Shock-induced localized amorphization in boron carbide

High-resolution electron microscope observations of shock-loaded boron carbide have revealed the formation of nanoscale intragranular amorphous bands that occur parallel to specific crystallographic planes and contiguously with apparent cleaved fracture surfaces. This damage mechanism explains the measured, but not previously understood, decrease in the ballistic performance of boron carbide at high impact rates and pressures. The formation of these amorphous bands is also an example of how shock loading can result in the synthesis of novel structures and materials with substantially altered properties.     

Pressure-induced amorphization and negative thermal expansion in ZrW2O8

It has recently been shown that zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) exhibits isotropic negative thermal expansion over its entire temperature range of stability. This rather unusual behavior makes this compound particularly suitable for testing model predictions of a connection between negative thermal expansion and pressure-induced amorphization. High-pressure x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering experiments showed that ZrW2O8 becomes progressively amorphous from 1.5 to 3.5 gigapascals. The amorphous phase was retained after pressure release, but the original crystalline phase returned after annealing at 923 kelvin. The results indicate a general trend between negative thermal expansion and pressure-induced amorphization in highly flexible framework structures.     

新颖三相异步电动机错相和缺相保护电路

从理论上分析了错相及缺相判别原理，提出了新颖保护电路，其线路简单、实用。     

Optical negative refraction in bulk metamaterials of nanowires

Negative refraction in metamaterials has generated great excitement in the scientific community. Although negative refraction has been realized in microwave and infrared by using metamaterials and by using two-dimensional waveguide structures, creation of a bulk metamaterial showing negative refraction at visible frequency has not been successful, mainly because of the significant resonance losses and fabrication difficulties. We report bulk metamaterials made of nanowires that show such negative refraction for all incident angles in the visible region. Moreover, the negative refraction occurs far from any resonance, resulting in a low-loss and a broad-band propagation at visible frequencies. These remarkable properties can substantially affect applications such as imaging, three-dimensional light manipulation, and optical communication.     

Synthesis and characterization of helical multi-shell gold nanowires

Suspended gold nanowires were made in an ultra-high vacuum. The finest of them was 0.6 nanometer in diameter and 6 nanometers in length. By high-resolution electron microscopy, they were shown to have a multi-shell structure composed of coaxial tubes. Each tube consists of helical atom rows coiled round the wire axis. The difference between the numbers of atom rows in outer and inner shells is seven, resulting in magic shell-closing numbers.     

String tension and stability of magic tip-suspended nanowires

Multishell helical gold nanowires were recently imaged by electron microscopy. We show theoretically that the contact with the gold tips at either end of the wire plays a crucial role and that local minima in the string tension rather than the total wire free energy determine the nanowire stability. Density functional electronic structure calculations of the simplest and thinnest coaxial gold and silver wires of variable radius and chirality were carried out. We found a string tension minimum for a single-tube gold nanowire that is chiral and consists of seven strands, in striking agreement with observation. In contrast, no such minimum was found for silver, where the s-d competition leading to surface reconstruction is lacking.     

Oscillatory mass transport in vapor-liquid-solid growth of sapphire nanowires

In vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth, the liquid phase plays a pivotal role in mediating mass transport from the vapor source to the growth front of a nanowire. Such transport often takes place through the liquid phase. However, we observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy a different behavior for self-catalytic VLS growth of sapphire nanowires. The growth occurs in a layer-by-layer fashion and is accomplished by interfacial diffusion of oxygen through the ordered liquid aluminum atoms. Oscillatory growth and dissolution reactions at the top rim of the nanowires occur and supply the oxygen required to grow a new (0006) sapphire layer. A periodic modulation of the VLS triple-junction configuration accompanies these oscillatory reactions.     

