Basic Soil Productivity of Spring Maize in Black Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization Based on DSSAT Model

Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity （BSP） is the production capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local environment and field management. Based on 22-yr （1990-2011） long-term experimental data on black soil （Typic hapludoll） in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China, the decision support system for an agro-technology transfer （DSSAT）-CERES-Maize model was applied to simulate the yield by BSP of spring maize （Zea mays L.） to examine the effects of long-term fertilization on changes of BSP and explore the mechanisms of BSP increasing. Five treatments were examined： （1） no-fertilization control （control）; （2） chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium （NPK）; （3） NPK plus farmyard manure （NPKM）; （4） 1.5 time of NPKM （1.5NPKM） and （5） NPK plus straw （NPKS）. Results showed that after 22-yr fertilization, the yield by BSP of spring maize significantly increased 78.0, 101.2, and 69.4% under the NPKM, 1.5NPKM and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value （in 1992）, but not significant under NPK （26.9% increase） and the control （8.9% decrease）. The contribution percentage of BSP showed a significant rising trend （P〈0.05） under 1.5NPKM. The average contribution percentage of BSP among fertilizations ranged from 74.4 to 84.7%, and ranked as 1.5NPKM〉NPKM〉NPK〉NPKS, indicating that organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers （I.5NPKM and NPKM） could more effectively increase BSP compared with the inorganic fertilizer application alone （NPK） in the black soil. This study showed that soil organic matter （SOM） was the key factor among various fertility factors that could affect BSP in the black soil, and total N, total P and/or available P also played important role in BSP increasing. Compared with the chemical fertilization, a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization （NPKM or NPKS） not only increased the concentrations of soil nutrient, but also improved the soil physical properties, and structure and diversity of soil microbial population, resulting in an iincrease of BSP. We recommend that a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization （NPKM or NPKS） should be the fertilization practices to enhance spring maize yield and improve BSP in the black soil of Northeast China.     

长期施肥下干旱区灰漠土磷的平衡与活化特征

【目的】研究灰漠土长期不同施肥管理措施下，农田土壤全磷、有效磷(Olsen-P)的变化关系及对磷素盈亏的响应，为科学施磷及土壤质量定向培育提供参考依据。【方法】以始于1989年的不同施肥措施的长期定位试验为研究对象，对土壤磷盈亏状况及土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)对土壤盈亏的响应关系、磷素活化系数(PAC)等进行分析。【结果】NP、PK、NPK、NPKS处理土壤PAC随施肥年限呈抛物线变化，并在第16年时达到峰值，NPKM、1.5NPKM处理PAC随施肥年限呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.01),年增加速率分别为0.23%和0.42%。CK、NK当季土壤表观磷盈亏呈现亏缺状态，当季土壤磷平均亏缺量分别为8.9、15.5 kg/hm²;NP、PK、NPK、NPKS当季土壤磷盈余值的平均值分别为35.4、38.9、32.3和25.4 kg/hm²,NPKM、1.5NPKM处理当季土壤磷盈余值分别为49.6、127.8 kg/hm²,年际盈余量随种植年限逐渐下降，施磷处理土壤有效磷增量与累计盈亏间存在显著相关性，每盈余100 ...     

长期定位施肥对无机磷形态转化及其有效性的影响

通过对不同施肥模式下灰漠土无机磷形态研究,结果表明:(1)新疆灰漠土磷素以无机磷为主,占全磷85 9%;无机磷中又以钙磷为主,其中Ca10-P和Ca8-P占无机磷总量的81.5%,Ca2-P仅占2.3%,O-P,Al-P,Fe-P分别占6.1%,5.9%,4.2%.(2)不施磷或施磷但不均衡施肥,均会导致土壤有效磷下降;氮磷钾均衡施肥和有机肥配施氮磷钾化肥,会使土壤有效磷持平或上升;(3)灰漠土磷素中,Ca2-P有效性最高,Q-P有效性最低,有效性顺序为:Ca2-P＞Fe-P＞Al-P＞Ca8-P＞Ca10-P＞O-P.     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.     

