超高压对鲜榨西瓜汁杀菌效果和风味的影响

为了研究超高压（HHP）处理对鲜榨西瓜汁的杀菌效果及风味的影响,采用HHP技术对鲜榨西瓜汁进行处理。以95℃,1 min热处理作为对照,重点考察了600 MPa,60 min HHP处理对西瓜汁中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌数及典型风味化合物含量的影响;并探讨了2种处理西瓜汁在4℃,30 d贮藏过程中上述指标的变化情况。结果表明：95℃,1 min热处理和600 MPa,60 min HHP处理后西瓜汁中的微生物指标均符合《果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准》的要求;并且25 d的保质期满足鲜榨西瓜汁的消费要求（保质期≥7 d）。600 MPa,60 min HHP处理对西瓜汁的典型风味化合物含量影响较小;4℃,30 d贮藏过程中典型风味物质含量不发生变化(P＞0.05)。总体看来,HHP处理更适合于鲜榨西瓜汁的加工。     

超高压对鲜榨西瓜汁杀菌效果和风味影响的研究

为了研究超高压（HHP）处理对鲜榨西瓜汁的杀菌效果及风味的影响,采用HHP技术对鲜榨西瓜汁进行处理。以95 ℃,1 min热处理作为对照,重点考察了600 MPa,60 min HHP处理对西瓜汁中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌数及典型风味化合物含量的影响;并探讨了两种处理西瓜汁在4 ℃,30天贮藏过程中上述指标的变化情况。结果表明：95 ℃,1 min热处理和600 MPa,60 min HHP处理后西瓜汁中的微生物指标均符合《果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准》的要求;并且保质期满足鲜榨西瓜汁的消费要求。600 MPa,60 min HHP处理对西瓜汁的典型风味化合物含量影响较小;4 ℃,30天贮藏过程中典型风味物质含量不发生变化(P＞0.05)。总体看来,HHP处理更适合于鲜榨西瓜汁的加工。     

石榴果实发育期果皮褐变及相关酶活性变化

为探明石榴果实发育期果皮褐变及其相关酶活性、总酚和抗氧化能力的变化规律及相互关系,以泰山红和泰山三白甜石榴为试材,研究各发育期果皮褐变度、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除率的变化。结果表明,2个品种果皮褐变度、PPO活性、POD活性、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除率随着发育天数的增加逐渐降低,均在7月15日达到最高。2个品种果实发育期果皮PAL活性呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,分别在7月15日和9月13日出现峰值。泰山红抗褐变能力高于泰山三白甜,二者分别在9月23日和9月13日采收能减轻褐变的发生。相关性分析表明,PAL、PPO、POD、总酚和DPPH自由基清除率均与石榴果实酶促褐变密切相关,石榴果实酚类物质含量高低与其抗氧化能力极显著正相关。本研究结果为深入揭示石榴果实褐变机理提供了理论依据。     

高压CO2处理保持非还原桃汁的品质

采用高压CO2（high pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD）处理非还原（not from concentrate,NFC）桃汁,分析HPCD处理后NFC桃汁pH值、可溶性固形物、色泽、酚类和抗氧化活性等品质特性的变化,讨论HPCD对NFC桃汁品质的影响。NFC桃汁的pH值和可溶性固形物含量分别为3.82和10.3°Brix,HPCD处理后没有显著变化;HPCD处理后NFC桃汁颜色变暗,色泽参数L、a、b值显著降低,对应的褐变度提高;NFC桃汁中的主要酚类物质有儿茶素、绿原酸、新绿原酸和阿魏酸,HPCD处理后酚类物质含量没有显著变化;采用FRAP和1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）清除率2种方法测定NFC桃汁的抗氧化活性,2种方法的测定结果都表明 HPCD 处理后 NFC 桃汁的抗氧化活性提高,并且随着处理时间的延长而逐渐提高。以上结果表明HPCD能较好的保持NFC桃汁的品质,为非热加工技术应用于果蔬加工提供理论基础。     

