Accumulation of Carbohydrate and Regulation of 14-3-3 Protein on Sucrose Phosphate Synthase(SPS) Activity in Two Tomato Species

To explore the differences of carbohydrate metabolism in two tomato species and discuss the possible regulation of 14-3-3proteins on the sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)activity,we determined the contents of soluble sugar and starch through high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The activities of sugar-metabolizing enzymes were assayed in desalted extract,and the relative expression levels of related genes in sugar metabolism were determined though real-time RT-PCR.The results indicated that glucose and fructose were mainly accumulated during the maturation of the fruit because of the high acid invertase(AI)and neutral invertase(NI)in Micro-Tom(Solanum lycopersicum)fruit,while in Solanum chmielewskii fruit,SPS which went along with the change of sucrose content led to the rapid sucrose increase during the fruit ripening.TFT1and TFT10,belonging to 14-3-3 protein in tomato,were likely to down-regulated SPS activity during young and intumescence period.     

Effects of Increased Night Temperature on Cellulose Synthesis and the Activity of Sucrose Metabolism Enzymes in Cotton Fiber

Temperature is one of the key factors that influence cotton fiber synthesis at the late growth stage of cotton. In this paper, using two early-maturing cotton varieties as experimental materials, night temperature increase was stimulated in the field using far-infrared quartz tubes set in semi-mobile incubators and compared with the normal night temperatures (control) in order to investigate the effects of night temperature on the cotton fiber cellulose synthesis during secondary wall thickening. The results showed that the activity of sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) quickly increased and remained constant during the development of cotton fiber, while the activity of acid invertase (AI) and alkaline invertase (NI) decreased, increased night temperatures prompted the rapid transformation of sugar, and all the available sucrose fully converted into cellulose. With night temperature increasing treatment, an increase in SuSy activity and concentration of sucrose indicate more sucrose converted into UDPG (uridin diphosphate-glucose) during the early and late stages of cotton fiber development. Furthermore, SPS activity and the increased concentration of fructose accelerated fructose degradation and reduced the inhibition of fructose to SuSy; maintaining higher value of allocation proportion of invertase and sucrose during the early development stages of cotton fiber, which was propitious to supply a greater carbon source and energy for cellulose synthesis. Therefore, the minimum temperature in the nightime was a major factor correlated with the activity of sucrose metabolism enzymes in cotton fiber. Consequently, soluble sugar transformation and cellulose accumulation were closely associated with the minimum night temperature.     

Leaf Responses of Micropropagated Apple Plants to Water Stress： Changes in Endogenous Hormones and Their Influence on Carbohydrate Metabolism

The changes in the concentrations of endogenous hormones and their influence on carbohydrate metabolism in leaves of micropropagated Fuji apple plants were studied under water deficiency stress. The results showed that water stress induced a rapid increase in the concentration of abscisic acid （ABA） and led to a decrease in concentrations of both zeatin and gibberellins （GAs）. The concentration of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） changed in an independent manner, which was not correlated with the different levels of water stress. With regard to the carbohydrates, the contents of sorbitol and sucrose increased, whereas the content of starch decreased. The increase in the concentration of ABA was significantly correlated with both the increase in the activity of aldose-6-phosphate reductase （A6PR） and the decrease in the activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase （SDH）, indicating that ABA played a regulatory role in sorbitol metabolism. The concentration of ABA was positively correlated to the activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase （SPS） but negatively correlated to the activities of acid invertase （AI） and ADP-glucose-pyrophosphorylase （ADPGppase） in water-stressed plants, which indicated that ABA promoted sucrose synthesis and inhibited sucrose degradation and starch synthesis at the same time. Under conditions of water stress, the decrease in the level of zeatin was accompanied by a decrease in the activities of SDH and ADPGPPase. GAs concentration showed positive correlation with ADPGPPase activity. IAA showed no significant correlation with any of the enzymes tested in this study. The results of this study suggested that ABA might be one of the key factors regulating the distribution of carbohydrates under water stress. The metabolism of sorbitol and starch under conditions of water stress might be regulated by the combined action of many plant hormones.     