磷肥品种和施用方式对灌耕灰漠土有效磷和无机磷形态的影响

为了灌耕灰漠土合理施用磷肥,通过土壤培养试验,设置不施磷（CK）、重过磷酸钙基施（TSP）、磷酸一铵基施（MAP-B）、聚磷酸铵基施（APP-B）、磷酸一铵一次性滴施（MAP-D）和聚磷酸铵一次性滴施（APP-D）6个处理,研究磷肥品种和施用方式对土壤有效磷和无机磷形态的影响。结果表明：3种磷肥基施处理（TSP、MAP-B和APP-B）的0～20 cm土层有效磷含量随培养时间显著降低,MAP和APP一次性滴施处理（MAP-D和APP-D）的5～10 cm土层有效磷含量随培养时间呈现增长的趋势。不施磷处理灌耕灰漠土中无机磷以Ca₁₀-P和O-P为主,分别占无机磷总量的47.94%和23.76%。3种磷肥基施处理均提高0～20 cm土层灌耕灰漠土有效磷含量、无机磷总量以及Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P的比例,但以上含量和比例在三者之间（TSP、MAP-B和APP-B）均无显著差异。与MAP和APP基施处理相比,二者一次性滴施处理只显著提高灰漠土 0～5 cm土层有效磷含量、无机磷总量和Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P的比例,显著降低Ca₁₀-P的比例,提升了0～5 cm土层的供磷能力。综上所述,3种磷肥基施处理均提升了0～20 cm土层的供磷能力,MAP和APP一次性滴施处理仅显著提升了0～5 cm土层的土壤供磷能力,因此生产实践中建议选择价格较低的重过磷酸钙基施。     

Response of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Aggregate Fractions to Long-Term Fertilization in Irrigated Desert Soil of China

Irrigated desert soil samples in the Hexi Corridor of China were collected over a period of 23 years from a site where different fertilization methods had been used. Changes of soil organic carbon （SOC） and its water stable aggregate （WSA） size fractions were studied. The effects of various fertilization methods on the distribution of added organic carbon （OC） in different WSA size fractions were also analyzed. The results showed that the applied fertilizations for 23 years improved SOC concentrations and OC concentrations in all WSA size fractions compared to the non-fertilized treatment （CK）. In addition, fertilization obviously increased the OC stocks of2 mm, 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm WSA fractions, respectively. A signiifcant positive correlation was found between soil C gains and OC inputs （r=0.92, P〈0.05）, indicating that SOC may have not reached the saturation point yet at the site. The C sequestration rate was estimated by 14.02%at the site. The OC stocks in all of the〈2 mm WSA fractions increased with the increase of OC input amounts;and the conversion rate of the input fresh OC to the OC stock of〈0.053 mm WSA fraction was 1.2 and 2.6 times higher than those of the 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm WSA fractions, respectively. Therefore, the〈0.053 mm WSA fraction was the most important component for soil C sequestration in the irrigated desert soil.     

长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土土壤呼吸特征研究

[目的]探讨长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土的土壤呼吸变化特征,为西北干旱区灰漠土农田土壤碳通量的计算以及灰漠土固碳潜力的评估提供依据.[方法]在连续定位施肥22 a灰漠土长期试验的12个处理中选择5个处理,利用英国ACE土壤碳通量测量仪,对其呼吸速率进行24 h的连续监测.同时监测试验区气温和5 cm地表温度等相关气象数据.[结果]长期施用有机物料(NPKM、M、S)的土壤呼吸速率总体高于不施用有机物料(NPK、CK)的处理,以单施有机肥(M)处理对土壤呼吸速率的影响最为显著,秸秆还田处理其次.NPKM处理的土壤呼吸速率小于M和S,说明化肥配合有机肥的施肥方式能够减缓农田CO2的释放,长期施用有机物料处理的土壤呼吸速率对环境温度的敏感性大于不施用有机物料的土壤,陈NPKM处理外,其余处理与地表温度间存在线性关系.[结论]从农业固碳减排和土壤肥力培育的角度,有机无机配合施用是实现新疆农田地力提升和环境友好双赢的重要培肥措施.     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long- Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

