食用型甘薯新品种鄂薯7号的选育与栽培要点

鄂薯7号两年省区试12点次综合鲜薯平均产量44 064.0 kg/hm2,比对照南薯88增产23.95%,居参试品种第一位;薯干产量11 640.0 kg/hm2,比对照南薯88增产11.8%,居参试品种第二位.研究表明,鄂薯7号高产的主要原因是干物质转化快、净同化率高.     

籼型耐寒优质两系杂交稻新组合黔两优58

利用两用核不育系2136S与恢复系M86配组,育成了两系杂交稻新组合黔两优58.经2 a贵州省杂交稻早熟组区试鉴定,平均单产8.5 t/hm2,比对照增产5.66%;生产试验鉴定,平均单产8.28 t/hm2,比对照增产10.11%.黔两优58对稻瘟病的抗性优于对照,耐寒性强,稻米品质较优,适合中高海拔地区种植.2004年4月通过贵州省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

甘薯新品种泉薯76特性鉴定与高产机理研究初报

鉴定了抗瘟粉用型甘薯新品种泉薯76的主要特征特性及其高产机理,旨在为其推广应用提供参考。多年多点试验结果表明,泉薯76具有较好的丰产性,平均鲜薯产量在33．683～40．817t／hm2,为对照种金山57鲜薯产量的93％～130％;平均薯干产量在9．320～11．429t／hm2,为对照种的97．5％～139．1％;平均淀粉产量在5．594～7．143t／hm2．比对照增产1．7％～42．2％。特性研究表明,泉薯76全生长期平均叶面系数为3．739,比对照种金山57高26．8％;平均净同化率为2．724g／（m2·d）,比对照高15．2％;叶面系数和净同化率均较高是其高产的最显著的生理特性。此外,泉薯76抗薯瘟病和蔓割病;薯块干物率约28．0％,比金山57高1．1～1．7个百分点;出粉率为16．6％～17．2％,比金山57高1．0～2．8个百分点;鲜薯蒸熟食用,质地细腻,味道香甜,综合食味评分优于金山57;薯块具有良好的耐贮性能和萌芽性能。因此,泉薯76可作为优质食用型和淀粉加工型品种在生产上应用．     

优质高产两系杂交早稻新组合金两优4号的选育

金两优4号是用优质低温敏核不育系金山S-2与自育早稻恢复系早R-10配组育成的两系杂交早稻新组合.该组合具有产量高、米质较优、综合性状好等特点,2004-2005年参加福建省早稻区试,2 a平均产量达7. 25 t/hm2,比对照威优77增产5.71%.该组合于2007年通过福建省品种审定.     

特优航1号特征特性及栽培技术

特优航 1号系福建省农科院以龙特甫A与利用航天技术育成的恢复系航一号配组而成的籼型晚稻新组合 ,于 2 0 0 2年 1 2月通过福建省品种审定委员会审定。1　特优航 1号主要特征特性1 1　产量表现2 0 0 0年参加福建省晚稻区域试验 ,平均单产6 92t/hm2 ,比对照汕优 63增产 9 66% ,2 0 0 1年继续参加省晚稻区试 ,平均单产 7 0 0t/hm2 ,比对照汕优 63增产 9 5 6%。2 0 0 1年在闽北建瓯市小松镇湖头村区试 ,平均单产 8 2 8t/hm2 ,比ck (汕优 63)增产 9 8%。 2 0 0 2年在建瓯市示范种植1 5hm2 ,平均单产 7 99t/hm2 ,比ck (汕优 63)增产 9 2 %。该…     

糯玉米新品种-苏玉(糯)2号

苏玉 (糯 ) 2号原名 98W_2 ,是江苏沿江地区农科所谢孝颐研究员主持选育的早熟、优质、高产、紧凑型糯玉米杂交种 ,2 0 0 2年 4月通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定定名。现已通过国家糯玉米区试和生产试验 ,正申报国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。1　产量表现1999～ 2 0 0 0年参加江苏省特用玉米区域试验 ,两年鲜果穗平均单产 132 0 6 .0kg/hm2 和 12 12 6 .0kg/hm2 ,比对照种苏玉 (糯 ) 1号增产 8.2 %和13.6 % ,增产均达极显著水平 ,产量均居首位 ;2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年参加国家东南区特种玉米区试 ,其中 2 0 0 0年鲜果穗平均单产 10 5 9…     

淀粉加工型马铃薯新品种‘垦薯1号’的选育

‘垦薯1号’马铃薯新品种是黑龙江八一农垦大学以гибрид128-6为母本,брянскийнадежный为父本杂交选育而成。2013年经黑龙江省农垦总局种子管理局审定推广,品种审定编号为:垦审薯2014001号。该品种为中晚熟淀粉加工型品种,2010~2011年参加黑龙江农垦总局区域试验,两年平均产量为34 553 kg/hm2,比对照品种‘克新12号’增产19.60%。2012~2013年参加黑龙江农垦总局生产试验,两年平均产量19 766 kg/hm2,较对照品种‘克新12号’增产13.51%。块茎干物质含量23.69%~25.52%,淀粉含量17.69%~19.52%,维生素C含量89.60 mg/kg鲜薯,还原糖含量0.19%。田间茎叶中抗晚疫病,块茎高抗晚疫病,抗PVX和PVY病毒。‘垦薯1号’适合黑龙江垦区种植。     

金优191高产制种技术

金优191是湖南省安江农业学校杂交水稻研究所用不育系金23A与该所选育的恢复系191配制而成的中熟中籼组合.2000年1 2月通过怀化市品种审定,2001年3月通过衡阳市品种审定,2001年底通过广西自治区品种审定.1998年参加江西会昌早稻区试,产量9.45 t/hm2,比对照威优77增产7.7%;1998年参加湖南武冈晚稻区试,产量7.01 t/hm2,比对照威优77增产8.2%.作中稻栽培,全生育期125 d;作晚稻栽培,全生育期108 d.抗稻瘟病,高抗白叶枯病.自1998年开始对该组合进行高产制种技术研究,5年来制种产量稳定在3.15 t/hm2以上.现将金优191制种技术总结如下.     

优质高产甘薯新品种‘湛薯271’的选育

选育出适合广东省薯区推广种植的食用型甘薯新品种,并于2008年鉴定筛选出11个具有某种优良特性的品种组成集团杂交群体进行有性杂交,从‘普薯04-26’的杂交后代选出单株08-64-271,后定名为‘湛薯271’。2012～2013年参加广东省甘薯新品种区域试验,鲜薯平均产量31 020 kg/hm2,增产达极显著,干薯平均产量8 997 kg/hm2,增产达极显著。2016年3月通过广东省农作物新品种审定,鉴定编号为粤审薯2016001。该品种属高产、优质品种,具有适应性广等优点,适宜广东省各非薯瘟病秋冬薯区种植。     

高产高抗花生新品种开农37选育报告

开农37是我所用豫花7号×豫花1号通过有性杂交选育而成的.该品种抗病、抗旱、耐瘠薄能力强.河南省两年区试平均产量3477.00kg/hm2,比对照豫花6号增产13.30%.河南省生产试验平均产量4122.00kg/hm2,比对照豫花6号增产10.30%.综合评比居参试材料首位.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.