柿果醋醋酸发酵工艺参数优化研究

为了探索柿子原浆果醋的发酵规律,给柿果醋的生产提供理论依据.以水柿为原料,采用响应面法对柿果醋醋酸发酵过程的工艺参数(发酵温度、醋酸菌接种量和发酵时间)进行优化.结果表明,醋酸菌接种量、发酵时间对柿果醋醋酸含量有极显著影响(P＜0.01),发酵温度对后者影响不显著.优化出最佳工艺参数为发酵温度33.1℃,醋酸菌接种量0.56‰,发酵时间110 h,在此工艺条件下柿果醋醋酸含量可达4.928 g/(100 mL).多元回归分析结果显示,发酵温度、醋酸菌接种量、发酵时间与醋酸含量之间回归模型高度显著,可用于实际生产预测.     

利用次等红枣生产果醋的工艺研究

以残次红枣为原料，研究了红枣果醋生产的主要工艺及其参数。结果表明：红枣果醋酒精发酵采用液态带肉发酵，枣汁含糖量8%～14%，发酵菌种为葡萄酒酵母菌；醋酸发酵采用半固态回流发酵，接种发酵比自然发酵效果好，醋酸菌接种量5%；枣醋在95℃下加热2 min，冷却后用硅藻土过滤，澄清效果好。     

大米乳酸菌发酵降镉工艺优化

为研究乳酸发酵对大米重金属镉的脱除效果,该试验以镉超标大米为原料,采用大米发酵液进行发酵降镉,通过Plackett-Burman(PB)设计、最陡爬坡试验设计和Box-Behnken设计对发酵降镉工艺进行优化。结果表明:PB试验筛选出的对大米发酵降镉效果显著影响的因素分别为加水量、强化菌种添加量和发酵温度;根据最陡爬坡确定的各因素逼近区域进行响应面试验设计,得出最佳降镉工艺为加水量120%、强化菌种添加量0.08‰、发酵温度32℃,其他发酵条件还包括米粉发酵液添加量2%、食盐添加量0.8%、以及有效降镉时间22~26 h,就镉质量分数为0.52 mg/kg的早米,此条件下降镉率为79.24%。研究结果为乳酸发酵降镉、缓解大米镉超标问题提供参考。     

低胆固醇发酵牛肉香肠工艺参数的优化

为了降低牛肉香肠中的胆固醇含量,采用饱和D-最优试验设计方法优化香肠的工艺参数,以胆固醇降解率和感官评定为指标值,通过回归分析建立目标函数的数学模型,从而确定最优加工工艺参数为:啤酒酵母菌、植物乳杆菌配比为1︰2,接种量为0.9%,发酵温度为28℃,发酵时间为24h。在此条件下生产出的发酵牛肉香肠中胆固醇比原含量降低了34.98%。     

冬瓜酸乳饮料生产工艺优化研究

以新鲜冬瓜和鲜牛乳为试验材料,采用单因素试验与响应面试验筛选冬瓜酸乳饮料最佳配比及最优发酵条件.结果表明,冬瓜酸乳饮料最优工艺配方为冬瓜汁添加量10.52％、白砂糖添加量5.72％、复合稳定剂添加量1.33％;制备冬瓜酸乳饮料的最优发酵条件为发酵剂添加量(即发酵菌株或接种量)5.12％、发酵温度41.25℃、发酵时间5...     

苹果渣固态发酵苹果醋工艺研究

以新鲜苹果渣为主要原料,采用果胶酶法对苹果渣的酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺进行优化研究,通过正交试验确定最优酿造工艺参数。初步获得的苹果渣酒精发酵条件是果胶酶添加量0.06%、酵母接种量8%、初始糖度16 °Brix;苹果渣醋酸发酵过程的最优工艺条件是干湿苹果渣的配料比为1 ∶ 10、醋酸菌接种量15%、发酵温度32 ℃,此条件下总酸含量增长到38.267 6 g/L。     

苹果杏鲍菇复合果酒的工艺研究

以苹果和杏鲍菇为原料,选用安琪酵母作为发酵菌种液体发酵酿造复合果酒,对酒精发酵工艺进行优化,确定其最佳工艺参数。结果表明:最佳工艺参数为苹果汁和杏鲍菇汁混合体积比为2∶1、初始糖度16%、初始pH 4.8、接种量6%和发酵温度36 ℃,此时酒精含量为6.3%。复合果酒产品澄清透亮,酒味浓郁,同时具有苹果和杏鲍菇的特殊清香味。     

糟鱼中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及鳓鱼发酵条件优化

研究了一种微生物接种发酵技术与传统糟鱼制备工艺相结合的新方法,以期实现传统糟制水产品的工业化、标准化改造.利用MRS选择性培养基从传统糟鱼产品中分离得到优势微生物,采用基础微生物学结合MIDI微生物自动鉴定系统进行鉴定.采用传统糟制工艺和微生物接种制备发酵鳓鱼,测定不同条件下蛋白质含量、总酸、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、氨基态氮、pH等指标的变化.通过单因素试验确定糟/鱼比、发酵温度和接菌量3个影响因素的水平,利用响应面法得到最佳工艺.结果表明:传统糟鱼中分离出的菌株鉴定为发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum);发酵温度对发酵鱼的影响表现为,温度过高时鱼肉还未形成糟鱼风味已快速软化、腐败,过低不利于微生物繁殖而使发酵不成熟.酒糟量影响糟鱼口感,接菌量对发酵时间影响显著;响应面法优化鳓鱼的最佳工艺为:糟/鱼比2.5％、发酵温度20℃、接菌量2.28％.验证试验表明:此工艺可使熟化时间从传统糟制的30d以上缩短至12d;和纯乳酸菌接种发酵相比,虽发酵时间稍长,但产品更具传统糟鱼的独特风味.     

甘薯渣同步糖化发酵生产酒精的工艺优化

为了综合利用甘薯淀粉工业废渣,本研究以甘薯渣为原料发酵生产酒精,并对其同步糖化发酵工艺(SSF)进行优化。研究同步糖化发酵时影响酒精发酵工艺的9个因素,采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出显著因素,并在筛选结果的基础上,用最陡爬坡途径逼近最大响应区域,然后利用响应面分析法确定其最佳参数。结果表明,影响酒精发酵工艺的显著因素为糖化酶、接种量和发酵温度。酒精发酵优化最佳参数为:α-淀粉酶8U/g,液化时间1.5h,液化温度90℃,硫酸铵质量分数0.15g/100g,pH值4,发酵时间36h,糖化酶151U/g,接种量0.3%,发酵温度36℃。在此条件下,验证试验得到的酒精体积分数达到17.15%,接近理论预测值16.95%。优化后的工艺可为甘薯渣同步糖化发酵生产酒精提供技术参考。     

多菌共酵果粮混酿法生产果醋的研究

从6种酵母菌和4种醋酸菌中各优选出了3种发酵力强的菌种,通过正交试验确定了最优接种量和配比。采用多菌共酵、果粮混酿法,酿制出了品质优、出品率高的食用果醋。检测结果表明,利用本试验确定的混合菌种,以苹果为主原料,添加10%～20%的玉米粉所酿制的果粮醋,在感官和理化指标等方面都极显著的优于纯果醋。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.