Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions Under Maize-Legume Intercropping System in the North China Plain

Many studies have focused on various agricultural management measures to reduce agricultural nitrous oxide （N2O） emission. However, few studies have investigated soil N2O emissions in intercropping systems in the North China Plain. Thus, we conducted a ifeld experiment to compare N2O emissions under monoculture and maize-legume intercropping systems. In 2010, ifve treatments, including monocultured maize （M）, maize-peanut （MP）, maize-alfalfa （MA）, maize-soybean （MS）, and maize-sweet clover （MSC） intercropping were designed to investigate this issue using the static chamber technique. In 2011, M, MP, and MS remained, and monocultured peanuts （P） and soybean （S） were added to the trial. The results showed that total production of N2O from different treatments ranged from （0.87＆#177;0.12） to （1.17＆#177;0.11） kg ha-1 in 2010, while those ranged from （3.35＆#177;0.30） to （9.10＆#177;2.09） kg ha-1 in 2011. MA and MSC had no signiifcant effect on soil N2O production compared to that of M （P＆lt;0.05）. Cumulative N2O emissions from MP in 2010 were signiifcantly lower than those from M, but the result was the opposite in 2011 （P＆lt;0.05）. MS signiifcantly reduced soil N2O emissions by 25.55 and 48.84%in 2010 and 2011, respectively （P＆lt;0.05）. Soil N2O emissions were signiifcantly correlated with soil water content, soil temperature, nitriifcation potential, soil NH4＋, and soil NO3-content （R2=0.160-0.764, P＆lt;0.01）. A stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that soil N2O release was mainly controlled by the interaction between soil moisture and soil NO3-content （R2=0.828, P＆lt;0.001）. These results indicate that MS had a coincident effect on soil N2O lfux and signiifcantly reduced soil N2O production compared to that of M over two growing seasons.     

Effects of Rice Straw and Its Biochar Addition on Soil Labile Carbon and Soil Organic Carbon

Whether the biochar amendment could affect soil organic matter （SOM） turnover and hence soil carbon （C） stock remains poorly understood. Effects of the addition of ^13C-labelled rice straw or its pyrolysed biochar at 250 or 350℃ to a sugarcane soil （Ferrosol） on soil labile C （dissolved organic C, DOC; microbial biomass C, MBC; and mineralizable C, MC） and soil organic C （SOC） were investigated after 112 d of laboratory incubation at 25℃. Four treatments were examined as （1） the control soil without amendment （Soil）; （2） soil plus ^13C-labelled rice straw （Soil＋Straw）; （3） soil plus 250℃ biochar （Soil＋B250） and （4） soil plus 350℃biochar （Soil＋B350）. Compared to un-pyrolysed straw, biochars generally had an increased aryl C, carboxyl C, C and nitrogen concentrations, a decreased O-alkyl C and C：N ratio, but similar alkyl C and δ^13C （1 742- 1 877 %）. Among treatments, significant higher DOC, MBC and MC derived from the new C （straw or biochar） ranked as Soil＋Straw〉Soil＋B250〉Soil＋B350, whilst significant higher SOC from the new C as Soil＋B250〉Soil＋Straw≈Soil＋B350. Compared to Soil, DOC and MBC derived from the native soil were decreased under straw or biochar addition, whilst MC from the native soil was increased under straw addition but decreased under biochar addition. Meanwhile, native SOC was similar among the treatments, irrespective of the straw or biochar addition. Compared to Soil, significant higher total DOC and total MBC were under Soil＋Straw, but not under Soil＋B250 and Soil＋B350, whilst significant higher total MC and total SOC were under straw or biochar addition, except for MC under Soil＋B350. Our results demonstrated that the application of biochar to soil may be an appropriate management practice for increasing soil C storage.     

