注射β-葡聚糖对黄颡鱼免疫抗氧化指标及抗感染能力的影响

本试验研究注射β-葡聚糖对瓦氏黄颡鱼血清免疫抗氧化相关指标及抗嗜水气单胞菌感染能力的影响.选取初始体重(60.0±5.0)g的健康瓦氏黄颡鱼500尾,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复25尾,分别腹腔注射生理盐水和5、10、20、40mg/(kg体重)β-葡聚糖悬液100μL/尾.注射后第6d,取样制备血清,检测免疫抗氧化相关指标.注射后第7d,每组随机选取60尾鱼,腹腔注射嗜水气单胞菌进行感染试验,计算48 h内的累计死亡率.结果显示,各组之间黄颡鱼血清白细胞介素-6含量没有显著差异(P＞0.05).注射β-葡聚糖组血清免疫球蛋白M含量均高于对照组,其中10mg/kg组显著高于对照组和其它组.注射β-葡聚糖组血清超氧化物歧化酶活力均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),其中以10mg/kg组最高.10、20和40 mg/kg注射组血清丙二醛含量与对照组相比显著升高(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,注射β-葡聚糖可以降低黄颡鱼抗嗜水气单胞菌感染48 h时的累计死亡率,其中10mg/kg组显著降低(P＜0.05).综上所述,在本试验条件下,腹腔注射β-葡聚糖可以提高黄颡鱼血清免疫相关指标和抗氧化酶活性,增强抗嗜水气单胞菌感染能力.     

黄颡鱼迟钝爱德华菌的分离鉴定及其致病性研究

为了确定黄颡鱼发病的原因,试验从患病黄颡鱼体内分离得到1株病原菌,命名为GDYM20160809,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定、16S rDNA分析及系统进化树构建等方法对分离菌进行鉴定,采用滤纸片扩散法对分离菌进行药敏试验。结果显示,该分离菌为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,PCR扩增其16S rDNA片段,经测序及BLAST比对,显示其与迟钝爱德华菌(Edwardsiella tarda)的同源性达100%,结合生理生化鉴定结果确定分离菌为迟钝爱德华菌。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对磺胺类药物、头孢类药物、青霉素、复方新诺明等药物敏感,对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠、新生霉素、多黏菌素B、阿米卡星、卡那霉素和万古霉素6种药物耐药;人工感染试验结果证实,菌株对罗非鱼、禾花鲤、草鱼和黄颡鱼都有很强的致病性。本试验结果为有效防控黄颡鱼细菌性疾病提供了理论依据,并可指导养殖户合理用药。     

黄颡鱼迟钝爱德华菌的分离鉴定及其致病性研究

为了确定黄颡鱼发病的原因,试验从患病黄颡鱼体内分离得到1株病原菌,命名为GDYM20160809,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定、16S rDNA分析及系统进化树构建等方法对分离菌进行鉴定,采用滤纸片扩散法对分离菌进行药敏试验。结果显示,该分离菌为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,PCR扩增其16S rDNA片段,经测序及BLAST比对,显示其与迟钝爱德华菌（Edwardsiella tarda）的同源性达100%,结合生理生化鉴定结果确定分离菌为迟钝爱德华菌。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对磺胺类药物、头孢类药物、青霉素、复方新诺明等药物敏感,对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠、新生霉素、多黏菌素B、阿米卡星、卡那霉素和万古霉素6种药物耐药;人工感染试验结果证实,菌株对罗非鱼、禾花鲤、草鱼和黄颡鱼都有很强的致病性。本试验结果为有效防控黄颡鱼细菌性疾病提供了理论依据,并可指导养殖户合理用药。     

池塘主养黄颡鱼高产试验

黄颡鱼为鲶形目、鲶科、黄颡鱼属,北方地区俗称嘎牙子,是一种适温性很广的鱼类。该鱼属底栖杂食性、小型淡水经济鱼类,肉质鲜嫩,少细刺,味道鲜美,营养丰富,目前市场上深受消费者欢迎。为了提高池塘养殖黄颡鱼产量,我们2009年在铁岭县范家屯鱼种场进行了养殖黄颡鱼高产试验,现将试验情况总结如下。     

黄颡鱼池塘主养技术

黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus Suluidraco),属鲶形目,鲍科.俗称嘎鱼、黄姑、黄腊丁,为广布性鱼类,在江河、湖泊、沟渠中都能生存,喜栖息于静水缓流处,底栖生活.     

