圾有别于混合生活垃圾,具有高有机质含量和高含水率等特点,单独堆肥会产生大量CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液,为减少厨余垃圾堆肥过程污染物的排放,该文以居民小区产生的经大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,以菌糠为膨松剂,设置15%、25%、35% 3个添加质量比（湿基）的堆肥处理,以纯厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照处理,研究菌糠作为膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液排放的影响及其最佳添加比例。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加菌糠可以完全避免厨余垃圾堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生;堆肥结束时,添加15%和25%菌糠的处理堆肥达到腐熟标准,但添加35%的菌糠使堆肥高温期缩短,不利于有机质分解;与对照处理相比,添加15%、25%和35%比例的菌糠均可以减少堆肥过程中CH4和NH3的累计排放量,且减排量与添加比例正相关,但只有添加15%菌糠的堆肥处理明显降低了N2O的排放量;添加质量比为15%和25%菌糠的堆肥处理,CH4和N2O排放总量比厨余垃圾单独堆肥分别减少45.8%、19.6%,而添加质量比为35%的菌糠使CH4和N2O排放总量为厨余垃圾单独堆肥的1.14倍（每t物料,干基）。综上,菌糠作为食用菌种植废弃物,可用作厨余垃圾堆肥膨松剂,在适宜的添加比例条件下,能够在避免堆肥过程中渗滤液产生的同时,减少CH4、N2O和NH3的排放量。研究结果可为厨余垃圾堆肥过程温室气体减排、氮素损失控制和工艺改进提供理论依据和试验基础。     

有机物料与化肥配施提高黄泥田水稻产量和土壤肥力

农业有机物料具有资源化再利用的特点,与化肥配施既可以保证作物产量,也可以提升地力。为了建立最适宜的南方低产黄泥田培肥模式,该文在浙江金衢盆地开展3年田间试验研究化肥与不同有机物料(菇渣、紫云英、牛粪和秸秆)配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:1)有机物料与化肥配施可以显著提高水稻产量,化肥+菇渣、化肥+紫云英、化肥+牛粪和化肥+秸秆处理下,水稻三年的平均产量分别比单施化肥提高了9.7%、9.5%、12.3%和9.5%;2)有机物料与化肥配合施用,土壤有机质、土壤养分(全氮、有效磷、速效钾和CEC)及土壤容重较单施化肥处理有一定程度的改善,其中,化肥+牛粪效果最明显,有机质质量分数提高了12.5%,土壤有效磷质量分数提高了37.7%,CEC提高了16.1%;3)与单施化肥相比,化肥+菇渣、化肥+牛粪处理下5 mm机械稳定性大团聚体分别提高了10.4%和6.7%,各配施处理均显著降低了团聚体破坏率。总得来讲,连续三年有机物料与化肥配施较单施化肥处理提高了水稻产量、改善了土壤肥力状况、增加了土壤团聚体稳定性,其中又以牛粪与化肥配合施用效果最佳。     

Fate of nitrogen derived from 15N-labeled plant residues and composts in rice-planted paddy soil

Pot experiments that lasted for 3 y were conducted to investigate the dynamics of nitrogen derived from plant residues (rice root, hull, straw, corn root, and rapeseed pod-wall), and composts (rice straw compost, cattle manure compost, and cattle manure sawdust compost), which were labeled with ¹⁵N. The rates of nitrogen uptake by rice (=N efficiency), denitrification, and immobilization derived from the organic materials incorporated before the first year of cultivation were investigated throughout 3 y of cultivation. At the end of the first year of cultivation, relatively high rates of N efficiency were obtained for rapeseed pod-wall (24.6%), rice straw (19.1%), and rice hull (18.6%), while corn root and cattle manure sawdust compost displayed a noticeably high denitrification rate. Corn root, cattle manure sawdust compost, rice hull, and rapeseed pod-wall exhibited remarkably high N mineralization rates ranging from 60 to 75% of the organic materials N applied. Cumulative rates of N efficiencies from the organic materials applied before the first year of cultivation fitted well to a first-order kinetic model and their asymptotes were compared among the organic materials. The asymptotic rates of N efficiency tended to depend on the rates at the end of the first year of cultivation.     

有机辅料对猪粪堆肥中氨气挥发的抑制效应及其影响因素分析

选取稻草、油菜秸秆和食用菌渣作为猪粪堆肥的有机辅料,研究三种堆肥体系中氨气挥发释放规律及其影响因素。结果表明,经过65 d的堆腐,稻草－猪粪、油菜秸秆－猪粪和菌渣－猪粪堆肥氨气挥发量分别为5.084、6.483和3.013 g/kg,是对照（纯猪粪）处理（7.836g/kg）的64.88%、82.74%和38.45%。从氨气的释放量和释放速率看,菌渣是一种较好的有机辅料。从氨气释放的时间变化特征看,稻草对猪粪堆肥氨气排放高峰期影响最为明显,主要表现为氨气前期猛烈释放且持续时间短,是猪粪快速腐熟技术优选的高效有机辅料。堆腐完成后,三种有机辅料均能减少水溶性NH4+-N的累积,增加水溶性NO3--N的含量,引起pH和EC值下降,提高堆肥全氮含量,促进堆肥有机物和粗纤维的降解,且以稻草和菌渣处理效果最为显著。