The Effects of Three Mineral Nitrogen Sources and Zinc on Maize and Wheat Straw Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon

The incorporation of straw in cultivated ifelds can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc： urea （CO（NH2）2）, ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4）, and ammonium chloride （NH4Cl）. The combined treatments were as follows：maize （M） and wheat （W） straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil （U, S, and C, respectively） with and without zinc （Z） （MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ;MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ;MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively）;straw with zinc only （MZ, WZ）;straw with untreated soil （MS, WS）;and soil-only or control conditions （NT）. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80%of the ifeld capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon （TOC）, labile organic carbon （LOC）, and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were signiifcantly different （P〈0.05） with the exception of the labile organic carbon （LOC）. The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration （1 120.29 mg/pot）, whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration （1 040.57 mg/pot）. The additio     

Soil CO2 Emissions as Affected by 20-Year Continuous Cropping in Mollisols

Long-term continuous cropping of soybean （Glycine max）, spring wheat （Triticum aesativum） and maize （Zea mays） is widely practiced by local farmers in northeast China. A field experiment （started in 1991） was used to investigate the differences in soil carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions under continuous cropping of the three major crops and to evaluate the relationships between CO2 fluxes and soil temperature and moisture for Mollisols in northeast China. Soil CO2 emissions were measured using a closed-chamber method during the growing season in 2011. No remarkable differences in soil organic carbon were found among the cropping systems （P〉0.05）. However, significant differences in CO2 emissions from soils were observed among the three cropping systems （P〈0.05）. Over the course of the entire growing season, cumulative soil CO2 emissions under different cropping systems were in the following order： continuous maize （（829±10） g CO2 m2）〉continuous wheat （（629±22） g CO2 m^2）〉continuous soybean （（474±30） g CO2 m-2）. Soil temperature explained 42-65% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux, with a Q10 between 1.63 and 2.31; water-filled pore space explained 25-47% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux. A multiple regression model including both soil temperature （T, ~C） and water-filled pore space （W, %）, log（]）=a＋bT log（W）, was established, accounting for 51-66% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux. The results suggest that soil CO2 emissions and their Q10 values under a continuous cropping system largely depend on crop types in Mollisols of Northeast China.     

Changes in Organic Carbon Index of Grey Desert Soil in Northwest China After Long-Term Fertilization

Soil organic carbon （SOC）, soil microbial biomass carbon （SMBC） and SMBC quotient （SMBC/SOC, qSMBC） are key indexes of soil biological fertility because of the relationship to soil nutrition supply capacity. Yet it remains unknown how these three indexes change, which limits our understanding about how soil respond to different fertilization practices. Based on a 22-yr （1990-2011） long-term fertilization experiment in northwest China, we investigated the dynamics of SMBC and qSMBC during the growing period of winter wheat, the relationships between the SMBC, qSMBC, soil organic carbon （SOC） concentrations, the carbon input and grain yield of wheat as well. Fertilization treatments were 1） nonfertilization （control）; 2） chemical nitrogen plus phosphate plus potassium （NPK）; 3） NPK plus animal manure （NPKM）; 4） double NPKM （hNPKM） and 5） NPK plus straw （NPKS）. Results showed that the SMBC and qSMBC were significantly different among returning, jointing, flowering and harvest stages of wheat under long-term fertilization. And the largest values were observed in the flowering stage. Values for SMBC and qSMBC ranged from 37.5 to 106.0 mg kg1 and 0.41 to 0.61%, respectively. The mean value rank of SMBC during the whole growing period of wheat was hNPKM〉NPK_M〉NPKS〉CK〉NPK. But there were no statistically significant differences between hNPKM and NPKM, or between CK and NPK. The order for qSMBC was NPKS〉NPKM〉CK〉hNPKM〉NPK. These results indicated that NPKS significantly increased the ratio of SMBC to SOC, i.e., qSMBC, compared with NPK fertilizer or other two NPKM fertilizations. Significant linear relationships were observed between the annual carbon input and SOC （P〈0.01） or SMBC （P〈0.05）, and between the relative grain yield of wheat and the SOC content as well （P〈0.05）. But the qSMBC was not correlated with the annual carbon input. It is thus obvious that the combination of manure, straw with mineral fertilizer may be benefit to increase SOC and improve soil quality than using only mineral fertilizer.     