Effects of Variation in Activities of Starch-Sugar Metabolic Enzymes on Reducing Sugar Accumulation and Processing Quality of Potato Tubers

The experiment was designed, via storing potato tubers of cv. E-Potatol and E-Potato3 in different temperatures, to explore the variation patterns of reducing sugar (RS) and total sugar (TS) contents and enzyme activities that are involved in the pathway of starch-sugar metabolism aiming at identifying the main factors that influence the chip color. The results showed that low temperature in storage was a main factor that accelerated the accumulation of RS of the stored tubers and a very significant linear relationship existed between RS content and chip color index (CCI) of the tubers. Further analysis elucidated that when tubers stored at 4℃, the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) and sucrose synthase (SuSy) were negatively exponential to the RS content significantly while that of acid invertase and alkaline invertase was significantly linear to RS content. It suggested that these enzymes could play main roles in the cold sweetening of potato tubers through regulating starch-sugar metabolism.     

Change in ^14C-soluble Sugar Involved in the Photosynthate Translocation Pathway of Tomato

Liaoyuanduoli tomato was planted in pots in a solar greenhouse. The first leaf below the second cluster was labeled by ^14CO2 with a dose of 0.555 MBq 30 days after the second cluster anthesis. Mesophyll, midrib, petiole vascular of the fed leaf, internode vascular below the fed leaf （adjacent to the fed leaf）, peduncle vascular of the second cluster, sepal, fruit pedicle, pulp, pectinic, and dissepiment were taken 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, after ^14CO2 feed to determinate the composition and specific activity of carbohydrate at different sites and different time after the labeling. The results indicated that almost all of the photosynthates resulting from 1 h of photosynthesis could be transported out of the leaf within 72 h and more than 85% of them were exported within 24 h. The greatest amount of sucrose transport occurred in the internode pedicel vascular bundle 8 h after the start of photosynthesis. Assimilates entering the fruit through the internode and pedicel vascular bundles were detectable but in small quantities 2 h after photosynthesis. Only the radio activity of sucrose but not that of glucose and fructose was detected, suggesting that some of the sucrose in the fruit came directly through the phloem at an early stage of fruit development, not through the synthesis of glucose and fructose. Fruit vascular may be the part where sucrose first metabolized after it entered the fruit.     

Study on Effect of Age of Seedlings Transplant on the Performance of Tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） in a Southwestern Nigeria Location

Field trials were conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Plant Science of the University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria during the 2005 and 2006 cropping season to examine the effects of age of transplanting on the performance of tomato Lycopersieon esculentum L. Establishment count %, plant height stem girth, earliness to flower, and fruit yield were significantly affected by the ages at which the seedlings were transplanted. The 2 and 3 weeks after sowing transplants were identical in performance and gave the highest number of field establishment count, growth increase, and yield. The 4WAS transplants performed better than the 5WAS transplants. It is concluded that a delay in early transplanting of tomato seedlings after 4WAS could lead to a very high reduction in tomato yield in the study area.     

Starch Accumulation and Enzyme Activities Associated with Starch Synthesis in Maize Kernels

The filling rate and the starch accumulation in developing maize kernel were analyzed. The changes of enzyme activities associated with sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis were investigated. The purpose is to discuss the enzymatic mechanisms responsible for starch synthesis. Two types of maize cultivars （Zea mays）, high starch maize （Feiyu 3） and normal maize （Yuyu 22）, were grown in a corn field. The factors involved in starch synthesis were performed during the growth period. The kernel filling rate, the sucrose content, the starch accumulating rates and the activities of SS （sucrose synthase）, GBSS （granule-bound starch synthase）, SBE （starch branching enzyme） of Feiyu 3, which has high starch content, were significantly higher than those of Yuyu 22, which has low starch content, after 10 DAP （days after pollination）. Correlation analysis indicated that ADPGPPase （ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase） and DBE （starch debranching enzyme） were not correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate, but the SS activity at the middle and late period were highly significantly correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate. The GBSS activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylose accumulating rate, but not correlated with the kernel filling rate. The SBE activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylopectin accumulating rate and the kernel filling rate. It was not ADPGPPase and DBE, but SS was the rate-limiting factor of starch biosynthesis in developing maize kernels. GBSS had an important effect on amylose accumulation, and SBE had a significant effect on amylopectin accumulation.     