顽拗性板栗种子成熟前后褐变与可溶性糖的关系

试图揭示板栗种子褐变与脱水敏感性和可溶性糖含量之间的关系。板栗种子成熟脱落时，脱水敏感性相对较弱，子叶和胚轴中棉籽糖和水苏糖含量达最高峰，电导率和紫外吸收值最低，总酚含量与POD活性较低。种子脱落后，脱水敏感性上升，子叶和胚轴中棉籽糖和水苏糖含量下降，膜渗漏物质增多，总酚含量及POD活性急剧上升，从而导致褐变发生。胚轴中总酚含量与POD活性存在显著的正相关(r=0.999)，而棉籽糖含量分别与POD活性和总酚含量存在显著的负相关(r分别为－0.998和－0.995)。结果表明，可溶性糖的组分及其含量可能与板栗种子脱水敏感性大小有关，板栗种子脱落后还原性糖麦芽糖含量的上升与褐变的发生趋势一致，而非还原性糖特别是棉籽糖可能在抑制褐变方面具有一定作用。     

快速脱水抑制葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化及褐变

为探索脱水速度对无核白葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化作用及褐变的影响,以新疆无核白葡萄为试验材料,经过葡萄促干剂处理后,采用快速脱水和缓慢脱水2种处理,质量每减轻10%进行取样,测定脱水过程中果实干基含水率、干燥速率、褐变度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性以及总酚含量的变化。结果表明:与缓慢脱水相比,快速脱水处理显著(P0.05)降低了无核白葡萄褐变度的上升,减少MDA生成量以及膜透性的增加,抑制LOX活性的升高,保持较高的活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT及POD活性及较高的总酚含量,且使PPO活性保持在一个较低的水平。因此认为,快速脱水可以有效地抑制无核白葡萄的膜脂过氧化作用对细胞膜的破坏,保持细胞的完整性,且PPO活性较低,从而减少无核白葡萄脱水褐变的发生。研究结果为快速脱水在无核白葡萄干制中的应用提供参考。     

诱导冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性的适宜热空气处理条件优化

为开发诱导冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性、减轻冷藏橄榄果实冷害的技术,在减轻冷藏橄榄果实冷害的热空气处理条件预试验基础上,将檀香橄榄果实先用6种不同条件的热空气处理（30℃ 45?min、38℃ 30?min、40℃ 30?min、42℃ 45?min、50℃ 15?min、60℃ 15?min）,然后在（2±1）℃、90％相对湿度下贮藏100?d,贮藏期间定期测定果实冷害指数、果皮褐变指数、果肉褐变度、果皮叶绿素含量、果实呼吸强度和细胞膜相对渗透率的变化。结果表明：38℃热空气处理30?min能显著降低冷藏橄榄果实冷害;30℃热空气处理45?min对减轻冷害有一定的效果,但会加速果皮叶绿素降解和促进果实细胞膜结构完整性破坏;而其余4种热空气处理条件都会促进冷藏橄榄果实冷害的发生。因此,38℃热空气处理30?min可以作为提高（2±1）℃、90％相对湿度下冷藏的橄榄果实抗冷性、减轻橄榄果实冷害发生的适宜热空气处理条件。     

热处理对轻度加工葡萄膜脂过氧化作用的影响

为探索热处理对轻度加工葡萄衰老软化及贮藏保鲜效果的影响，以红地球葡萄为试验材料,研究了50℃ 10 min、50℃ 15 min、 55℃ 5 min、55℃ 10 min热空气处理对其衰老过程中膜脂过氧化作用及贮藏效果的影响。结果表明，55℃ 5 min和10 min处理与对照相比，能抑制过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的下降，降低丙二醛(MDA)含量的积累和果肉组织的相对电导率，从而抑制轻度加工葡萄的衰老软化。而50℃ 10 min和15 min热处理对延缓轻度加工葡萄衰老软化无明显作用。     

