An experimental study of homophily in the adoption of health behavior

How does the composition of a population affect the adoption of health behaviors and innovations? Homophily--similarity of social contacts--can increase dyadic-level influence, but it can also force less healthy individuals to interact primarily with one another, thereby excluding them from interactions with healthier, more influential, early adopters. As a result, an important network-level effect of homophily is that the people who are most in need of a health innovation may be among the least likely to adopt it. Despite the importance of this thesis, confounding factors in observational data have made it difficult to test empirically. We report results from a controlled experimental study on the spread of a health innovation through fixed social networks in which the level of homophily was independently varied. We found that homophily significantly increased overall adoption of a new health behavior, especially among those most in need of it.     

多层社交网络上的谣言传播研究

在线社交网络的普及和发展为信息传播带来了便利，同时也造成了网络谣言的不断滋生和快速传播。针对多层社交网络平台带来的谣言跨平台传播现象，谣言传播的动力学模型被用来模拟多层社交网络中的谣言传播过程。研究发现，谣言在多层社交网络中的传播速度、传播规模都超过单层社交网络，且谣言在多层网络比在单层网络中更容易传播开来；谣言在重构网络中的传播速度和传播规模大于原始的多层网络，并且谣言在重构网络中更容易传播开来。     

社会资本促进农民工幸福感的提高——基于CLDS 2016调查数据

在提高城镇化质量、推行以人为本的新型城镇化建设框架中,农民工的幸福感及其影响因素,对于社会平衡发展具有重要意义。本文基于CLDS2016数据,构建多元无序Logistic模型,实证分析社会网络、社会信任和社会互助对农民工幸福感的影响。研究发现,社会网络、社会信任和社会互助对农民工幸福感有正向影响,其中社会信任影响程度最大。受教育程度可以提升农民工的生活幸福感,但存在“倒U型”结构;在县内务工对幸福感是正向促进作用,女性的幸福感要显著高于男性。因此提出发展农村义务基础教育,鼓励农民工多参与社区组织的活动,建立良好的邻里关系,拓宽农民工的社会网络,提高员工的社会资本水平等政策建议。     

具有自我学习机制的网络谣言传播与仿真研究

将社交网络中的个体设为健康者(S)、传播者(I)、反击者(C)和免疫者(R)4种状态,根据不同状态之间的转移机制建立了SICR谣言传播模型.针对"人云亦云"的社会从众心理,引入个体的自我学习机制,基于BA无标度网络仿真分析了自我学习机制以及初始传播者、天然反击者重要性对谣言传播行为的影响.结果显示:自我学习机制能够促进谣言传播;初始传播者越重要,谣言传播范围越广、速度越快;天然反击者的重要性越高,抑制谣言传播的效果越明显.     

Gendered Livelihoods and Multiple Water Use in North Gujarat

A variety of water-based livelihood activities undertaken by women and men in the villages of North Gujarat are under threat due to the unavailability of adequate water. Excessive groundwater withdrawal and limited recharge have led to shrinking water tables. With shrinking supply and growing sectoral demand, the competition for access to water is growing and women, who command less political and social power in the patriarchal communities of South Asia, often find themselves marginalized. Women are basically considered domestic water users while men are seen as productive water users, despite the fact that women make significant use of water for productive purposes as well. This paper, drawing mainly on fieldwork undertaken in six villages of North Gujarat, India, tries to show how women use water for multiple purposes and help sustain the household economy. The paper argues that recognizing women’s roles as multiple water users will help promote the productive use of water in enhancing rural livelihood and sustaining the household economy. With special reference to women respondents, the paper examines gender roles of both domestic and productive water users and explores how these roles help women to improve their socio-economic status. The paper also analyzes operational income and expenditures associated with water-based home enterprise. Individual interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, daily routine diagrams, and key informant surveys were administered to collect primary data. Key findings show that access of women to water for productive use not only increases their income earning potential, but also helps strengthen their bargaining positions. Bhawana Upadhyay is currently with the International Water Management Institute, India Program Office. She is responsible for undertaking research on gender, water management, and poverty-related issues in South Asian countries.     