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only （NPK）, green manure （Astragalus sinicus L.） in early rice only （OM1）, high rate of green manure in early rice only （OM2）, combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice （OM3）, combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OM4）, combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OMS）. Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 （33.9 t ha^-1） and OM4 （31.8 t ha^-1）, but no difference between NPK fertilization （27 t ha^-1） and nonfertilization （28.1 t ha^-1）. There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments （0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr^-1） than in chemical fertilizer （0.216 g kg^-1 yr^-1） and no fertilizer （0.127 g kg^-1 yr^-1）.     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.     

Mineralization and Availability of Azolla and Cyanobacteria Biomass Nutrients in Rice Soil

Two sets of experiments were conducted to study the chemical composition, mineralization and availability of nutrients （particularly N） of Azolla biomass and cyanohacteria blooms in submerged rice soil. One set of experiment was conducted with Azolla without soil and the other with both Azolla and cyaobacteria with soil, in laboratory condition. Large samples were collected from the rice fields. The study shows that Azolla and cyanobacterial biomass contain good amounts of C, N, P and Ca. The chemical analysis of oxidizable C, total N, P and Ca showed that Azolla biomass contain 20.7% oxidizable C, which is higher than the cyanobacterial biomass （9.18%）. The N content in Azolla biomass was found to be 4.32%, than that of cyanobacterial biomass, i.e., 2.57%, however, P and Ca contents were also found to be higher in Azolla averaging to 124.83 ppm and 345.3 mg/100 g, respectively than cyanobacteria. The leachate analysis revealed that Azolla biomass release about 39.18% to 64.48% oxidizable C and about 19.23% to 33% N after 45 days of incorporation of soil dilution. Incorporation of Azolla and cyanobacterial biomass N@ 100 kg/ha significantly improved the oxidizable organic C, total as well as available N content in soil up to 75 days of incubation. Due to the incorporation of Azolla in soil, oxidizable organic C increased 25.51%, total N 4.10% and available N 47.65%. Almost similar trend of increase was also observed with the incorporation of cyanobacterial blooms.     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long- Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

Carbon Sequestration in Soil Humic Substances Under Long-Term Fertilization in a Wheat-Maize System from North China

The changes in humic substances （HS） is fundamental in detecting soil carbon sequestration mechanisms in natural and cultivated environments. Based on a long-term trial, the amounts of water dissolved substances （WSS）, humic acid （HA）, fulvic acid （FA） and humin （HU） were determined to explore the impact of long-term fertilization on HS. Increases in the amounts of WSS, HA, FA and HU were significant different among the treatments with manure. A significant correlation was found between the increased soil organic carbon （SOC） and HS （R^2=0.98, P〈0.01）. The change in the E4/E6 ratio was significantly correlated with the increased SOC （R2=0.88, P〈0.01）, HA （R^2=0.91, P〈0.01）, FA （R^2=0.91, P〈0.01） and HU （R^2=0.88, P〈0.01）. The cluster was mainly divided into two parts as manure fertilization and inorganic fertilization, based on the increases in HA, FA and HU. These results suggest that long term fertilization with manure favours carbon sequestration in HS and is mainly stabilized as HU, while the HA becomes more aliphatic. We conclude that increases in SOC can be linked to changes in the molecular characteristics of HS fractions under long term fertilization.     

典型区域秸秆和有机肥混土填埋后的腐解特征

【目的】秸秆和有机肥是我国农田主要有机物料来源，翻压旋耕是其主要的还田方式，明确其在我国典型农田土壤中的腐解过程特征和驱动因素，可为更好利用秸秆资源与合理施用有机肥提供科学依据。【方法】在我国典型黑土、潮土和红壤上开展大田有机物料混土填埋试验。设置4种处理：小麦秸秆混土(WS+soil)、玉米秸秆混土(MS+soil)、猪粪混土(PM+soil)和牛粪混土(CM+soil)，按土重﹕物料碳=100﹕4.5，称取物料土壤混合物200 g装于尼龙袋填埋于土壤中，填埋后1年内采样6次，之后2—2.5年采样一次，满3年采样一次，共8次采样。分析各混土有机物料的腐解差异，采用双指数方程明确易分解有机碳库和难分解有机碳库比例和腐解速率，阐明各土壤中有机物料的快速腐解速率、慢速腐解速率及积温转折点，并用随机森林模型来量化物料组成和环境因素分别对腐解速率的相对贡献。【结果】秸秆混土的腐殖化系数为22%—43%，有机肥混土的为45%—58%。有机肥混土腐解较秸秆慢，区域间差异不大，从北往南有机物料腐解加快，且秸秆腐解较有机肥快。秸秆的易分解有机碳库比例(70%—87%)高于有机肥的易分解有机碳库比例(5...     

