向日葵秆和向日葵盘对绵羊营养价值的评定

试验选用6只体重28 kg左右安装永久瘤胃瘘管的甘肃高山细毛羯羊, 采用3×3无重复拉丁方设计, 通过消化代谢试验, 对向日葵秆和向日葵盘对绵羊的营养价值进行了评定。结果表明:向日葵秆和向日葵盘风干样品中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、钙、磷分别为90.73%, 5.72%, 0.89%, 30.15%, 53.09%, 39.40%, 11.61%, 0.84%, 0.13%和89.63%, 11.84%, 2.13%, 12.48%, 23.51%, 15.41%, 14.04%, 0.97%, 0.29%;向日葵秆和向日葵盘对绵羊干物质消化率、氮消化率、氮存留率、有机物消化率、中性洗涤纤维消化率、酸性洗涤纤维消化率、钙消化率、磷消化率及消化能分别为61.61%, 65.37%, 34.72%, 65.19%, 48.18%, 44.89%, 29.10%, 26.07%, 8.75 MJ/kg和70.96%, 69.57%, 41.60%, 76.26%, 60.87%, 58.60%, 37.98%, 44.75%, 9.97 MJ/kg。饲粮中添加向日葵秆对绵羊瘤胃液中乙酸摩尔比及氨氮含量产生了显著的影响(P<0.05),对瘤胃液pH、总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸摩尔比、丁酸摩尔比、其他酸摩尔比及瘤胃液中总氮、尿素氮、蛋白氮浓度均无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮中添加向日葵盘对绵羊瘤胃液乙酸摩尔比、丙酸摩尔比和乙酸/丙酸产生了显著的影响(P<0.05),对pH、总挥发性脂肪酸、丁酸摩尔比、其他酸摩尔比和瘤胃液含氮量无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

葵瓜子壳氯原酸的提取工艺研究

本试验采用3因素3水平的正交试验方法,以提取物的OD值为测定指标,探讨了葵瓜子壳主要抗菌成分氯原酸的最佳水浸提工艺条件。结果表明,葵瓜子壳主要抗菌成分氯原酸提取物的最大吸收波长为326nm,最佳水浸提工艺条件为料水比1∶10,浸提温度60℃,pH值为6。     

微波辅助提取山楂籽总黄酮的工艺研究

实验将微波辅助技术应用于山楂籽黄酮提取中,结果表明,浸提时间4.5 h、微波强度1 886.5 MHz、间歇作用7 min、水浴温度90℃、乙醇浓度60%、料液比1:20。该条件下,黄酮提取率可达89.5%,与传统回流提取法相比,黄酮提取率提高了20.2%。     

Growth and carcass composition of broilers fed sunflower oil and olive oil

Sunflower and olive oils were fed at the same dietary inclusion levels to male broilers as a means of varying the dietary linoleic acid concentration while maintaining similar concentrations of total fat and total unsaturated fatty acids. The type of oil and the dietary supplementation level influenced growth rate, food utilisation and carcass composition. Birds grew faster and utilised food more efficiently when fed the sunflower oil and had higher concentrations of body fat. Increasing the level of supplementation with either oil decreased body fat content. The different responses to the two oils were not related to differences in dietary amino acid balance, ME: protein ratios or rates of food passage through the digestive tract.     

Effect of dietary high-oleic acid sunflower seed, palm oil and vitamin E supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid composition and oxidation susceptibility of meat

1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of two fat sources: high-oleic acid sunflower seed (HOASS; 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg diet) and palm oil (PO), and dietary supplementation of vitamin E (alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 200 mg/kg diet) on performance, fatty acid composition and susceptibility to oxidation of white and dark chicken meat during refrigerated storage. Female chicks (3 to 6 weeks) were given one of 5 diets containing 90 g/kg of added fat with increasing monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, adjusted by progressively replacing PO by HOASS. 2. Body weight gain and gain:food ratio of birds were depressed in diets containing the highest proportions of HOASS (150 and 200 g/kg). Relative abdominal fat was reduced in birds fed diets including HOASS, except in the diet containing 100 g HOASS/kg. The inclusion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate improved body weight gain and gain:food ratio. 3. According to the fatty acid profile of the diets, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid (SFA and PUFA, respectively) contents were significantly reduced and MUFA content was significantly increased in white and dark chicken meats when the saturated oil, PO, was replaced progressively by HOASS in the diet. The inclusion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate increased PUFA content in both meats. 4. After 4 and 7 d of refrigerated storage, white and dark meat samples obtained from birds fed on diets containing HOASS had significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) values than those derived from the PO diet. The addition of alpha-tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced the lipid oxidation in white and dark meat. 5. Overall, the results showed that increasing MUFA content of chicken meat by replacing dietary PO with HOASS (up to 100 g/kg) did not adversely affect broiler performance and reduced the susceptibility of meat to oxidation during refrigerated storage. Dietary alpha-tocopherol supplementation improved chicken performance and was effective in protecting lipid meat from oxidation.     