The birth rate decline in developing countries

Family planning programs historically have played an important role in providing information and counseling and supplying modern methods. Most programs are effective due to socioeconomic development and strong political support. Potential demand for services will be growing. This means that donor agencies must commit additional funding, and users must begin paying or paying more for contraceptives. Services and method choices need to be expanded, and quality of care needs to be improved. Three primary factors will impact on fertility decline: 1) the rate of social development, 2) the speed with which small family norms spread and contraception is adopted, and 3) the facility of private and public suppliers to meet contraceptive demand. Other factors influence reproductive decisions (women's roles and status, economic hardships or opportunities, religion, ethnicity, culture, and tradition). Contraceptive prevalence has increased from under 10% in the 1960s to 38% of all married, reproductive age women in the developing world, excluding China, which has contraceptive prevalence of 72%. Regional differences are wide. In Latin America, contraceptive use averages nearly 60% and ranges from over 50% in 10 countries and below 38% in Bolivia, Guatemala, and Haiti. Contraceptive prevalence is above average in Indonesia (50%), Sri Lanka (62%), and Thailand (68%) and just below average in Bangladesh (40%), India (45%), Philippines (34%), and Vietnam (53%). Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest prevalence, except for Zimbabwe (45%), Botswana (35%), and Kenya (27%). 80% of current users rely on modern methods. In most surveyed countries, 20-30% of married women have unmet demand. Fertility decline, unmet demand, and contraceptive use have all been affected by the diffusion of ideas about the use of family planning and the small family norm. Innovators are usually high status, educated women, who spread their views to other social groups or geographic areas. The spread can be rapid in countries with few cultural, social or economic barriers. Developing world birth rates have fallen since the 1960s from an average of six children to four in the 1990s, but a replacement level of 2.1 is needed to reach balanced growth.     

基于社交网络的非正式学习的个人知识管理研究—以“微博”为例

在网络技术快速发展下,社交网络已经成为了人们生活中不可缺少的一部分,同时非正式学习也越来越得到广大人民的关注。研究表明,人们70%的知识来自于非正式场合,而社交网络是人与人之间联系最为广泛、影响力最大的平台,因此也是人们进行非正式学习的最大的虚拟场合。由网络所获取的知识是碎片化的,如何把这些知识有效的整合起来?需要人们利用知识管理把零散的知识形成一个系统的构架,进而达到知识的创新。笔者通过对社交网络,非正式学习,个人知识管理特点及三者之间关系研究,提供相应的策略,旨在提高人们的学习效率。     

Status of women microbiologists

The general picture that emerges from this study is that the woman microbiologist, upon entering the professional job market, faces (i) slower advancement; (ii) restricted extramural recognition; and (iii) fewer positions of a supervisory or administrative nature, when compared to men. Most striking is the salary differential, which increases with increasing educational level, with increasing rank, and with increasing seniority. From the beginning of her professional training, the woman microbiologist feels handicapped by lack of encouragement and proper role models. She generally receives little advice regarding her professional future and rarely feels pushed to take the most challenging position. Should she be married, she feels that her mobility is severely restricted. Even though the subjective nature of these feelings may be interpreted as projections of failure, subtle inducements for women to stay at lower levels may well exist, in addition to more objective measurements, such as lower salary levels and slower professional advancement. Despite these handicaps, professional women continue to work. As a group, they work for the same reasons that men do, they work as long and as hard as men do, and they remain at their positions as long as men do. Women and men rate themselves equally as to job performance, degree of independence, and publication rate. On the basis of this study, it should not be surprising that women professionals are less visible than men and that only a small proportion of women become what is considered successful by the usual external criteria. If women were to receive continued encouragement, scientific contact, and professional recognition at each stage of their professional lives, they would undoubtedly become more visible. The lack of encouragement and selfconfidence leading to isolation, which then leads to lack of recognition, is a vicious circle that must be broken for the woman professional. This can be done most easily for the beginning student. For older women, there must be increased placement in positions of responsibility and visibility. Protective practices that discourage women from entering arenas of competition can only be viewed as discrimination on the basis of sex, since women professionals are rarely given the choice between being protected and being independent. Unexpectedly, this study illustrates the lower status of another group of individuals who are considered deviants from the expected roles of the established society-single men with doctorates, who were found in the positions predominately filled by women. In conclusion, this study of a select group of scientists probably has general applicability to all women professionals in their roles vis-à-vis men. Examination and documentation of discriminatory practices based on sex points to the areas in which women must direct their demands for equality.     