新垦灌耕棕漠土不同团聚体中磷组分研究

[目的]研究新疆南疆3县新垦灌耕灰棕漠土不同团聚体无机磷组分分布规律.[方法]采用干筛法来进行土壤团聚体分级,蒋柏藩和顾益初等[1,2]提出的无机磷分级改进法测定不同团聚体中无机磷的组分.[结果]南疆3县新开垦灌耕棕漠土中的无机磷组分随着团聚体大小增大而减少,但无机磷的变化范围因土地利用方式的不同而异.不同团聚体的无机磷组分以Ca10 -P为主,占无机磷总量的22;～55;.无机磷组分中含量最低的是Fe-P和Al-P,占无机磷总量的2;～6;.无机磷组分中O-P占总量的9;～30;.有效磷Ca2 -P约占无机磷总量的5;.Cas -P含量为无机磷总量的20; ～ 30;.不同团聚体之间无机磷含量的差异都达到极显著的水平.[结论]在南疆3县新垦灌耕棕漠土不同团聚体中无机磷组分中以Ca10-P为主,占无机磷总量的一半左右,且无机磷组分在不同团聚体中的差异都达到显著或极显著的水平.     

Crop Yield and Soil Properties in the First 3 Years After Biochar Application to a Calcareous Soil

It remains unclear whether biochar applications to calcareous soils can improve soil fertility and crop yield. A long-term field experiment was established in 2009 so as to determine the effect of biochar on crop yield and soil properties in a calcareous soil. Five treatments were： 1） straw incorporation; 2） straw incorporation with inorganic fertilizer; 3）, 4） and 5） straw incorporation with inorganic fertilizer, and biochar at 30, 60, and 90 t ha-l, respectively. The annual yield of either winter wheat or summer maize was not increased significantly following biochar application, whereas the cumulative yield over the first 4 growing seasons was significantly increased. Soil pH, measured in situ, was increased by a maximum of 0.35 units after 2 yr following biochar application. After 3 yr, soil bulk density significantly decreased while soil water holding capacity increased with adding biochar of 90 t ha^-1. Alkaline hydrolysable N decreased but exchangeable K increased due to biochar addition. Olsen-P did not change compared to the treatment without biochar. The results suggested that biochar could be used in calcareous soils without yield loss or significant impacts on nutrient availability.     

Effect of Agricultural Use of the Mixture Phosphogypsum/Natural Phosphate on the Dynamics of Phosphor in Soil and the Plant

The industrial production of the phosphoric acid is important and makes itself in a big number of countries. The by-product descended of this industry, residuary gypsum called phosphogypsum, poses a major environmental problem. The aim of this work is to identify and to value the potentialities of valorization of the by-product phosphogypsum produce in Morocco, for a use in the domain of agriculture. They can contain 1% to 6% of free acids. The idea is to use this acid to partially solubilize natural phosphate and to make the final product richer in phosphorus （about I0% of total P205 half soluble） and therefore more attractive on the agronomic and economic plan. For mixtures phosphogypsum/natural phosphate, a study of clarification is necessary, by varying the proportions of products, the humidities, mixing techniques, the ripening time to achieve a final interesting product. The dynamics of the phosphor in soil has been measured by the Olsen method and the one in the plant has been measured after drying in the steamroom to a temperature of 70 ~C to 75 ~C during 72 hours. A trial hold is incinerated. The ashes are taken by acid hydrochloric extract and the phosphor is measured out with the help of an UV spectrometer to 430 nm. The pH has been followed with the help of a pH-meter. The phosphor presents a remarkable dynamics in mixture with the phosphogypsum.     