长期不同施肥方式对紫色土稻麦轮作麦季N2O排放的影响

依据位于重庆北碚始于1991年的国家紫色土肥力与肥效监测基地上长期不同施肥定位试验,选取其中不施肥+秸秆不还田、不施肥+秸秆还田、施PK肥+秸秆不还田、施N肥+秸秆不还田、NPK正常施肥量+秸秆不还田、NPK正常施肥量+秸秆还田和1.5倍NPK施肥量+秸秆还田等7个处理,采用静态箱法对土壤N_2O排放开展了连续2a小麦生长期的田间原位观测.结果表明:两麦季4个施氮处理N_2O排放波动幅度均较大,且基肥和追肥后出现较强排放,3个未施氮处理N_2O排放波动较平缓,并均明显低于施氮处理.N_2O排放第二季较第一季要弱,年际差异较大,其原因主要是土壤WFPS第二季要明显低于第一季,而同一麦季不同处理下N_2O排放差异主要是由土壤NO_3~--N质量分数不同造成的.秸秆还田增加了N_2O排放,单施氮肥对N_2O增排效果相比之下则更明显,而秸秆还田与化学氮肥协同作用同样促进了N_2O生成与排放.平衡施肥较偏施氮肥N_2O排放量低,实际生产中考虑N_2O减排应尽量选择平衡施肥.两麦季化肥或秸秆N来源下农田N_2O排放系数均值分别为0.85%,0.61%,综合考虑外源输入N时均值为0.69%,均低于IPCC推荐值(1%),可见估算N_2O排放量时针对不同N素源农田应选用相对应N素N_2O排放系数.     

中国秸秆还田面积与土壤有机碳含量的关系

在宏观层面上利用中国1990—2011年的机械化秸秆还田机数量,推算出1990—2011年秸秆还田面积,探讨了20多年来中国秸秆还田情况,并研究了第一次土壤普查、第二次土壤普查和测土配方施肥近60年中国土壤有机碳的变化规律,分析了秸秆还田面积与土壤有机碳含量的关系。结果表明:1990—2011年,中国秸秆还田面积整体上呈上升的趋势,2011年机械化秸秆还田面积是1990年的2.92倍,但与粮食播种面积相比,我国的秸秆还田面积所占的比例很低,2011年机械化秸秆还田面积占粮食作物播种面积的比例(全国均值)只有16.89%。我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)中,有近50%的省份土壤有机碳含量呈现增加的趋势。在区域范围内表现为华北、华东、华中、西北地区土壤有机碳含量增长明显,而西南、华南和东北地区土壤有机碳呈现降低的趋势,尤其是东北地区降幅明显。     