短波紫外线处理对采后香菇褐变的影响

为了控制采后香菇在贮藏过程中的褐变并提高其贮藏品质,本试验采用不同剂量(2、4、6和8 kJ·m^-2) 短波紫外线(UV-C)对新鲜香菇进行预处理,研究不同剂量UV-C处理对香菇色泽、总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、还原糖含量、游离氨基酸含量以及香菇表面微生物的影响。结果表明,UV-C处理延缓了香菇色泽的下降,保持了较高的总酚含量,并且有利于POD、SOD、CAT和PAL活性维持在较高水平,抑制了PPO活性,同时可以保持较高的还原糖和可溶性蛋白含量,在一定程度上延缓了蛋白质的降解,而且可以有效抑制微生物的生长,其中4 kJ·m^-2 UV-C处理效果最佳。综上所述,UV-C处理可以有效地抑制香菇褐变,延长其贮藏期。本研究结果为香菇的贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

超高压处理对荔枝果汁品质的影响

为了探讨超高压处理对荔枝果汁品质的影响,将荔枝(“淮枝”品种)原果汁在100～500 MPa压力、10℃温度条件下处理30 min后,测定果汁的细菌总数、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及营养成分(还原糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素C)等几项指标的变化。结果表明：随着压力值的上升细菌总数逐渐减少,400 MPa压力下达到商业无菌;POD的活性随压力值上升逐渐下降,在最高压力500 MPa下活性下降约55%;100～500 MPa的压力范围内还原糖含量没有显著变化,氨基酸和蛋白质的含量均随压力上升有所下降,维生素C含量在400 MPa以上的压力下出现下降趋势,500 MPa压力下约下降20%,远远小于热处理的损失。超高压处理对于荔枝果汁有很好的杀菌效果,能一定程度地钝化其中的食品品质酶,同时能较好地保持荔枝果汁中的天然营养成分,因此对荔枝加工来说是一种很有前景的冷加工技术。     

Silicon Effect on Nutrient Acquisition of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Under Aluminum Stress

Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents one of the main yield-limiting factors for crops in acid soils. Silicon (Si) is known to increase tolerance in higher plants. This study was conducted to determine whether treatment with Si could improve nutrient uptake by peanut under Al stress. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv Zhonghua 4) was raised with or without Si (1.5 mM) in the growth chamber under 0 and toxic Al (0.3 mM) levels. Aluminum stress significantly decreased the root- and total-dry weight by 52.4% and 32.0%, respectively. The content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was significantly decreased, but that of Al increased markedly in shoots and roots after Al exposure at seedling, flower-needle, and pod-setting stage. Silicon alleviates Al toxicity in peanut plants in relation to Al distribution and allocation of tissue P, K, Ca, and Mg by favoring the partitioning of dry mass to roots.     

Trace Metal Contamination During Grinding of Plant Samples

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopic (ICP-MS) analysis of leaves from 22 cabbage crops in the Sa P? and B?c Hà districts of Láo Cai Province, North-Western Vi?t Nam, revealed unexpectedly high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). The concentrations were strongly linearly related (r² = 0.94), indicating sample contamination during grinding through a stainless-steel hammer mill. We tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, brown rice ground through the same mill was contaminated not only by Cr and Ni, but also cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo). Second, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (SEM/EDS) of the ground samples revealed small fragments with co-located Fe, Cr and Ni, consistent with stainless steel wear fragments. Other grinders may perform differently and we suggest that quality assurance protocols for trace metal analysis of plants should include testing for grinder wear metals. Lastly, brown rice appears to be convenient for investigating contamination of plant tissues during grinding.     

模拟降雨条件下污染土壤中重金属元素径流迁移特征

探明污染土壤中重金属元素随地表径流迁移特征,对于防控重金属污染物的迁移扩散具有重要意义。通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下(55,100,120mm/h)污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Cr随地表径流迁移的特征。结果表明:径流中3种重金属元素总量在产流的前20min内逐渐降低,随后趋于稳定;产流初期(产流10min内)颗粒态重金属占径流重金属总量的比例均在80%以上;随产流时间延长,颗粒态Cd和Cr对径流重金属的贡献率快速降低,其颗粒态/溶解态的比值范围分别为47.0～0.4和12.9～0.4,而Pb则主要以颗粒态的形式存在,溶解态Pb对其随径流迁移的贡献率可忽略不计;随降雨强度增大,径流中总Cd和Pb含量显著降低,而径流中总Cr含量以及溶解态重金属含量无明显变化规律。     