A 15N-Labeling Study of the Capture of Deep Soil Nitrate from Different Plant Systems

The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of different plant systems in capturing deep soil nitrate （NO3-） to reduce NO3- leaching in a field plot experiment using 15N labelling. The study was conducted on a calcareous alluvial soil on the North China Plains and the plant systems evaluated included alfalfa （Medicago sativa）, American black poplar （Populus nigra） and cocksfoot （Dactylis）. ^15N-labelled N fertilizer was injected to 90 cm depth to determine the recovery of ^15N by the plants. With conventional water and nutrient management, the total recovery of ^15N-labeled NO3--N was 23.4% by alfalfa after two consecutive growth years. The recovery was significantly higher than those by American black poplar （12.3%） and cocksfoot （11.4%）. The highest proportion of soil residual ~SN from the labeled fertilizer N （%Ndff） was detected around 90 cm soil depth at the time of the 1st year harvest and at 110-130 cm soil depth at time of the 2nd year harvest. Soil %Ndff in 0-80 cm depth was significantly higher in the alfalfa treatment than those in all the other treatments. The soil %Ndff below 100 cm depth was much lower in the alfalfa than those in all the other treatments. These results indicated that ^15N leaching losses in the alfalfa treatment were significantly lower than by those in the black poplar and cocksfoot treatments, due to the higher root density located in nitrate labeling zone of soil profile. In conclusion, alfalfa may be used as a plant to capture deep soil NO3- left from previous crops to reduce NO3- leaching in high intensity crop cultivation systems of North China Plain.     

Does Biochar Addition Influence the Change Points of Soil Phosphorus Leaching?

Phosphorus change point indicating the threshold related to P leaching, largely depends on soil properties. Increasing data have shown that biochar addition can improve soil retention capacity of ions. However, we have known little about weather biochar amendment influence the change point of P leaching. In this study, two soils added with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g biochar kg-1 were incubated at 25℃ for 14 d following adjusting the soil moisture to 50% water-holding capacity （WHC）. The soils with different available P values were then obtained by adding a series of KH2PO4 solution （ranging from 0 to 600 mg P kg-1 soil）, and subjecting to three cycles of drying and rewetting. The results showed that biochar addition significantly lifted the P change points in the tested soils, together with changes in soil pH, organic C, Olen-P and CaC12-P but little on exchangeable Ca and Mg, oxalate-extractable Fe and Al. The Olsen-P at the change points ranged from 48.65 to 185.07 mg kg-1 in the alluvial soil and 71.25 to 98.65 mg kg^-1 in the red soil, corresponding to CaCl2-P of 0.31-6.49 and 0.18-0.45 mg L~, respectively. The change points of the alluvial soil were readily changed by adding biochar compared with that of the red soil. The enhancement of change points was likely to be explained as the improvement of phosphate retention ability in the biochar-added soils.     