秸秆添加量对土壤生物固氮速率和固氮菌群落特征的影响

【目的】研究不同秸秆添加量对土壤固氮速率及固氮菌群落结构的影响,为我国秸秆还田及化肥减施增效提供支持。【方法】采用室内培养试验,除对照（C0: 0）外共设5个秸秆添加梯度（C1：0.2 mg·g^-1;C2：1.0 mg·g^-1;C3：2.0 mg·g^-1;C4：4.0 mg·g^-1;C5：10.0 mg·g^-1）,采用¹⁵N₂标记的方法,在黑暗条件下培养28 d后收集土壤样品,进而对生物固氮速率进行定量,利用Illumina PE250高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术分析固氮功能基因nifH的丰度及群落特征。【结果】随着秸秆添加量的增加,土壤硝态氮含量显著下降,铵态氮含量无显著变化,土壤pH有下降趋势。同时,生物固氮速率显著增加,C3、C4及C5处理在培养期间（28 d）潜在固氮速率为87—96 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,相比于对照提高了38.1%—52.4%。各处理固氮微生物nifH基因拷贝数变化范围为5.48×10⁷—9.20×10⁷ copies/（g soil）,其中,相比于C0,C4及C5处理固氮微生物nifH基因拷贝数均显著提高（P<0.05）。随着秸秆添加量的增加,C4、C5水平的香农-威尔指数显著低于其他4个处理（P<0.05）,其他4个处理多样性无显著差异。主成分分析（PCoA）结果显示土壤固氮微生物群落结构主要因秸秆添加量差异而聚集为不同组别。固氮微生物在门水平上分为变形杆菌（Proteobacteria）,蓝细菌（Cyanobacteria）,厚壁菌（Firmicutes）和放线菌（Actinobacteria）和螺旋体菌（Spirochaetes）。随着秸秆添加量的增加,蓝细菌相对丰度有先增加再降低的趋势;在属水平上,不同优势菌属对秸秆添加量的响应存在明显差异,慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）为数量最丰富菌属,随着秸秆添加量的增加,C5相较于C0、C1、C2、C3水平相对丰度差异显著（P<0.05）,显著增加了12.07%—14.13%。与生物固氮速率呈正相关的贺氏伪枝藻属（Scytonema hofmanni）随着秸秆添加量的增加其相对丰度逐渐增加,但当秸秆添加量达C5水平其相对丰度反而降低（P<0.05）。同时,最小偏二乘路径分析（PLS-PM）,冗余分析(RDA)及相关性分析表明生物固氮速率和土壤固氮微生物群落受秸秆添加量和NO₃^--N含量影响较大。【结论】土壤生物固氮速率随着秸秆添加量的增加而增加,秸秆对固氮的促进作用主要源于秸秆添加降低了土壤NO₃^--N含量,进而促进慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）、贺氏伪枝藻属（Scytonema hofmanni）和固氮螺菌属（Azospirillum）等固氮菌属微生物的生长。根据本试验结果计算,相比于不添加秸秆,添加秸秆4.0 mg·g^-1后,土壤生物固氮速率约增加26 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,可显著降低我国氮肥需求。     

秸秆不同方式还田对土壤理化性质的影响

针对东北地区玉米种植面积逐年增加,作为重要有机物料的玉米秸秆还田存在困难,为了探索适合黑土最佳还田方式以及还田量,开展秸秆还田对土壤结构及肥力影响的研究,明确秸秆不同还田方式对提高土壤肥力和改善土壤结构的效果,进行田间试验。结果表明:玉米秸秆耕层混拌1/2还田和1/3还田较其它处理降低土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙和田间持水量明显,较对照差异显著;秸秆全量还田和秸秆全量还田添加腐解剂处理之间差异不显著。秸秆1/2还田和1/3还田较对照增加2.000mm土壤粒级团聚体,说明有机物料最佳还田方式有助于土壤大团聚体(0.250mm)的形成,形成良好土壤结构。秸秆还田各处理均可以增加土壤速效养分,对土壤pH进行调节,并且秸秆还田后大量有机碳源的投入给土壤微生物的生长提供了碳和能源,秸秆还田不同处理微生物量C和微生物量N都相应增加。秸秆耕层混拌1/2还田和1/3还田玉米的生育指标和产量好于其它处理,表明秸秆耕层混拌1/2还田和1/3还田较其它处理方式在改善土壤结构,提高微生物活性及土壤养分,增加作物产量方面表现出优势。     

Ecological Consequences of Elevated CO2 and Bt Cotton on Soil Collembola

Transgenic cotton was modified to express a gene derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） to combat agriculturally important Lepidopteran pests. Elevated CO2 is expected to further alter the chemical composition of the plant, and this change may affect the role soil fauna plays in decomposition of Bt plants. A 3 months litterbag field study, consisting of four treatments using leaves from Bt cotton and near-isolines of non-Bt cotton grown under ambient and elevated CO2 levels, was conducted to investigate the abundance and community structure of soil Collembola that developed on the decaying leaf material. A total of 4,884 collembolans, including 13 genera of five families, were extracted in the present study. These results suggest that collembolan distribution was relatively uniform among the Bt cotton, elevated concentration of CO2 and control treatments, except for a significant difference in the densities of Onychiurus and Folsomides. No significant effects were detected in the decomposition rate between the two cotton varieties and two CO2 treatments. These findings indicated that transgenic Bt cotton plants and elevated CO2 do not have any adverse effect on the soil collembolans through the decomposition way in soil ecosystem.     