Grain Sink Strength Related to Carbon Staying in the Leaves of Hybrid Wheat XN901

XN901 is a K-type three-line hybrid wheat with a high yield potential, and its leaves and stem remaining green during grain maturation, suggesting much assimilate stay in leaves and stem. The grain water content, grain volume, carbohydrate content, and enzyme activity of sucose metabolism in the grain, as well as source-sink relationship were studied in order to investigate the physiological reason of the assimilate remaining in leaves and stem at the late stage. The results showed that the hybrid grains had more water and soluble sugar, higher activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase at the early stage that led to a faster expansion growth, greater grain volume and faster starch synthesis at the early to mid stage of grain development. Also it had a longer period for actively filling. As a result, the grain weight and yield of the hybrid were increased by 14 and 15% respectively compared to that of Shaan 229. Additionally, the biomass of XN901 was 41.7% more than that of control, but its harvest index was 9% lower than Shaan 229. However, its lower activity of sucrose synthase indicated a lower sink activity at the late stage, resulting in a slow rate of filling and starch synthesis. Also, the hybrid wheat XN901 had a large source-sink ratio. It is the main reason for much assimilate remaining in the straw at the late stage and lower harvest index. Strengthening the sink activity and raising the harvest index should be the key means of improving the yield of hybrid wheat.     

夜间亚低温对番茄果实糖含量和糖代谢酶活性的影响

[目的]研究夜间亚低温对番茄（Lycopersicon esculentumM ill.）果实几种糖含量及糖代谢酶活性的影响。[方法]以15℃夜温为对照,研究了9℃夜间亚低温处理对番茄果实果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量及酸性转化酶（AI）、中性转化酶（NI）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性的影响,并分析了糖含量与糖代谢酶活性的相关性。[结果]经过夜间亚低温处理后,番茄果实中果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量均小于对照。与对照相比,夜间亚低温处理使番茄果实中AI和NI的活性降低,但SS和SPS活性变化没有明显的规律性。在番茄幼果期,果实中AI和NI活性的变化幅度相对较小,但在果实成熟时转化酶活性急剧升高;SS活性随着果实的发育逐渐降低,在果实成熟期SS活性很低;试验期内,SPS活性一直处于低活性水平。番茄果实中AI和NI活性与葡萄糖和果糖的含量呈极显著正相关,蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关。[结论]夜间亚低温导致成熟期番茄果实含糖含量下降的主要因素是转化酶活性的变化。     

Effects on Sucrose Metabolism,Dry Matter Distribution and Fruit Quality of Tomato Under Water Deficit

Four irrigation treatments were designed with 2, 4, 6 and 8 d intervals to irrigate, respectively. Watering was stopped when the reading of the moisture tension sensor reached zero. The results indicated that glucose and fructose content of tomato's fruit were increased but sucrose content was decreased with fruit growth and development. In different stages, carbohydrate content of tomato fruit in the treatment 3 was the highest, in the treatment 2 was higher, and in the other treatments was the lowest. SS(sucrose synthase) activity was decreased but SPS(sucrose phosphate synthase) activity was increased with development of tomato. SS and SPS activity were increased but acid invertase and neutral invertase activity of ripe stage were decreased under deficit irrigation. Glucose and fructose content were increased in leaves of tomato under water deficit.Soluble sugars, organic acid and the ratio of sugar/acid in tomato fruits were increased and dry matter accumulation of plant was enhanced under water deficit. But the growth of fruits upside the plant and its dry matter accumulation were badly affected under water stress.     

蔗糖基聚合物圣女果蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

用0．7％蔗糖基聚合物对圣女果进行采后涂膜处理,研究了其对圣女果总糖含量、中性转化酶（NI）、酸性转化酶（AI）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）的影响。结果表明,蔗糖基聚合物处理可提高圣女果采后蔗糖代谢相关酶的净活性。有利于蔗糖的积累和品质的改善。     

苗期夜间低温处理对番茄叶片蔗糖代谢的影响

[目的]探讨夜间低温处理对番茄叶片蔗糖代谢的影响。[方法]以夜温15℃为对照,设夜温6℃（18：00—6：00）为处理,处理7d后测定番茄叶片糖和淀粉含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性。[结果]夜间低温处理增加了叶片中的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、总糖和淀粉的含量,果糖和葡萄糖含量与对照相比差异不显著,蔗糖、总糖和淀粉含量与对照相比差异达极显著水平;夜间低温处理增加了叶片中酸性转化酶（AI）和中性转化酶（NI）活性,降低了蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性。[结论]夜间低温导致番茄叶片中光合产物积累,对光合作用产生反馈抑制。     