The effects of utilization of hazelnut oil,sunflower oil and their products on performance and fatty acid composition of yolk in layer hens

This research has been performed to determine the effects of hazelnut crude oil, sunflower crude oil and its refinery by-products over the laying hens performance and the fatty acid composition of the egg’s yolk. Four hundreds 36-week-old Nick Brown layer hens were allocated into five groups. Treatment groups were supplemented with 1.5% of sunflower crude oil, hazelnut crude oil, acidulated sunflower soapstock, acidulated hazelnut soapstock and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. The daily feed consumption for groups that were fed with crude oils were numerically improved as compared for those nourished with acidulated soapstocks. Although the percentages of cracked and broken eggs in acidulated hazelnut soapstock group was significantly higher than the other groups, daily feed consumption and egg production values were not different. The usage of acidulated hazelnut soapstock reduced the percentage of intact egg ratio. Egg’s specific gravity and yolk color index were the highest level throughout the experiment from start to end in hazelnut crude oil group (p < 0.05). In group that was nourished by hazelnut oil, Omega 3/Omega-6 fatty acid ratios in egg yolk were higher than the groups that were fed with sunflower oil. The oleic acid content of the egg yolk was increased in the groups which were supplemented with hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. Consequently, hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil improved the egg shell quality, yolk color index and yolk oleic acid value which would increase egg’s shelf life. On the other hand acidulated hazelnut soapstock supplementation adversely affects the quality of egg shell.     

Reducing fiber content of sunflower oil meal through treatment of enzymes produced from Arachnoitus sp.

A multi‐enzyme mixture containing cellulases and hemicellulase activity, produced from Arachniotus sp., a white rot fungus, were applied on sunflower oil meal (SFOM) to degrade its fiber content. SFOM was treated with different concentrations of enzyme solution at variable pH, and incubated at temperatures ranging from 25 to 60°C, for different time periods ranging from 3 to 48 h to determine the maximum increase in metabolizable energy content by saccharification of fiber into sugars through enzymatic degradation. Maximum saccharification of SFOM fiber was obtained at a 1:1 enzyme substrate ratio, pH 4.0 and incubation for 36 h at 40°C. A reduction of 47.27% in crude fiber contents of sunflower oil meal was observed after enzyme treatment at optimized conditions. Enzyme treatment resulted in reduction of 41.53 and 31.87% in acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents, respectively. An increase of 28.09% in nitrogen free extract contents of SFOM was found after enzyme treatment. True metabolizable energy contents of SFOM, after enzyme treatment, were increased from 1898.4 to 2314.9 kCal/kg.     

Effects of oral sunflower oil and olive oil on serum and cutaneous fatty acid concentrations in dogs.

The effects of dietary fatty acids on serum and cutaneous fatty acids of healthy dogs were evaluated under controlled conditions. Beagle puppies (n = 12) were fed a standard diet supplemented with sunflower oil (group A), olive oil (group B) or no supplementation (group C) for 12 weeks. There were no significant differences in food intake or growth rates between the three groups. Dogs in group A had significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum 18:2n6 (linoleic acid) and 20:3n6 (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid), and cutaneous 18:2n6 with significant decreases in serum 20:4n6 (arachidonic acid) and cutaneous 18:1n9 (oleic acid) and 18:3n3 (alpha-linolenic acid). Dogs in group B had significant increases in serum 18:1n9, 20:3n6 and cutaneous 18:1n9 with decreases in serum 20:4n6, 22:4n6, 22:5n3 and 22:5n6, and cutaneous 18:2n6, 18:3n3 and 20:4n6. There were no significant changes in serum or cutaneous fatty acids for the dogs in group C. This study demonstrates that fatty acid supplements can be used to alter the serum and cutaneous fatty acid compositions of dogs.     