膨化饲料网箱养殖黄颡鱼试验

黄颡鱼又名黄刺骨、黄菇鱼等，为鲶形目，鲶科，黄颡鱼属。该鱼为底栖杂食性鱼类，体型小，无细刺，肉质细嫩，肉味鲜美，营养丰富，该鱼在市场上深受广大消费者喜爱，且价格高，当前野生鱼日趋稀少，有较广阔的养殖前景。2007年我们用专业厂家生产的黄颡鱼专用膨化饲料进行9个月网箱的养殖试验，取得了较好的经济效益，     

黄颡鱼源维氏气单胞菌Aha和gyrB基因双重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、准确检测黄颡鱼源维氏气单胞菌(A.veronii)的方法,本研究根据A.veronii菌株RC110724黏附素基因(Aha)和促旋酶B亚单位基因(gyrB)序列设计引物,经条件优化建立了A.veronii的双重PCR检测方法。结果显示该方法可以同时扩增出A.veronii 419 bp和745 bp两条特异性的片段,而对嗜水气单胞菌、迟缓爱德华菌、副溶血性弧菌、麦氏弧菌、荧光假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、柱状黄杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、无乳链球菌、舒伯特气单胞菌扩增结果为阴性;该方法对A.veronii标准株ATCC35624和RC110724基因组DNA和菌体检测下限分别为6.6×10~(-3)ng/μL和3.2×10~2cfu/mL。利用建立的双重PCR方法对30份临床样品进行检测,结果与细菌传统分离鉴定符合率为100%。同时,双重PCR可以检出菌株RC110724人工感染的黄颡鱼肝、脾和肾组织中的细菌DNA,对肝和脾脏组织的样品检测效果最好。本研究建立的双重PCR检测方法特异性好,具有较高的检测灵敏性,可用于黄颡鱼等A.veronii感染病例的快速诊断和流行病学监测。     

池塘高密度养殖黄颡鱼的生长和效益分析

黄颡鱼隶属鲶形目、鲿科和黄颡鱼属.作为一种肉味鲜美和经济价值较高的养殖鱼类,近年在全国各地广泛养殖,也取得较为显著的养殖经济效益.黄颡鱼为偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类,在人工养殖条件下,主要摄食配合饲料.不同地区黄颡鱼的池塘养殖主要在放养密度、商品鱼上市规格和配合饲料的养殖效果等方面有一定的差异,因此也导致养殖的经济效益有较大的差异.     

黄颡鱼高产养殖技术

黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)属鲶形目，尝科，黄颡鱼属。俗称嘎鱼，又称黄姑、昂刺鱼、黄鳍鱼、黄腊丁、英文名：Yellow canfish。其背鲑鳍刺和胸鳍刺均有毒腺，为淡水刺毒鱼类中毒性较强的鱼类之一。被刺后立即发生强烈灼痛，常因穿刺造成出血、肿胀、并引起发烧，半小时后疼痛消     

瓦氏黄颡鱼成鱼无公害池塘养殖技术

瓦氏黄颡鱼（PEL TEEBAGRUS VACHELLIRI CHARDSON），又称江黄颡鱼，是黄颡鱼属中个体最大、生长速度最快的一种,二日龄瓦氏黄颡鱼体重可达300-600g，最大个体达1850g。瓦氏黄颡鱼肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、鱼汤呈乳白色，浓而不腥，鲜中带甜，无鱼腥味和肌间刺，深受广大消费者青睐。我站经过6年在不同面积的池塘成鱼养殖，总结出一套成鱼无公害池塘养殖技术。     

Outer membrane protein profiles of Edwardsiella ictaluri from fish.

Outer membrane proteins (OMP) prepared with sodium N-lauroyl sarcocinate (SLS) from 33 Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from fish were examined by electrophoresis. Twenty-eight isolates from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) had similar OMP profiles. Ten bands (71 kilodaltons [kD] to 19.5 kD) were identified in all isolates from channel catfish. One major 35-kD protein comprised most of the protein content of the outer membrane of isolates from channel catfish. Differences existed among isolates in the amount of protein within minor OMP bands. Edwardsiella ictaluri ATCC 33202 contained larger quantities of the 38.5- and 37-kD proteins than did the other isolates. Outer membrane protein profiles of E ictaluri derived from Bengal danio (Danio devario) and walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) were identical to OMP profiles of isolates from channel catfish. In contrast, OMP profiles from single isolates from green knife fish (Eigemannia virescens) and white catfish (Ictalurus catus) were different. Variations in incubation time, SLS extraction time, SLS extraction number, and in vivo and in vitro passage had no effect on the OMP profile of E ictaluri ATCC 33202. An increase in duration of sample solubilization did affect the OMP profile of E ictaluri ATCC 33202 by decreasing the amount of protein in 52-, 46-, and 43.5-kD bands. Accompanying the decrease were increased staining intensity in the 31.5- and 28.5-kD bands and the appearance of 4 new bands (34, 33, 25.5, and 22.5 kD). Edwardsiella ictaluri, a gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae, is the cause of enteric septicemia of catfish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

In vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of Edwardsiella ictaluri, etiological agent of enteric septicemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), to florfenicol.