长春市伊通河沿河绿带使用后评价研究

采用实地踏查、调查问卷及语义差别法,从使用者基本信息、使用行为、场地状况以及场所精神4个方面对长春市伊通河沿河绿带进行使用后评价研究。结果表明,其使用者以周边居民为主,中老年比重高,低学历低收入人群居多,男性略多于女性;行为状况表现为出行频率较高,傍晚使用人数较多,绝大多数人步行20 min内到达,活动以2~3人为主,持续时间多为1~2 h,活动主要发生在广场和园路,以散步和体育锻炼为主,出行原因为距离近;对活动空间评价良好,对服务设施和环境条件的评价褒贬不一;场所精神表现为自然性、母性和神性3个层次。在此基础上,针对使用者物质和精神需求,提出了改善空间结构、完善配套设施、重视文脉传承的改造策略。     

“Our market is our community”: women farmers and civic agriculture in Pennsylvania,USA

Civic agriculture is characterized in the literature as complementary and embedded social and economic strategies that provide economic benefits to farmers at the same time that they ostensibly provide socio-environmental benefits to the community. This paper presents some ways in which women farmers practice civic agriculture. The data come from in-depth interviews with women practicing agriculture in Pennsylvania. Some of the strategies women farmers use to make a living from the farm have little to do with food or agricultural products, but all are a product of the process of providing a living for farmers while meeting a social need in the community. Most of the women in our study also connect their business practices to their gender identity in rural and agricultural communities, and redefine successful farming in opposition to traditional views of economic rationality.     

Social insect networks

Social insect colonies have many of the properties of adaptive networks. The simple rules governing how local interactions among individuals translate into group behaviors are found across social groups, giving social insects the potential to have a profound impact on our understanding of the interplay between network dynamics and social evolution.     

基于作者身份识别的社会网络构建方法研究

E-mail、BBS、Blog等网络用户在注册时往往匿名或提供伪造的个人信息,通过挖掘这些网络用户之间的信息交互,构造的社会网络是不可信的.本文提出1种基于作者身份识别的社会网络构建方法,分析网络信息作者的写作风格,对作者身份的真实性进行判断,以E-mail信息为例,挖掘这种信息用户之间的信息交互,使构建的社会网络更可...     

Formal and informal relations to rice seed systems in Kerala,India: agrobiodiversity as a gendered social-ecological artifact

Agrobiodiversity is an evident outcome of a long-lasting human–nature relationship, as the continuous use, conservation and management of crops has resulted in biological as well as cultural diversity of seeds and breeds. This paper aims to understand the interlocking of formal and informal seed supply routes by considering the dynamic flow of seeds within networks across the intersections of gender, ethnicity and age in South India as social categories structuring human–nature relations. This changing relationship under formal and informal institutional settings has consequences on performance for men and women in rice seed systems. Undertaking an empirical analysis of the organization of seed management and exchange, we seek to shed light on the gendered organization of agrobiodiversity as a social network. The study builds on Net-Map interviews conducted in 2012, embedded in the larger BioDIVA project in the district of Wayanad in Kerala, India. Based on network analysis, the interactive method employed has enabled identification of important actors in the seed system and the characteristics of their relationships. We look into the gendered structure of information exchange regarding seed varieties and actual seed transactions, while also examining clusters of actors collaborating regarding seed supply. Finally, we identify the institutional gap concerning seed sources left by formal and informal institutions, like the availability of varieties. We show how informal and formal seed systems coexist and overlap due to actors moving between systems and argue that the degree and areas of overlap are shaped by gendered human–nature relations.     

Predicting human interactive learning by regret-driven neural networks

Much of human learning in a social context has an interactive nature: What an individual learns is affected by what other individuals are learning at the same time. Games represent a widely accepted paradigm for representing interactive decision-making. We explored the potential value of neural networks for modeling and predicting human interactive learning in repeated games. We found that even very simple learning networks, driven by regret-based feedback, accurately predict observed human behavior in different experiments on 21 games with unique equilibria in mixed strategies. Introducing regret in the feedback dramatically improved the performance of the neural network. We show that regret-based models provide better predictions of learning than established economic models.     