Effects of Rest Grazing on Organic Carbon Storage in Stipa grandis Steppe in Inner Mongolia,China

This study was aimed to evaluate the potential effects of rest grazing on organic carbon storage in Stipa grandis steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Using potassium dichromate heating method, we analyzed the organic carbon storage of plant and soil in Stipa grand＆ steppe after rest grazing for 3, 6, and 9 yr. The results indicated that as the rest grazing ages prolonged, the biomass of aboveground parts, litter and belowground plant parts （roots） of the plant communities all increased, meanwhile the C content of the biomass increased with the rest grazing ages prolonging. For RG0, RG3a, RG6a, and RG9a, C storage in aboveground vegetation were 60.7, 76.9, 82.8 and 122.2 g C m2, respectively; C storage of litter were 5.1, 5.8, 20.4 and 25.5 g C m^-2, respectively; C storage of belowground roots （0-100 cm） were 475.2, 663.0, 1 115.0 and 1 867.3 g C m^-2, respectively; C storage in 0-100 cm soil were 13.97, 15.76, 18.60 and 32.41 kg C m^-2, respectively. As the rest grazing ages prolonged, the organic C storage in plant communities and soil increased. The C storage ofbelowground roots and soil organic C was mainly concentrated in 0-40 cm soil body. The increased soil organic C for RG3a accounted for 89.8% of the increased carbon in vegetation-soil system, 87.2% for RG6a, and 92.6% for RG9a. From the perspective of C sequestration cost, total cost for RG3a, RG6,, and RG9a were 2 903.4, 5 806.8 and 8 710.2 CNY haq, respectively. The cost reduced with the extension of rest grazing ages, 0.15 CNY kg^-1 C for RG3a, 0.11 CNY kg-~ C for RG6a and 0.04 CNY kg℃ for RG9a. From the growth characteristics of grassland plants, the spring was one of the two avoided grazing periods, timely rest grazing could effectively restore and update grassland vegetation, and was beneficial to the sustainable use of grassland. Organic C storage for RG9a was the highest, while the cost of C sequestration was the lowest. Therefore, spring rest grazing should be encouraged because it was proved to be a very efficient grassland use pattern.     

Residual Effect of Long Term Application of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Selected Chemical Properties of a Savanna Alfisol

The residual effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on selected chemical properties of an Alfisol in the long term soil fertility trial established in 1950 at Samaru, Nigerian savanna was assessed. The trial was left fallow for fourteen years due to lack of funds. Topsoil was collected from plots that received three levels of cow dung （D）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） in all possible combinations. The soils were analyzed for selected chemical properties. Except for significant effect of applied P on available P, sole application of cow dung, N or P had no significant effect on all the measured soil properties. The interaction of D and P significantly affected the mean values of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and ECEC in the range of 1.12-1.96, 0.62-1.11, 0.37-0.64 and 2.82-4.11 cmol/kg respectively. The most important results were the ability of the plot that received neither D nor P to significantly increase these parameters than the plots that received only one of the treatments. The results show that the fallow period has changed the effects of application of organic and mineral fertilizers on the soil chemical properties under continuous cultivation by modifying them towards those of a native savanna Alfisol.     