新疆连作棉田施用生物炭对土壤养分及微生物群落多样性的影响

【目的】研究生物炭处理对新疆连作棉田土壤养分和微生物多样性的影响,为农业废弃物的合理利用和防治棉花连作障碍提供科学依据和理论指导。【方法】在大田覆膜滴灌栽培条件下,测定土壤养分含量,并采用常规培养法,结合Biolog微平板技术对连作棉田根际和非根际土壤可培养微生物、生理菌群数量和碳源利用进行分析,研究施用生物炭对新疆石河子垦区灰漠土和风沙土土壤养分和微生物多样性的影响。灰漠土试验分别设生物炭+常规NPK施肥（BC+CK）和常规NPK施肥（CK）两种,生物炭施用量22.5 t·hm^-2;风沙土设低量生物炭+常规NPK施肥（BC1+CK）、高量生物炭+常规NPK施肥（BC2+CK）和常规NPK施肥（CK）3种,低量生物炭施用量22.5 t·hm^-2,高量生物炭施用量45 t·hm^-2。【结果】施用生物炭对新疆连作棉田根际和非根际土壤pH和养分有一定的影响。和常规施肥相比,灰漠土pH降低或差异不显著,风沙土则显著升高。有机质含量两组灰漠土根际土壤分别增加36.1%和7.9%,非根际土壤分别增加32.8%和15.4%;风沙土低量生物炭和高量生物炭根际土壤分别增加63.6%和295.1%,非根际土壤分别增加93.5%和108.8%。灰漠土其余养分含量规律不明显,风沙土速效磷和速效钾含量有增加趋势,速效氮含量降低。施用生物炭对新疆连作棉田根际土壤细菌和真菌数量有提升作用,风沙土作用效果好于灰漠土。两组灰漠土根际土壤细菌数量分别提高2.2%和72.1%,真菌数量分别提高80.0%和83.3%;风沙土低量和高量生物炭处理细菌数量分别提高16.1%和35.7%,真菌数量均提高了300.0%。同时施用生物炭提高了灰漠土根际和非根际土壤纤维素分解菌和自生固氮菌的数量,但亚硝化细菌数量有降低趋势;风沙土根际和非根际土壤5类生理菌群的数量均显著提高。土壤微生物群落碳源利用表明,施用生物炭土壤微生物活性差异不显著或显著提升,但风沙土根际土壤微生物的作用效果好于非根际土壤;根际土壤Shannon指数有升高趋势。【结论】总体而言,施用生物炭能提高新疆灰漠土和风沙土连作棉田根际土壤养分和微生物多样性,且风沙土的改良效果好于灰漠土。     

Long Term Effects of Farming System on Soil Water Content and Dry Soil Layer in Deep Loess Proifle of Loess Tableland in China

Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep loess proifle, which is critical for maintaining the function of the“soil water pool”is rarely studied because deep proifle soil samples are dififcult to collect. In this study, four experimental plots were established in 2005 to represent different farming systems on the Changwu Tableland：fallow land, fertilized cropland, unfertilized cropland, and continuous alfalfa. The soil water content in the 15-m-deep loess proifles was monitored continuously from 2007 to 2012 with the neutron probe technique. The results showed that temporal variations in soil water proifles differed among the four farming systems. Under fallow land, the soil water content increased gradually over time, ifrst in the surface layers and later in the deep soil layers. In contrast, the soil water content decreased gradually under continuous alfalfa. The distributions of soil water in deep soil layers under both fertilized and unfertilized cropland were relatively stable over time. Thus farming system signiifcantly affected soil water content. Seven years after the start of the experiment, the soil water contents in the 15-m-deep proifles averaged 23.4%under fallow land, 20.3%under fertilized cropland, 21.6%under unfertilized cropland, and 16.0%under continuous alfalfa. Compared to measurements at the start of the experiment, both fallow land and unfertilized cropland increased soil water storage in the 15-m loess proifles. In contrast, continuous alfalfa reduced soil water storage. Fertilized cropland has no signiifcant effect on soil water storage. These results suggest that deep soil water can be replenished under the fallow and unfertilized farming systems. Dry soil layers （i.e., those which have soil water content less than the stable ifeld water capacity） in the subsoil of the Changwu Tableland region can be classiifed as either temporary dry soil layers or persistent dry soil layers. Temporary dry soil layers, which typically form under annual crops, often disappear during wet years. Persistent dry soil layers generally develop under perennial vegetation. Even after removing the vegetation, persistent dry soil layers remain for several decades. This study provides information useful for the conservation and utilization of soil water resources in the Loess Tableland.     

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only （NPK）, green manure （Astragalus sinicus L.） in early rice only （OM1）, high rate of green manure in early rice only （OM2）, combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice （OM3）, combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OM4）, combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OMS）. Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 （33.9 t ha^-1） and OM4 （31.8 t ha^-1）, but no difference between NPK fertilization （27 t ha^-1） and nonfertilization （28.1 t ha^-1）. There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments （0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr^-1） than in chemical fertilizer （0.216 g kg^-1 yr^-1） and no fertilizer （0.127 g kg^-1 yr^-1）.     