基于SDN的校园网路径优化策略研究

软件定义网络(SDN)是一种新型网络架构,通过分离控制平面和数据转发平面,对二者进行解耦的同时实现对网络的集中管理和灵活控制.随着传统校园网规模的不断扩大,封闭的网络设备内置了过多的复杂协议,增加了管理员定制和优化网络的难度.同时,校园网内网络流量快速增长,各种新型服务不断出现,传统层次架构网络管理的工作量和运维成本在不断上升.为此,提出基于SDN的新型校园网络架构方案,Openflow交换机作为网络节点,Opendaylight作为控制器,结合改进的Dijkstra最短路径算法对校园网中数据包转发路径进行优化,以减小端到端间的延时,满足多变的用户需求,提高用户使用体验.文中利用Opendaylight控制器和Mininet网络仿真工具建立校园SDN网络模型,并通过实验仿真和数据分析来验证文中所提路径优化策略的有效性,为下一步校园网大规模设计部署SDN网络提供有力的参考.     

网络意见领袖的形成及其治理

网络意见领袖是伴随互联网的产生而出现的一种新的社会个体或群体。网络虚拟社区的形成、民意表达机制的缺乏和网民多元化的需要是网络意见领袖产生的重要条件。网络意见领袖既可以成为沟通的纽带，化解负面信息带来的危机，也可以成为沟通的障碍，制造新的危机。因此，网络管理部门要加强对网络意见领袖的管理和监督，引导网络意见领袖在和谐的网络环境建设中发挥积极作用。     

Empirical analysis of an evolving social network

Social networks evolve over time, driven by the shared activities and affiliations of their members, by similarity of individuals' attributes, and by the closure of short network cycles. We analyzed a dynamic social network comprising 43,553 students, faculty, and staff at a large university, in which interactions between individuals are inferred from time-stamped e-mail headers recorded over one academic year and are matched with affiliations and attributes. We found that network evolution is dominated by a combination of effects arising from network topology itself and the organizational structure in which the network is embedded. In the absence of global perturbations, average network properties appear to approach an equilibrium state, whereas individual properties are unstable.     

Gendered mobilities and food security: exploring possibilities for human movement within hunger prone rural Tanzania

This paper explores the movements, meanings and potential movements of men and women as they seek to secure food resources. Using a gendered mobilities framework, we draw on 66 in-depth interviews in the Kongwa district of rural Tanzania, illustrating how people move, their motivations and understandings of these movements, the taboos, rituals, and cultural characteristics of movement that hold implications for men and women and their food security needs. Results show that male potential mobility and female relative immobility is a critical factor in understanding how mobility affects food security differentially for men and women. We identify the links between mobilities and the development of social capital, particularly amongst men. We also illustrate problems with greater integration of women into the agricultural sector when these women risk stigma and censure from the increased physical movement that this integration requires. Implications from this study are examined in light of gender transformative approaches to agricultural interventions in sub-Saharan Africa.     

绿豆抗豆象基因PCR标记的构建与应用

 采用PCR分子标记技术，对16个绿豆品种（系）进行了遗传分析。在选用的56个随机引物中，发现抗豆象品种与感豆象品种间有一定差异。根据聚类分析结果将它们分成抗豆象野生种（TC1966）、抗豆象栽培种（V2709）、抗豆象杂交后代（VC3890A2/TC1966-23）和混合类型4个大组。以绿豆抗豆象和感豆象品种及抗豆象品种×感豆象品种组合的F2群体为试验材料，利用BSA法，对抗（感）豆象品种池和一个组合F2的抗（感）豆象池进行了鉴定，获得一个共显性标记。经F2分析，在抗豆象个体中扩增出约1.79 kb的特异片段或2个特异片段（1.79 kb/1.03 kb）；在感豆象个体中仅扩增出约1.03 kb的特异片段。初步认为此标记与TC1966的抗豆象基因位点紧密联锁，可用于绿豆抗豆象种质鉴定和遗传育种的分子标记辅助选择。     

农村女性艾滋病患者社会支持网的断裂研究——基于河南省农村地区的实证调查

"关注妇女,抗击艾滋"的"世界艾滋病日"主题,使得全世界将目光聚焦在妇女所受的艾滋病威胁之上。本文笔者在调查河南省部分农村地区艾滋病问题的基础上,运用社会支持理论全面地分析农村女性艾滋病患者社会支持网络的现状,论述了造成其社会支持网络断裂的原因。