In vitro studies were conducted to assess the sensitivity of Edwardsiella ictaluri, the etiological agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), to the antibacterial drug florfenicol (FFC). Twelve different E. ictaluri isolates from cases submitted between 1994 and 1997 to the Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center fish diagnostic laboratory (Stoneville, MS) were used for testing. These isolates originated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) infected with E. ictaluri through natural outbreaks of ESC in the commercial catfish ponds in Mississippi. Seven hundred sixty-seven additional cultures of E. ictaluri were obtained from channel catfish infected experimentally with E. ictaluri. In some of these experimental infections, FFC was used for treatment. These cultures of E. ictaluri were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Kirby-Bauer zones of inhibition (in mm) for FFC against E. ictaluri were determined using standard methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FFC was determined for the natural outbreak E. ictaluri isolates and arbitrarily selected experimental cultures. The zones of inhibition for FFC tested with E. ictaluri ranged from 31 to 51 mm. The MIC for FFC tested with E. ictaluri was consistently 0.25 microg/ml. Edwardsiella ictaluri tested in these studies were highly sensitive to FFC in vitro.     

Enhanced susceptibility of channel catfish to the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri after parasitism by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri and parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) are two common pathogens of cultured fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to E. ictaluri and determine bacterial loads in different fish organs after parasitism by Ich. Fish received the following treatments: (1) infected by I. multifiliis at 5000 theronts/fish and exposed to E. ictaluri; (2) infected by I. multifiliis alone; (3) exposed to E. ictaluri alone; and (4) non-infected control. E. ictaluri in fish organs were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and reported as genome equivalents per mg of tissue (GEs/mg). The results demonstrated that the Ich-parasitized catfish showed significantly (P<0.05) higher mortality (91.7%) when exposed to E. ictaluri than non-parasitized fish (10%). The bacterial loads in fish infected by 5000 theronts/fish ranged from 6497 to 163,898 GEs/mg which was between 40 and 2000 fold higher than non-parasitized fish (49-141 GEs/mg). Ich infection enhanced the susceptibility of channel catfish to bacterial invasion and increased fish mortality.     

Effects of variable periods of food deprivation on the development of enteric septicemia in channel catfish

Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most significant bacterial disease affecting channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Withholding feed during outbreaks of ESC is a widely accepted industry practice used to control losses from the disease. Scientific evidence concerning the validity of the practice is contradictory. Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the survival of channel catfish fingerlings following variable periods of feed deprivation before and after exposure to E. ictaluri in controlled aquarium experiments. In the first study, feed was withheld for varying time periods before bacterial challenge. After bacterial challenge, feed was either withheld or fish were fed daily. The second study utilized fish fed daily or fish deprived of feed 7 d before bacterial challenge. Daily feeding was resumed 4, 48, and 96 h after fish were exposed to E. ictaluri. In both experiments, the prechallenge feed treatments did not affect mortality. In contrast, withholding feed after bacterial challenge reduced mortalities by 52% in experiment 1 and by 45% in experiment 2. The highest mortality was observed when fish were fed immediately after immersion exposure and the lowest when fish were completely denied feed or fed daily starting 96 h after challenge. This reduction in mortality occurred when the concentration of E. ictaluri in aquarium water was negligible. These data suggest that when E. ictaluri is present in the water, feeding fish increases mortality by enhancing oral exposure to the pathogen.     

Isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning of cryptic plasmids isolated from Edwardsiella ictaluri

Fifty-five isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri were examined for the presence of plasmid DNA by a rapid alkaline extraction procedure. All 49 isolates from channel catfish and a single isolate from Bengal danio carried 2 plasmids with molecular masses of approximately 3.2 and 3.7 megadaltons (Mdal). Five E ictaluri isolates from other fish contained 1 to 3 plasmids, which had molecular masses ranging from 2.5 to 45 Mdal. The 2 plasmids (3.2 and 3.7 Mdal) from the type strain of E ictaluri (ATCC 33202) were ligated into pUC19 cloning vectors, and restriction endonuclease maps of each insert were prepared.     