Difference of Low Temperature and Low Irradiance-Resistance between Figleaf Gourd and Cucumber Seedlings Related to Mineral Elements Uptake

We have reported that the roots of figleaf gourd（Cucurbita ficifolia,as rootstock） could improve the resistance of cucumber seedlings（Cucumis sativus L.cv.Jinyan 4,as scion） to 6 h stress at low temperature and low irradiance [1].In this experiment,the relationship between the mineral elements uptake and photosynthetic activity of photosystems in figleaf gourd and cucumber seedlings were to be studied during lowtemperature（8 C） stress under lowirradiance（100 μmol m-2 s-1 PFD） for 5 days.Compared with control seedlings,the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS2（Fv/Fm） and the oxidizable P700（P700＋） of both figleaf gourd and cucumber seedlings decreased,and both Fv/Fm and P700＋ were lower in cucumber leaves than in figleaf gourd seedlings at the end of the stress.Superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity was higher in both leaves and roots of figleaf gourd than in leaves and roots of cucumber at both room temperature and low temperature.However,the product rate of O 2 was lower in figleaf gourd leaves than in cucumber leaves.Upon exposure to the stress,the malondialdehyde（MDA） content increased markedly in leaves and roots of figleaf gourd and cucumber seedlings,and it grewfaster in cucumber seedlings than that in figleaf gourd seedlings.Under adaptive conditions,some mineral elements（Such as Cu,Zn,Mn and Mg） have different contents in leaves and roots between figleaf gourd seedlings and cucumber seedlings.However,at the end of the stress these elements were accumulated apparently in both leaves and roots of figleaf gourd accompanied by no obvious change in cucumber seedlings.     

添加石灰和秸秆对塿土有机碳固持的影响

【目的】研究作物秸秆与石灰配施对土壤CO₂排放、土壤有机碳（SOC）固持、土壤无机碳（SIC）转化的影响机制,以及SOC固持对初始SOC含量的响应。【方法】--采用室内恒温培养试验及稳定同位素技术（¹³C）,选用经16年不同碳氮水平管理,且长期进行冬小麦-夏休闲种植的2个供试土壤样品:S₀N₀土壤（不进行秸秆还田+不施用氮肥）和S₁N₁土壤（高量秸秆还田+高量施用氮肥:240 kg·hm^-2）,将S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤分别在添加秸秆（12 g·kg^-1）或不添加秸秆以及添加石灰（3 g·kg^-1）或不添加石灰的情况下于25℃黑暗条件中培养120 d。【结果】未添加秸秆和石灰时,S₁N₁土壤的CO₂累积释放量比S₀N₀土壤高出42.9%;添加等量秸秆不仅提高了S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的CO₂累积释放量（81.6%,70.4%）,而且S₀N₀土壤CO₂累积释放量的增加幅度高于S₁N₁土壤,这说明秸秆的添加对初始SOC含量低的土壤即S₀N₀土壤的原SOC矿化影响更大。但是无论添加秸秆与否,石灰的加入使S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的CO₂累积释放量分别降低了428.11和528.52 mg·kg^-1。与空白土壤相比,添加秸秆使S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的SOC含量分别提高了2.95和3.19 g·kg^-1;但是与单独添加秸秆相比,同时添加秸秆和石灰使S₁N₁土壤的SOC显著降低了1.36 g·kg^-1,而对S₀N₀土壤的SOC含量没有影响。利用¹³C稳定同位素技术发现,添加秸秆能促使新形成SOC;其中,S₀N₀土壤中新形成的SOC含量比S₁N₁土壤高出0.77 g·kg^-1;然而与单独添加秸秆相比,同时添加石灰和秸秆后新形成的SOC与其相差无几,说明石灰的加入对秸秆的腐解不会造成影响。在S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤中,添加秸秆使SOC净固持量分别提高了3 066.3和2 480.53 mg·kg^-1;同时添加石灰和秸秆对S₀N₀土壤的SOC净固持量无显著影响,但是S₁N₁土壤的SOC净固持量则呈现下降的趋势。石灰的加入使S₀N₀土壤和S₁N₁土壤的CO₂释放量分别降低了469和529 mg·kg^-1,同时使SIC含量分别提高了443和566 mg·kg^-1。【结论】初始SOC含量低的土壤具有更高的固碳潜力;添加钙源能够与土壤CO₂通过化学反应生成无机碳—碳酸钙的方式从另一个角度达到土壤固碳减排的目标。