Effect of chicken age on the nutritive value of diets with graded additions of full-fat sunflower seed

1. Diets containing increasing amounts (80, 160 and 240 g/kg) of hulled full-fat sunflower seed (HFFSS) were evaluated for digestibility of nutrients and AMEn content with broiler chickens at 2 different ages (10 to 12 d and 27 to 29 d). 2. The age of chickens and dietary concentration of HFFSS had no major effect on the apparent digestibility of protein N and single amino acids. The differences observed were generally small and attained statistical significance only with glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine and isoleucine digestibilities. 3. The age effect on the apparent digestibility coefficients for crude fat and total fatty acids was dependent on the dietary concentration of HFFSS. Significant interactions between age and inclusion rate were observed for fat and individual fatty acids digestibilities. 4. AMEn (MJ/kg) increased significantly as the inclusion level of HFFSS increased. However, AMEn content was not affected by bird age or by the interaction between age and inclusion rate.     

影响畜产品安全性的因素及其对策

随着世界工业化进程的加速，环境中的有毒有害物质越来越多，对人类的食品安全构成了严重威胁。近几年，世界先后发生了诸多有关食品卫生的事件，如英国的“疯牛病”，香港”的“禽流感”，欧洲的“二恶英”以及我国一些省区出现的“瘦肉精”等食品卫生安全问题，引起了国际社会的广泛关注和高度重视，各国均采取了相应的对策强化监督管理。     

陇牧草地早熟禾新品系的营养价值评价

在兰州(温暖半干旱气候区)和海晏(高寒湿润气候区)2个试验区以青海扁茎早熟禾、青海草地早熟禾、青海冷地早熟禾、巴润草地早熟禾和海波草地早熟禾为对照,研究陇牧草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis cv.Longmu)新品系的营养品质。结果表明:(1)海晏试验区供试材料的营养品质均高于兰州试验区同种材料;(2)盛花期,兰州试验区,陇牧草地早熟禾的粗蛋白含量、相对饲用价值和茎叶比均最高,分别为8.88%,91.25和1.95,NDF和ADF含量最低,分别为59.82%、38.79%,粗脂肪含量较低,为3.24%,低于青海扁茎早熟禾、青海草地早熟禾和海波草地早熟禾。海晏试验区,陇牧草地早熟禾的粗蛋白含量、相对饲用价值和茎叶比均最高,分别为9.93%,95.42和2.25,NDF和ADF含量最低,分别为58.50%、37.10%,粗脂肪含量较高,为3.44%;(3)陇牧草地早熟禾较巴润草地早熟禾抗寒性好,能在海晏试验区正常越冬和返青,而巴润草地早熟禾和海波草地早熟禾在海晏试验区不能正常越冬;(4)采用灰色关联度分析法对供试材料在两个试验区的营养价值进行了综合评价,早熟禾材料的营养价值综合排序为:陇牧草地早熟禾(海晏)青海扁茎早熟禾(海晏)青海草地早熟禾(海晏)陇牧草地早熟禾(兰州)海波草地早熟禾(兰州)青海草地早熟禾(兰州)青海冷地早熟禾(海晏)青海扁茎早熟禾(兰州)巴润草地早熟禾(兰州)青海冷地早熟禾(兰州)。     

Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids from high-oleate sunflower seeds.

The objective of these experiments was to examine methods of modifying the fatty acid composition of bovine tissues. In the first experiment, four steers were fitted with duodenal fistulas and were assigned to four diets in a Latin square design. The steers were fed a control diet or the same diet containing 10% high-oleate partially crushed sunflower seeds, serum-coated sunflower seeds, and heat-treated, serum-coated sunflower seeds for 5 d. Samples of digesta and feces were collected on d 5. The inclusion of sunflower seeds (plain or serum-coated) in the diet increased (P less than .05) the digesta concentration of stearate. The percentage of stearate in the digesta and feces was increased (P less than .05) from 51 to 67% and from 64 to 74%, respectively, when steers were fed the untreated sunflower seed. The fecal concentration of oleate was increased (P less than .05) by dietary sunflower seeds in steers that were fed the serum-coated, unheated sunflower seeds. In a second experiment, heifers (four per group) were fed a corn-based control diet or diets containing 10% of high-oleate sunflower oil encapsulated with calcium alginate, either plain, coated with blood meal, or with blood meal integrated into the pellet. After 50 d on treatment, samples of perianal adipose tissue were obtained by biopsy. The fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue was not modified by the inclusion of the encapsulated oleate in the diet. In summary, limited ruminal bypass of sunflower seed oleate was accomplished with sunflower seed but not with encapsulated oleate.     

Nutritional evaluation of genetically modified maize corn performed on rats.