DNA-templated self-assembly of protein arrays and highly conductive nanowires

A DNA nanostructure consisting of four four-arm junctions oriented with a square aspect ratio was designed and constructed. Programmable self-assembly of 4 x 4 tiles resulted in two distinct lattice morphologies: uniform-width nanoribbons and two-dimensional nanogrids, which both display periodic square cavities. Periodic protein arrays were achieved by templated self-assembly of streptavidin onto the DNA nanogrids containing biotinylated oligonucleotides. On the basis of a two-step metallization procedure, the 4 x 4 nanoribbons acted as an excellent scaffold for the production of highly conductive, uniform-width, silver nanowires.     

Fabrication and magnetic properties of arrays of metallic nanowires

Arrays of ferromagnetic nickel and cobalt nanowires have been fabricated by electrochemical deposition of the metals into templates with nanometer-sized pores prepared by nuclear track etching. These systems display distinctive characteristics because of their one-dimensional microstructure. The preferred magnetization direction is perpendicular to the film plane. Enhanced coercivities as high as 680 oersteds and remnant magnetization up to 90 percent have also been observed.     

Control of thickness and orientation of solution-grown silicon nanowires

Bulk quantities of defect-free silicon (Si) nanowires with nearly uniform diameters ranging from 40 to 50 angstroms were grown to a length of several micrometers with a supercritical fluid solution-phase approach. Alkanethiol-coated gold nanocrystals (25 angstroms in diameter) were used as uniform seeds to direct one-dimensional Si crystallization in a solvent heated and pressurized above its critical point. The orientation of the Si nanowires produced with this method could be controlled with reaction pressure. Visible photoluminescence due to quantum confinement effects was observed, as were discrete optical transitions in the ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectra.     

Global trends in wind speed and wave height

Studies of climate change typically consider measurements or predictions of temperature over extended periods of time. Climate, however, is much more than temperature. Over the oceans, changes in wind speed and the surface gravity waves generated by such winds play an important role. We used a 23-year database of calibrated and validated satellite altimeter measurements to investigate global changes in oceanic wind speed and wave height over this period. We find a general global trend of increasing values of wind speed and, to a lesser degree, wave height, over this period. The rate of increase is greater for extreme events as compared to the mean condition.     

北方草原风电场土壤风蚀无线监测系统的研究

为减小风力发电对北方草原脆弱生态环境的影响,设计了一套基于ZigBee无线传感器网络和GPRS无线通讯技术的异地数据采集传输系统.该系统由ZigBee无线传感网络、传感器组、GPRS终端、上位机监测中心组成;设计的软件可进行草原风电场的空气温湿度、风速、土壤温度水分和风蚀量6个参数异地实时监测和可视化的显示.测试结果表明:在传感器节点和协调器距离在600 m以内,该混合组网的无线监测系统运行稳定,达到设计要求.     

Highly polarized photoluminescence and photodetection from single indium phosphide nanowires

We have characterized the fundamental photoluminescence (PL) properties of individual, isolated indium phosphide (InP) nanowires to define their potential for optoelectronics. Polarization-sensitive measurements reveal a striking anisotropy in the PL intensity recorded parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of a nanowire. The order-of-magnitude polarization anisotropy was quantitatively explained in terms of the large dielectric contrast between these free-standing nanowires and surrounding environment, as opposed to quantum confinement effects. This intrinsic anisotropy was used to create polarization-sensitive nanoscale photodetectors that may prove useful in integrated photonic circuits, optical switches and interconnects, near-field imaging, and high-resolution detectors.     

Solar wind origin in coronal funnels

The origin of the solar wind in solar coronal holes has long been unclear. We establish that the solar wind starts flowing out of the corona at heights above the photosphere between 5 megameters and 20 megameters in magnetic funnels. This result is obtained by a correlation of the Doppler-velocity and radiance maps of spectral lines emitted by various ions with the force-free magnetic field as extrapolated from photospheric magnetograms to different altitudes. Specifically, we find that Ne7+ ions mostly radiate around 20 megameters, where they have outflow speeds of about 10 kilometers per second, whereas C3+ ions with no average flow speed mainly radiate around 5 megameters. Based on these results, a model for understanding the solar wind origin is suggested.     