Spleen index and mannose-binding lectin levels in four channel catfish families exhibiting different susceptibilities to Flavobacterium columnare and Edwardsiella ictaluri

Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare are two bacterial pathogens that affect channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus aquaculture. At the Catfish Genetics Research Unit (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service), some progress has been made in selectively breeding for resistance to E. ictaluri; however, the susceptibility of these families to F. columnare is not known. Our objectives were to obtain baseline information on the susceptibility of channel catfish families (maintained as part of the selective breeding program) to E. ictaluri and F. columnare and to determine whether the spleen index and plasma levels of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) are predictive indicators of susceptibility to these pathogens. Four channel catfish families were used: family A was randomly chosen from spawns of fish that were not selectively bred for resistance; families B, C, and D were obtained after selection for resistance to E. ictaluri. All four families were immersion challenged with both bacterial pathogens; the spleen index and plasma MBL levels of unchallenged fish from each family were determined. Mean cumulative percent mortality (CPM) after E. ictaluri challenge ranged from 4% to 33% among families. Families A and B were more susceptible to F. columnare (mean CPM of three independent challenges = 95% and 93%) than families C and D (45% and 48%), demonstrating that there is genetic variation in resistance to F. columnare. Spleen index values and MBL levels were not significantly different, indicating that these metrics are not predictive indicators of F. columnare or E. ictaluri susceptibility in the four tested families. Interestingly, the two families that exhibited the highest CPM after F. columnare challenges had the lowest CPM after E. ictaluri challenge. Further research on larger numbers of families is needed to determine whether there is any genetic correlation between resistance to E. ictaluri and resistance to F. columnare.     

Modulary effects of temperature on antibody response and specific resistance to challenge of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, immunized against Edwardsiella ictaluri

The effects of various temperature treatments on the level of the humoral antibody response in channel catfish immunized with formalin killed Edwardsiella ictaluri was determined in laboratory controlled experiments. Immunized fish that were held at 25 degrees C for 30 days and 12 degrees C for an additional 30 days had higher antibody titers, and were more protected upon challenge, than immunized fish held at 25 degrees C for 60 days. Also immunized catfish held at 25 degrees C for 5 or 10 days followed by 12 degrees C water had higher antibody titers than immunized fish held at 12 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 60 days. In a field experiment carried out during winter and spring (February-May) fingerling channel catfish were vaccinated with E. ictaluri using intraperitoneal injection or immersion with either sonicated or whole cell preparations. Following challenge, the fish vaccinated by immersion in the sonicated preparation had 11.8% mortality whereas the groups immersed in whole cell bacterin, injected with the whole cell bacterin in adjuvant, or injected with sonicate showed 24.6, 57.9 and 41.7% mortality, respectively. Although the fish vaccinated by immersion with the sonicated bacteria had lower antibody titers than those vaccinated by the other methods the immersion vaccinates were more protected against challenge with the pathogen.     

Edwardsiella ictaluri as the causative agent of mortality in cultured Nile tilapia

Edwardsiella ictaluri was consistently isolated from the spleens, livers, and head kidneys of diseased Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from a farm experiencing mortality events in several culture ponds. We describe the first published outbreak of E. ictaluri-induced edwardsiellosis in Nile tilapia. Pure cultures of the isolated bacteria were characterized both biochemically and molecularly. Biochemical analysis was performed using the API-20E and RapID One systems, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method. Molecular analysis involved sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PCR-mediated genomic fingerprinting (rep-PCR). Pairwise sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene identified the case isolates to be a 100% match to E. ictaluri cultured from channel catfish in the southeastern United States. However, rep-PCR analysis identified the case isolates to be genetically different from representative strains isolated from disease outbreaks in cultured channel catfish in Mississippi. Infectivity challenges (intraperitoneal injection and immersion) demonstrated that a representative E. ictaluri strain isolated from tilapia was pathogenic to naive tilapia, reproducing clinical signs and mortality, thereby establishing Koch's postulates.     

Effect of common aquaculture chemicals against Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda

Edwardsiellosis is an important bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fishes. Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish, and E. tarda causes emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish and fish gangrene in various species; these diseases have considerable economic effects on the aquaculture industry. In addition, E. tarda is an important zoonotic pathogen. Thus, the reduction or elimination of these pathogens from an aquarium or aquaculture facility is imperative. This study examined a variety of commercially available chemicals for their ability to reduce or eliminate E. ictaluri and E. tarda from the aquatic environment. The various concentrations of chemicals were tested in vitro in microcentrifuge tubes with a known concentration of bacteria at room temperature. In this study, ethyl alcohol (30, 50, or 70%), benzyl-4-chlorophenol/phenylphenol (1%), sodium hypochlorite (50, 100, 200, or 50,000 mg/L), n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1:256), povidone iodine (50 or 100 mg/L), glutaraldehyde (2%), and potassium peroxymonosulfate/sodium chloride (1%) were effective disinfectants, as each reduced or eliminated the number of detectable organisms within 1 min of contact time. However, neither Chloramine-T (15 mg/L) nor formalin (250 mg/L) substantially reduced bacterial counts even after 60 min of contact time.