巴氏杀菌奶将成为未来液态奶消费的主要趋势

随着人民生活水平的提高,人们对营养健康的追求也在不断提升,在有冷链保证的地区推广以巴氏杀菌奶为代表的新鲜乳品是中国乳业的消费趋势。那么巴氏杀菌奶究竟有什么优势,值得国内外专家学者极力推崇。本文从巴氏杀菌奶与超高温灭菌奶的加工方式、营养价值破坏程度以及对原料奶质量要求等方面分析两者之间的不同,进而说明巴氏杀菌奶的消费将成为未来液态奶消费的主要趋势。     

HACCP在学生奶质量控制中的应用初探

本文主要探讨了危害分析及其关键质量控制点管理系统(HACCP)在学生饮用奶产品生产过程中质量控制方面的应用，为保证学生饮用奶的安全与品质提供了科学的管理方法，具有很高的实用价值。     

创造新鲜 创新生活——巴氏杀菌鲜奶论坛研讨会讲话摘录—巴氏杀菌奶应该是未来中国乳业的发展方向

目前，全社会，也包括一些管理部门，对巴氏杀菌奶的概念、生产、市场和消费还没达成统一的认识。比如，虽然对巴氏杀菌奶到底是不是鲜奶，巴氏杀菌奶和超高温灭菌奶的营养成分是否相同，巴氏杀菌奶的原料能不能用复原乳等这些关键性的问题已经认识到了，但还没有给予足够的重视。下面我主要讲三个想法。     

美国优质热杀菌奶与奶制品原料的要求和标准--美国《优质热杀菌奶和奶制品条例(2003版)》摘译

所有用于巴氏杀菌、超巴氏灭菌或无菌加工的优质A级原料奶，以及所有优质A级巴氏杀菌奶、超巴氏灭菌奶或无菌加工的奶和奶制品的生产、制造、巴氏杀菌、超巴氏灭菌或无菌加工，均应遵循、符合本章所列的表1中有关的《化学、微生物和温度标准》及各项卫生要求。     

奶制品的选择

首选巴氏杀菌奶、酸牛奶 巴氏杀菌奶是将鲜牛奶通过巴氏杀菌工艺而制成的液态奶。由于热处理强度比奶粉低,所造成热敏性维生素损失、牛奶蛋白质变性和结构变化少,但巴氏杀菌奶的保质期短,一般在有冷链的条件下可保存2-7d。     

创造新鲜 创新生活——巴氏杀菌鲜奶论坛研讨会讲话摘录—光明乳业是如何生产高品质的巴氏杀菌奶的

首先，我个人认为巴氏杀菌奶的价值代表未来。城市化进程的加快．国民收入的提高以及交通的发达，使巴氏杀菌奶拥有非常广阔的市场前景。目前，光明乳业在华东地区的巴氏杀菌奶销售已经开始深入到乡镇，甚至是村。近几年，光明乳业在整个华东地区巴氏杀菌奶的销售已经从平稳阶段过渡到增长阶段。尤其是随着牛奶加工技术的不断进步，光明乳业的巴氏杀菌奶的保质期得到延长，品质能满足消费者的需求。     

巴氏杀菌奶在中国的发展前景分析

本文介绍了巴氏杀菌奶的生产加工工艺,并通过对国内外巴氏杀菌奶发展形势的对比,分析了巴氏杀菌奶在我国发展受到制约的各种条件及发展前景。     

玻璃瓶装巴氏杀菌奶微生物指标的控制

通过控制原料奶的卫生指标，采取预杀菌及超巴氏杀菌工艺，并使用空气除菌过滤系统，可有效控制巴氏杀菌奶的微生物指标，延长产品保质期。     

创造新鲜 创新生活——巴氏杀菌鲜奶论坛研讨会讲话摘录—通过差异化的营销策略宣传和推广巴氏杀菌奶

巴氏杀菌奶要做差异化的市场推广。针对常温奶和巴氏杀菌奶区别的问题，我调查了江西南昌某财经大学的100个学生。有80多个学生认为牛奶的保质期越长，说明企业的的生产技术越成熟。从这个调查结果可以看出．乳品企业在宣传推广巴氏杀菌奶方面还有大量的工作要做。     

HACCP在牧场生鲜牛乳生产过程中的建立与应用

HACCP是Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point的缩写,意为危害性分析控制点,是美国于20世纪70年代实行的一种新的企业自身管理体系,通过对生产工艺的分析,找出危害因素的控制点,并对生产过程中具有控制意义的各种可变因素进行监测,以达到控制生产操作过程的一种预防性系统,其主要目的是为了保证产品的质量。生鲜牛乳即原料奶是乳制品的源头,它的质量好坏至关重要,是保证乳制品食用安全、维护人类健康的基础,是牧场赖以生存的源泉。因此国家特制定了《奶牛饲养技术规程》。但该规程对原料奶的生产却没有明确具体的规定,而HACCP…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.