一种风压转换近地风速检测装备设计与试验

【目的】针对目前相关设备风场自干扰大的问题,为更好地获取无人机(Unmanned arial vehicle,UAV)近地风场参数信息,以风压信号为基础,采用皮托管风速传感器设计一种风压转换近地风速检测装备。【方法】利用轴流风机对叶轮风速传感器和皮托管风速传感器的感应位置进行风速干扰对比试验,利用热线式标准风速仪测定干扰前后的风速变化,利用轴流风机以相同的风速检测该装备所有传感器的测量风速并记录,得到该系统的一致性。将同一风速下标准热线式风速仪的测量风速和该系统的传感器测量风速进行对比,找出皮托管风速传感器准确度较低的风速段,利用Matlab软件对风压信号–风速值进行拟合。【结果】在10.00~15.00 m·s–1风速下皮托管风速传感器对直流风速的削弱不超过1%,而叶轮传感器达到20%以上。系统所采用的30个风压变送器在风速为15.00 m·s~~(–1)时的最大绝对差异为0.96 m·s–1,最大相对差异为6.40%,变异系数为1%。以三次公式进行拟合后,误差平方和(SSE)为0.099 6,拟合优度(R2)0.96。【结论】本系统能够有效检测无人机下旋翼风速数据,且比叶轮式风速传感器网络测量系统在减少干扰方面具有明显优势,可以为研究无人机田间作业提供有效帮助。     

高等植物中的电信号研究进展

植物对外界刺激发生反应的过程中,往往会有多种信号共同作用。电信号的产生与植物的敏感性、植物的生理状态及刺激因子有关。已发现的电信号有动作电波,变异电波,复合电波,振荡电波及波中波等多种类型。电信号的传递途径及传递机制仍然存在争议。植物的多种生理效应与电信号的产生、传递有关。     

Virus-based toolkit for the directed synthesis of magnetic and semiconducting nanowires

We report a virus-based scaffold for the synthesis of single-crystal ZnS, CdS, and freestanding chemically ordered CoPt and FePt nanowires, with the means of modifying substrate specificity through standard biological methods. Peptides (selected through an evolutionary screening process) that exhibit control of composition, size, and phase during nanoparticle nucleation have been expressed on the highly ordered filamentous capsid of the M13 bacteriophage. The incorporation of specific, nucleating peptides into the generic scaffold of the M13 coat structure provides a viable template for the directed synthesis of semiconducting and magnetic materials. Removal of the viral template by means of annealing promoted oriented aggregation-based crystal growth, forming individual crystalline nanowires. The unique ability to interchange substrate-specific peptides into the linear self-assembled filamentous construct of the M13 virus introduces a material tunability that has not been seen in previous synthetic routes. Therefore, this system provides a genetic toolkit for growing and organizing nanowires from semiconducting and magnetic materials.     

SrTiO3纳米线的溶胶-凝胶模板法制备与表征

采用二次阳极氧化法制备多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)模板,通过溶胶-凝胶模板法在AAO模板的孔洞中制得SrTiO3纳米线,用XRD,EDS,SEM,TEM和SAED对纳米线的结构、成分和形貌进行表征. 结果表明:AAO模板孔洞相互平行,孔径大小均一,所得纳米线长约13 μm,直径约70 nm,含有Al,O,Sr,Ti 4种元素,为立方相多晶结构.     

Virus-enabled synthesis and assembly of nanowires for lithium ion battery electrodes

The selection and assembly of materials are central issues in the development of smaller, more flexible batteries. Cobalt oxide has shown excellent electrochemical cycling properties and is thus under consideration as an electrode for advanced lithium batteries. We used viruses to synthesize and assemble nanowires of cobalt oxide at room temperature. By incorporating gold-binding peptides into the filament coat, we formed hybrid gold-cobalt oxide wires that improved battery capacity. Combining virus-templated synthesis at the peptide level and methods for controlling two-dimensional assembly of viruses on polyelectrolyte multilayers provides a systematic platform for integrating these nanomaterials to form thin, flexible lithium ion batteries.