The aim of this study was to determine the composition and nutritional value of conventional and transgenic, so-called Roundup Ready (RR) maize with an introduced gene of glyphosate resistance. Crude protein, crude fibre, ash, fat, starch, sugar, amino acids, fatty acid and macroelement levels were determined by chemical analysis. In both maize lines a low level of Ca (0.15 g.kg-1 DM) and of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan (2.6 and 1.7 g.kg-1 DM, respectively) were observed. In the biological experiment carried out on rats the tested maize lines were the only dietary sources of nitrogen, thus, the experimental diets contained 9% CP in dietary dry matter. In the feeding experiment no significant differences in the protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed between groups receiving conventional or transgenic maize (1.51 and 1.41, respectively). Also almost equal results were obtained in the balance experiments. Both maize lines revealed a high nitrogen digestibility (84.9 and 84.5%, respectively) and the net protein utilization amounted to 63.5 and 63.2%, respectively. From these results can be concluded that regarding nutrient composition and utilisation, genetically modified (RR) maize is equivalent to isogenic maize.     

农户生产水平的“腾格里”无芒隐子草种子脱粒与清选技术研究

"腾格里"无芒隐子草是2016年由我国草品种审定委员会审定登记的野生栽培品种(登记号:499),抗旱性极强,在干旱半干旱地区的生态治理、园林绿化和草原恢复中具有非常重要的推广价值。但目前急需加快种子扩繁和解决种子脱粒与清选等技术问题。在甘肃省榆中县小区预试验基础上,进一步在河西走廊民勤县农户生产规模条件下开展了"腾格里"无芒隐子草适宜的种子脱粒和清选技术研究。结果表明,对农户生产规模下(3.5hm2左右及以下)的无芒隐子草种子,在采用的50kg石磙碾压不同遍数处理中,以45～55遍碾压处理的种子收获率最高,与手工完全脱粒对照相比,收获率达78%以上,并且对种子发芽率与活力无显著影响(P>0.05)。另外,利用4.5m·s-1风速并配以筛孔尺寸为0.7mm的筛子过筛清选2遍,种子净度可达86%,与仅过筛而未风选的对照比较,种子净度提高了20个百分点。上述结果对"腾格里"无芒隐子草的规模化生产以及推广利用具有重要的指导意义。     

Preliminary observations on inhalation and intradermal challenges of horses with oil seed rape.

Horses with asymptomatic or symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and control horses were challenged with oil seed rape either by exposure to a field of flowering Brassica campestris for six days, or by an inhalation challenge with freshly collected pollen from Brassica napus, or by inhalation challenge with a commercial extract of B napus pollen. Clinical and bronchoscopic examinations showed that the challenges did not induce detectable pulmonary disease in the control or asymptomatic COPD affected horses and did not significantly affect their pulmonary mechanics, arterial blood gas tensions, arterial pH or the cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. However, the challenges with fresh B napus pollen and the commercial extract of B napus pollen exacerbated the pulmonary disease in some of the symptomatic horses, possibly owing to non-specific toxicity or non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Intradermal testing with the commercial extract of B napus pollen suggested that none of the horses were hypersensitive to this agent.     

Effect of enzyme supplementation on the metabolisable energy content of solvent-extracted rapeseed and sunflower seed meals for chicken, guinea fowl and quail

(1) The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AME(N)) content of solvent-extracted rapeseed and sunflower seed (un-decorticated) meals in relation to species (chicken, guinea fowl and quail) and dietary addition of feed enzymes (0 or 0.5 g/kg diet) was evaluated by a diet replacement method in a 3 x 2 factorial design. (2) The metabolism trial was conducted at two substitution levels (200 and 400 g/kg diet) of each meal with or without supplementation of commercial enzyme preparation in 6 individuals or 6 groups of cockerels, guinea fowls and quails. (3) The experimental diets were fed for a period of 12 d followed by a 3-d collection period during which total feed consumed and droppings output were quantitatively recorded. (4) The AME(N) values of rapeseed meal for cockerels, guinea fowls and quails were 8.4, 8.7 and 8.8 MJ/kg, respectively, while the corresponding values for sunflower seed meal were 6.1, 6.1 and 6.2 MJ/kg dry matter, without enzyme supplementation. (5) The AME(N) value of rapeseed meal did not improve with enzyme supplementation. However, AME(N) values of sunflower seed meal significantly increased with enzyme supplementation, from 6.1 to 6.5 MJ/kg dry matter. (6) Since AME(N) values of rapeseed meal and sunflower seed meal were similar in chicken, guinea fowl and quail, values reported for chicken could, therefore, be used for guinea fowl and Japanese quail.