Effects of humic acid on remediation of the nutritional deficiency of gerbera in hydroponic culture

Information is scant on the effect of humic acid (HA) on physiological, antioxidant and photosynthesis attributes of gerbera plants undergoing nutrient deficiency in culture solution. Gerbera plants cv. Malibu were grown in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, using 3 different nutrient solutions [complete nutrient solution (NSc), 25% NSc (NS1), and 50% NSc (NS2)] treated with 2 levels of humic acid [0 (HA0) and 500 mg/l (HA1)].The interaction effect of HA and NS showed that HA improved the flower number in NSc, the transpiration in NS1+HA1, photosynthesis rate in NSc+HA1, stomatal conductance (gs) in NS2, mesophyll conductance of leaves in all NS levels and photosynthetic water use efficiency in NSc+HA1. The interaction effect of nutrient solution and HA on antioxidant activity was inconclusive, malondialdehyde content was the highest in NS2 and the lowest in NS1+HA1. The peroxidase activity increased in complete nutrient solution with and without HA and there were no differences among other treatments. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in NS1 and complete nutrient solution with HA and reached the highest in NSc. Humic acid was more effective in nutrient uptake, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, and iron (N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe) in complete nutrient solution compared to NS1 and NS2. Conclusively, humic acid can compensate the nutrient deficiency stress of the culture solution in regards to protein synthesis, photosynthesis attributes regardless of the nutrient uptake of gerbera.     

氮磷钾不同配比对饲用稻威优198产量及糙米蛋白含量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究“推荐配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为190:90:100 kg hm-2)、“高氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为210:90:100 kg hm-2)、“低氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为170:90:100 kg hm-2)以及“常规配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为216:112.5:202.5 kg hm-2)4种氮、磷、钾配比施肥对饲用稻威优198蔗糖合成酶(SUS)、腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及产量和糙米蛋白质的影响。结果表明:“推荐配比”能提高不同生育时期水稻功能叶(旗叶)和粒籽中碳、氮代谢关键酶的活性,这些关键酶活性的变化显著影响水稻产量和糙米全氮以及蛋白氮的含量。统计(P0.05)结果证实“推荐配比”能提高水稻产量达到8200 kg hm-2,与“常规配比”相比产量提高了24.81%;“推荐配比”糙米全氮和蛋白氮含量分别达到22.70 g kg-1和21.98 g kg-1,与“常规配比”相比差异显著,并且其全氮和蛋白氮含量分别提高17.01%,18.38%。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Tolerance of Rosa multiflora cv. Burr to Bicarbonate in Irrigation Water

ABSTRACT

High bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?) of irrigation water can be detrimental to plant growth in sustainable horticultural production systems. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), ZAC-19, (composed of Glomus albidum, Glomus claroideum, and Glomus diaphanum) to enhance tolerance to HCO₃ ^? was tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonized and non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM HCO₃ ^?. Increasing HCO₃ ^? concentration and associated high pH and electrical conductivity (EC)—reduced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and acid phosphatase activity, while increasing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP). Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO₃ ^?, as indicated by greater growth (leaf, stem, and total plant dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio), leaf elemental concentration [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), boron (B)], leaf chlorophyll concentration, higher mycorrhizal inoculation effect, lower root Fe reductase activity, and generally lower soluble ALP activity. While AMF colonization was reduced by increasing HCO₃ ^? concentration, colonization still occurred at high HCO₃ ^? concentration. At 2.5 mM HCO₃ ^?, AMF plant growth was comparable to plants at 0 mM HCO₃ ^?, further indicating the beneficial effect of AMF for alleviation of HCO₃ ^? plant stress.     