营养液中添加不同盐类对水培番茄果实糖组分和相关酶活性的影响

以营养液膜技术水培番茄‘粉太郎2号’ Lycopersicon esculentum ‘Fentailang 2’。测定果皮、果肉、心室隔壁和胶质胎座4个部位的糖质量分数与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,研究营养液中添加不同盐类（氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙和石膏,电导率为0.40 S·m-1）对水培番茄不同生长期果实各部位糖组分和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果显示:转色期各部位4种糖（蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、淀粉）的总质量分数较高,成熟期质量分数略有下降;转色期与成熟期各部位以果糖为主,绿熟期以葡萄糖为主。各部位在转色期蔗糖合成较为活跃,在成熟期分解大量蔗糖。营养液中添加氯化钠或氯化钾明显降低成熟期果皮、果肉和心室隔壁的蔗糖质量分数。果实成熟过程中,蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性表现为在转色期上升,成熟期下降的倒Ⅴ型趋势。各处理成熟期果实各部位的酸性转化酶（AI）和中性转化酶（NI）活性均大于绿熟期。营养液中添加不同盐类在不同程度上抑制转色期果实SS活性,提高成熟期果实转化酶的活性;添加氯化钾、氯化钙或石膏提高转色期果实SPS活性,添加氯化钠或氯化钾改变果实某些部位SS活性原有的变化趋势。     

等渗的NaCl与PEG胁迫对番茄幼苗蔗糖代谢的影响

为探讨NaCl胁迫与水分胁迫对番茄蔗糖秘累影响的异同,以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种辽园多丽为试材,采用营养液水培法,以50 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl及等渗的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)为处理,研究了番茄幼曲叶片中糖含量和蔗谢代谢相关酶活性的变化.结果表明:等渗的NaCl和PEG处理均可提高番茄幼苗叶片中葡萄糖和果糖的含量,处理12d时果糖含量分别比CK提高了20.2%和32.2%;葡萄糖含量分别比CK提高了12.0%和18.9%;等渗的NaCl和PEG处理均提高了酸性转化酶活性,处理12d时分别比对照高12.34%和17.76%;PEG胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片中葡萄糖和果糖的含量及转化酶的活性高于NaCl胁迫.可见,盐胁迫和渗透胁迫下番茄叶片葡萄糖和果糖的积累主要是由于转化酶活性的提高引起的;与盐胁迫相比渗透胁迫下番茄叶片积累更多的可溶性糖,从而说明NaCl胁迫对番肺叶片糖代谢的影响主要是渗透胁迫.     

4种枸杞果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢酶的关系

为了探讨枸杞Lycium果实糖积累差异及其品质形成的生理机制,以4种枸杞为试材,在枸杞果实发育期间,测定果实糖质量分数与蔗糖代谢酶活性变化。结果表明:宁夏枸杞Lycium barbarum果实中检测到10种糖,云南枸杞L.yunnanense和中国枸杞L.chinense果实中检测到7种糖,北方枸杞L.chinense var.potaninii果实中检测到6种糖;成熟期枸杞果实以果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖为主。在果实发育过程中4种枸杞果糖和葡萄糖质量分数整体呈现出逐渐升高趋势,果实发育的后期升高幅度高于初期;而蔗糖质量分数呈现出2种变化趋势,不同发育时期种间有差异。4种枸杞蔗糖代谢酶活性在枸杞果实发育过程中差异较大,其中,酸性转化酶（AI）在果实发育的初期活性较低,种间差别小,但在果实发育的后期活性高,种间差别大。在整个果实发育过程中供试种蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性始终高于磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）;云南枸杞维持着较低果糖和葡萄糖质量分数。3种枸杞果实中果糖质量分数与AI活性显著正相关（P<0.05）,转化酶在枸杞果实糖积累过程中发挥着重要作用。图3表2参23     

苗期夜间低温处理对番茄叶片蔗糖合成能力的影响

[目的]探讨苗期夜间低温处理对番茄叶片蔗糖合成能力的影响。[方法]以15℃夜温为对照,研究了6℃夜间低温处理1、3、5、7d对番茄叶片中蔗糖合成能力的影响。[结果]经过夜间低温处理,番茄叶片中的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量在处理期间6：00时皆大于对照,11：00时则相反;处理和对照植株在6：00时番茄叶片中的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量皆低于11：00时。番茄叶片中的淀粉含量在处理期间6：00和11：00时皆较对照有所增加。夜间低温处理使番茄糖代谢酶活性发生了改变,处理期间6：00和11：00时处理植株的酸性转化酶（AI）和中性转化酶（NI）活性皆高于对照,而蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性皆低于对照;处理植株11：00时的所有酶活性皆高于6：00时,对照植株11：00时与6：00时相比转化酶活性降低,而合成酶活性升高。在夜间低温处理过程中处理植株的蔗糖合成酶活性降低,叶片中11：00时蔗糖增加量小于对照,说明夜间低温处理降低了番茄叶片的蔗糖合成能力。[结论]为番茄设施高产栽培的环境控制提供了理论依据。