Soil Quality Assessment of Acid Sulfate Paddy Soils with Different Productivities in Guangdong Province,China

Land conversion is considered an effective measure to ensure national food security in China, but little information is available on the quality of low productivity soils, in particular those in acid sulfate soil regions. In our study, acid sulfate paddy soils were divided into soils with high, medium and low levels based on local rice productivity, and 60 soil samples were collected for analysis. Twenty soil variables including physical, chemical and biochemical properties were determined. Those variables that were significantly different between the high, medium and low productivity soils were selected for principal component analysis, and microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available silicon （ASi）, pH and available zinc （AZn） were retained in the minimum data set （MDS）. After scoring the MDS variables, they were integrated to calculate a soil quality index （SQI）, and the high, medium and low productivity paddy soils received mean SQI scores of 0.95, 0.83 and 0.60, respectively. Low productivity paddy soils showed worse soil quality, and a large discrepancy was observed between the low and high productivity paddy soils. Lower MBC, TN, ASi, pH and available K （AK） were considered as the primary limiting factors. Additionally, all the soil samples collected were rich in available P and AZn, but deficient in AK and ASi. The results suggest that soil AK and ASi deficiencies were the main limiting factors for all the studied acid sulfate paddy soil regions. The application of K and Si on a national basis and other sustainable management approaches are suggested to improve rice productivity, especially for low productivity paddy soils. Our results indicated that there is a large potential for increasing productivity and producing more cereals in acid sulfate paddy soil regions.     

长期不同施肥措施下灌漠土养分特征变化分析

[目的]研究长期不同施肥对新疆东部灌漠土养分特征的影响.[方法]以新疆东部吐鲁番肥力长期监测点的黄土状灌漠土为研究对象,选取长期施用有机肥(M)、化肥(NP)、化肥配施有机肥(NP+1/2M、1/4NP+1/3M)、撂荒(CK0)5种典型处理,分析不同施肥措施下,0～20 cm、20～40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮...     

滴灌专用肥中磷素在3种土壤—棉花系统中的运移

基于同位素示踪技术,将32P标记的滴灌专用肥滴入3种不同类型的土壤,应用储磷屏扫描影像技术研究磷素在土壤中的运移情况,同时应用超低本底闪烁仪测定土壤和棉株32 P放射性活度。结果表明,各处理磷素在3种土壤中的运移距离均在10cm以内。灰漠土+滴灌专用肥处理的运移距离高于其他处理,并且施用滴灌专用肥后的运移距离为灰漠土(8.49cm)>草甸土(5.48cm)>红壤(3.65cm)。滴灌专用肥在不同土壤中的运移距离存在显著差异;棉株对磷素的吸收情况在不同土壤中也存在显著差异;棉株和土壤速效磷中32P放射性活度占总标记量的比例在各处理间存在显著差异。从运移距离、棉株生长等方面看,滴灌专用肥并不适合在红壤中施用,在新疆两种石灰性土壤中的施用也有差异,灰漠土中植物吸收的32 P放射性活度明显高于草甸土,而草甸土速效磷中32P放射性活度又明显高于灰漠土,两种土壤植物吸收的32 P放射性活度比例与土壤速效磷中残留的32P放射性活度比例之和相差不大。从植物对磷素的吸收而言,灰漠土中施用滴灌专用肥明显好于草甸土,这可能是由于草甸土本身的养分指标高于灰漠土,施用同样量的滴灌专用肥可能对作物的吸收以及土壤养分的转化产生影响,所以建议在新疆各类型土壤中施用滴灌专用肥前先测定土壤的基本理化指标,再根据实际情况施用各种肥料。     

灰漠土长期试验地氮素矿化和硝化作用的特征

采用培育试验研究了灰漠土长期定位试验中不同施肥处理小区表层和亚表层土壤的矿化和硝化作用特征.结果表明:灰漠土的硝化作用非常强烈.pH是影响硝化作用的重要因素,硝化率与土壤pH呈显著正相关.合理施肥调控土壤肥力是提高灰漠土肥力的重要措施.