Irrigation Module and Sowing Date Affect Seed Cotton Yield,Quality, Productivity Indices,and Economics of Cotton in North-western India

ABSTRACT

Delayed sowing and imprecise application of irrigation water to cotton has been the major hurdle in sustaining cotton yield in north-western India. Therefore, studies were initiated to ascertain the impact of heavy or normal level of presowing irrigation (PSI), scheduling time of first postsowing irrigation (POSI) under two sowing dates (SDs) on cotton arranged in a split block design replicated thrice. PSI_h (100 mm) recorded 23.2% higher seed cotton yield over PSI_n (70 mm) owing to better yield attributes and higher stand. First POSI at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted the highest yield (3072 kg ha^?1), while one at 6 WAS (POSI₆) recorded least due to poor population and reduced yield attributes. Water productivity under POSI₆ was lesser by 29.1%, 25.2%, and 16.2% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively. April sown crop out yielded the May sown cotton crop by 939 kg ha^?1 due to better yield attributes. Nitrogen factor productivity (NFP) among SD remained higher by 23.3% for April as compared to May sowing. PSI_h exhibited better NFP over PSI_n. POSI₆ recorded least NFP by 24.4%, 28.5%, and 16.3% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively and was indicative of relatively poor utilization of N under delayed schedules. Therefore, planting in April after heavy PSI and scheduling first POSI at 4 WAS is best strategy for sustaining cotton yield and maximizing farmer profitability.     

NH4+-K+ co-loaded clinoptilolite as a binary fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Understanding the potential of clinoptilolite (CLI) for adsorption of NH₄⁺ and K⁺, providing appropriate fertilizer formula, and evaluation of the produced zeolitic nutrient sources (ZNSs) to meet the plant need are the main objectives of this study. Three ZNSs (NH₄⁺-saturated, K⁺-saturated and dual-purpose NH₄⁺-K⁺ saturated CLI) were produced, assessed, and compared with commercial N and K fertilizers (CFs) on corn growth in a greenhouse. The results indicated that CLI can potentially adsorb both NH₄⁺ and K⁺ to the maximum values of 25.00 mg-NH₄⁺ g^?1 and 47.61 mg-K g^?1, respectively, and chemisorptions mainly followed the process of adsorption. Saturation of zeolite by NH₄⁺ and K⁺ occurred after 10 and 15 d which lead to ZNSs with 2% and 5% of N and K, respectively. NH₄⁺-K⁺ saturated CLI contained 1% N and 1% K. The greenhouse experiment showed no significant difference between ZNSs and CFs on plant growth. However, the application of both N and K in the form of zeolitic sources significantly increased the uptake of N by the plant. The highest uptake of K (2.05 g pot^?1) occurred in plants supplied with both natural zeolite and CFs. The present results may benefit the future utilization of ZNSs in environmental friendly farming practices.     

四种常规方法提取伊利石有效钾的机制比较

采用化学分析、X射线衍射、中红外光声光谱以及原子力显微镜的方法,比较了0.2 mol L~(-1)四苯硼钠法、1 mol L~(-1)沸硝酸法、2 mol L~(-1)冷硝酸法和2 mol L~(-1)热盐酸法浸提伊利石中有效钾的机制。结果表明,四苯硼钠法浸提时,伊利石中钾素释放量达到全钾量的59.5%,且基本均通过层间交换反应予以释放,结构离子铁、铝和硅释放量极低;采用三种酸溶液浸提时,其钾素释放量仅占全钾量的1.53%~2.46%,通过层间交换反应释放的钾量占释放量的比例为88.4%~94.0%。四苯硼钠浸提时伊利石层间距扩大,产生次生过渡矿物,并形成富硅表层,但在伊利石表面无溶蚀特征;三种酸溶液浸提时伊利石结构无改变,但其结晶度降低,且表面有明显的溶蚀特征。因此,土壤矿物层间钾是作物可利用有效钾的主要来源,三种酸溶液浸提方法一方面低估了有效钾容量,另一方面提取了一部分不能为植物所利用的结构态钾,不适宜于用来评价伊利石及土壤有效钾库容量。     

氨甲喋呤(MTX)的直接碘标记方法研究

本文报道了~125I(~131I)抗肿瘤药物氨甲喋呤的制备方法,用直接碘化法——NBS、ChT、Iodogen进行标记,并对这几种方法进行了比较。结果表明,NBS法最好,标记率达90—99％。经Sephadex G-75柱凝胶过滤后得到纯产品,放化纯度为95.4％。所制得的标记产品适用于示踪研究。