垂枝桦组织培养技术研究

对垂枝桦芽茎段组织培养技术的外植体启动培养、丛生芽增殖以及试管苗生根等方面开展研究。结果表明:在1/2MS+6-BA1.00 mg.L-1+NAA0.05 mg.L-1+蔗糖30 g.L-1的培养基上,外植体诱导率最高;在1/2MS+6-BA0.20 mg.L-1+NAA1.50 mg.L-1+蔗糖30 g.L-1的培养基上,外植体增殖系数最高,可达5～8倍;在1/2MS+NAA0.50 mg.L-1+蔗糖20 g.L-1的培养基中,继代苗的生根率可达100.0%。     

四倍体刺槐的组织培养快繁技术研究

以MS为基本培养基,取四倍体刺槐茎段作外植体进行组织培养研究,结果表明,MS基本培养基+6-BA 0.25mg.L-1+NAA0.05 mg.L-1可有效诱导四倍体用材型刺槐单芽茎段上的腋芽萌发并抽生成嫩梢,腋芽的萌发率为100%;转入MS基本培养基+6-BA1.0mg.L-1+NAA0.2mg.L-1或MS基本培养基+6-BA2.0mg.L-1+IBA0.5mg.L-1培养,可有效诱导丛生芽的增殖,繁殖系数可达93.8%~100%;MS基本培养基+NAA0.2mg.L-1,可诱导试管嫩梢100%生根,而且根系愈伤组织很小;并且成功地进行了试管苗的移栽,成活率达95%以上。     

大连绿化观赏何首乌快速繁殖的研究

为满足对种苗的需求,以大连地区绿化观赏栽培的何首乌萌动芽为材料,进行了萌动芽的生长、生根培养,试管苗的生根继代增殖培养,以及试管苗移栽、定植的研究。结果表明：MS＋6-BA0.2mg.L-1＋GA31.0mg.L-1＋NAA0.1mg.L-1是萌动芽生长培养的理想培养基;1/3MS＋ABT0.8mg.L-1是生长芽生根培养和试管苗生根继代增殖培养的理想培养基;试管苗移栽成活率为90.2%,定植成活率为95.9%;定植的试管苗生长旺盛,保持了何首乌所有的植物学性状。     

钻石玫瑰组培快繁技术研究

组培快繁技术研究结果表明:适宜钻石玫瑰离体芽诱导分化的培养基为MS 6-BA0.50mg/L NAA0.10～0.20mg/L;适宜丛生芽继代增殖的培养基为MS 6-BA1.00mg/L NAA0.10-0.20mg/L;适宜试管苗生根的培养基为1/2MS NAA0.10mg/L,其生根率达90%。     

光皮桦组织培养技术研究

对光皮桦带芽茎段组织培养技术的外植体启动培养、丛生芽增殖以及试管苗生根和炼苗移栽等方面开展研究,结果表明,外植体灭菌最优流程:经75%酒精1~1.5 min处理后转入0.1%HgCl2溶液消毒处理7 min;在改良MS+6-BA5.0mg.L-1+NAA 0.01 mg.L-1的培养基上,外植体启动速度最快;在改良MS+6-BA 4.5 mg.L-1+蔗糖40 g.L-1+NAA0.01 mg.L-1的培养基上,外植体增殖系数最高可达6.9倍;在改良WH+IBA 3.0 mg.L-1+NAA 1.5 mg.L-1培养基中,继代苗的生根率最高;试管苗移栽的最佳基质为沙∶田园土=1∶1。     

杂交构树茎段组培快繁体系的建立

通过对杂交构树茎段的离体培养和繁殖,探讨了杂交构树茎段萌发、分化、不定芽生长分化及生根的最佳培养基。结果表明:以优良母株的具腋芽茎段为外植体,经0.1%HgCl2灭菌12 min,成活发芽率达44%;适宜杂交构树侧芽诱导的培养基为MS+6-BA1.0 mg.L-1+NAA0.1 mg.L-1,诱导分化率为94.4%;适宜试管苗增殖和生长的培养基为MS+6-BA1.0 mg.L-1+GA0.2 mg.L-1,不定芽平均分化系数为3.3,平均苗高2.83 cm;在壮苗生根过程中最适培养基为1/2 MS+NAA0.3 mg.L-1+IBA0.5 mg.L-1+6-BA0.01 mg.L-1和1/2 MS+NAA0.5 mg.L-1+IBA0.1 mg.L-1+6-BA0.01mg.L-1,生根率均高达100%。     

五叶地锦离体培养及植株再生

以五叶地锦(Parthenocissus quinquefolia)子叶柄、下胚轴、叶片为外植体进行离体培养,以1/2 MS、B5和Heller为基本培养基,附加不同浓度的细胞分裂素(6-BA,KT, TDZ)及生长素(NAA)诱导下胚轴直接再生不定芽.实验结果表明,暗处理30 d,靠近下胚轴的子叶柄接种在1/2 MS 0.3 mg·L-16-BA培养基上,其不定芽分化率最高达64.67%;下胚轴接种在1/2 MS 2.0 mg·L-1KT 0.05 mg·L-1NAA和Heller 0.5 mg·L-1BA 0.1 mg·L-1NAA培养基上,其不定芽分化率接近,达到24%左右;无菌苗的叶片接种在B5 0.5 mg·L-1TDZ 0.05 mg·L-1NAA培养基上,其不定芽分化率达17.7%.芽增殖培养基为1/2 MS 0.5 mg·L-16-BA 0.1 mg·L-1NAA增殖系数为3～5, 1/2 MS 0.5 mg·L-1IBA 500 mg·L-1活性炭适于再生幼苗的生根,生根苗经移栽全部成活.     

高粱泡组织培养技术

为了加快高粱泡的开发利用,以MS为基本培养基,以高粱泡的带芽茎段为外植体进行组织培养研究。结果表明:不同种类和浓度的激素对高粱泡不定芽增殖和生长的影响不同。最佳启动培养基为MS+0.5mg·L-16-BA,最佳增殖培养基为MS+6-BA0.5mg·L-1+NAA0.1mg·L-1,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+0.05mg·L-1NAA。     

圆叶柳无性系建立的研究

以圆叶柳即将萌动的生长点为材料,进行生长点生长与分化、试管苗生根、移栽和移植的研究,建立起圆叶柳无性系.结果表明:生长点生长培养的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA0.1 mg·L-1+GA30.5 mg·L-1+NAA0.2 mg·L-1;生长芽分化培养的适宜培养基为MS+NAA0.1 mg·L-1+6-BA0.5 mg·L...     

两种优良巴西杂交桉树的组织培养和快速繁殖

本研究以巴西尾巨桉和巨赤桉两种优良杂交桉树的带芽茎段为外植体进行离体培养和快速繁殖研究.结果表明:尾巨桉和巨赤桉再生芽诱导的最佳培养基为改良MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1,继代增殖的最适培养基为改良MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.15 mg·L-1.芽诱导和继代增殖中6-BA的浓度对两种杂交桉树有显著影响.生根培养中,尾巨桉和巨赤桉生根情况差异显著,尾巨桉茎芽最适生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.2 mg·L-1+IBA 1.0 mg·L-1,巨赤桉茎芽最适生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.15 mg·L-1+IBA 1.0 mg·L-1.两种杂交桉树组织培养体系的建立,为桉树良种选育和遗传转化体系的研究提供技术参考.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.