Kepler-16: a transiting circumbinary planet

We report the detection of a planet whose orbit surrounds a pair of low-mass stars. Data from the Kepler spacecraft reveal transits of the planet across both stars, in addition to the mutual eclipses of the stars, giving precise constraints on the absolute dimensions of all three bodies. The planet is comparable to Saturn in mass and size and is on a nearly circular 229-day orbit around its two parent stars. The eclipsing stars are 20 and 69% as massive as the Sun and have an eccentric 41-day orbit. The motions of all three bodies are confined to within 0.5° of a single plane, suggesting that the planet formed within a circumbinary disk.     

Satellites of the outer planets: thermal models

Steady-state thermal models for the large satellites of the outer planets strongly indicate that their interiors are currently maintained at temperatures well above the ice-ammonia eutectic temperature by the decay of long-lived radioisotopes of potassium, uranium, and thorium. The present-day steady-state thermal structure of a representative satellite, J IV (Callisto), is shown to be characterized by the presence of a thin icy crust over a deep liquid mantle, with a dense core of hydrous silicates and iron oxides. Some dynamical consequences of this model are briefly discussed.     

Oblique impact: a process for obtaining meteorite samples from other planets

Cratering flow calculations for a series of oblique to normal (10 degrees to 90 degrees ) impacts of silicate projectiles onto a silicate halfspace were carried out to determine whether or not the gas produced upon shock-vaporizing both projectile and target material would form a downstream jet that could entrain and propel SNC meteorites from the Martian surface. The difficult constraints that the impact origin hypothesis for SNC meteorites has to satisfy are that these meteorites are lightly to moderately shocked and yet have been accelerated to speeds in excess of the Martian escape velocity (more than 5 kilometers per second). Two-dimensional finite difference calculations were performed that show that at highly probable impact velocities (7.5 kilometers per second), vapor plume jets are produced at oblique impact angles of 25 degrees to 60 degrees and have speeds as great as 20 kilometers per second. These plumes flow nearly parallel to the planetary surface. It is shown that upon impact of projectiles having radii of 0.1 to 1 kilometer, the resulting vapor jets have densities of 0.1 to 1 gram per cubic centimeter. These jets can entrain Martian surface rocks and accelerate them to velocities greater than 5 kilometers per second. This mechanism may launch SNC meteorites to earth.     

Minor planets: the discovery of minor satellites

The recent confirmation of the discovery of a satellite of the minor planet 532 Herculina indicates that other similar anomalous sightings are probably also due to satellites, which must therefore be numerous and commonplace. There are now 23 candidate satellites for eight minor planets, and no one of these minor planets occulting a star has failed to show evidence of at least one secondary event. Such companions are gravitationally stable but apparently have rapid tidal evolution rates.     

Retrieval failure induced by electroconvulsive shock: reversal with dissimilar training and recovery agents

Amnesia was obtained following electroconvulsive shock in rats trained at one-trial passive avoidance of immersion in ice water. Avoidance behavior was restored when noncontingent foot shock was administered outside the training apparatus. The qualitative differences between ice water and foot shock demonstrate that the agent inducing recovery of memory need not be physically similar to the reinforcer used during training. These findings are interpreted as supporting a retrieval failure view of experimental amnesia.     

Atmospheric particulates: specific surface areas and densities

Suspended particulates in Pittsburgh air were collected on glass-fiber filters. The specific surface areas of particulates brushed from the filter surface varied from 1.55 to 4.51 square meters per gram when measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method with nitrogen and krypton, after 8-hour degassing of the samples at 25 degrees C. Specific surfaces of the same samples varied from 4.3 to 8.00 square meters per gram after 4-hour degassing at 200 degrees C. Bulk densities and densities of samples were 0.49 to 0.64 and 2.0 to 2.6 grams per cubic centimeter, respectively. These data provide some basis for explanation of unpredictable responses reported after inhalation of mixtures of pollutant gases and particles by animals and man; they should also assist in interpretation of gas-solid phase reactions in the atmosphere.     

贸易便利化、邻国效应与双边农产品出口——基于中国及周边国家空间模型的经验研究

本文在研究贸易便利化对农产品出口的作用时,同时考察了第三国效应中邻国效应的影响,以中国及周边国家为研究对象,从出口国和进口国角度出发,通过Tobit空间杜宾模型(Tobit-SDM)实证分析了贸易便利化和邻国效应在双边农产品出口中的作用大小。结果表明:出口国和进口国贸易便利化都对双边农产品出口额有显著促进作用;在中国及周边国家的农产品出口贸易中,邻国效应显著存在,其中邻国贸易效应表现为互利互补,邻国便利化效应在出口国中表现为正显著而在进口国中不明显;在分指标回归结果中,出口国港口物流设施及法律规制和进口国海关规制环境的改善对双边农产品出口额的提升最为显著。本文研究既为加强周边农业合作的政策提供了经验理论证据,又比较分析了贸易便利化各方面对于农产品出口提升效果的差异,不仅具有一定的理论意义,而且还对相关政策的制定具有参考价值。     

Laboratory simulation of thermal convection in rotating planets and stars

Because of dynamical constraints in a rotating system, the component of gravity perpendicular to the axis of rotation is the dominant driving force of convection in liquid planetary cores and in stars. Except for the sign, the centrifugal force closely resembles the perpendicular component of gravity. Convection processes in stars and planets can therefore be modeled in laboratory experiments by using the centrifugal force with a reversed temperature gradient.     

IL-36a和IL-36R在系统性红斑狼疮皮损中的表达及意义

目的观察系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者皮损中IL-36β、IL-36R表达。方法应用免疫组化技术检测13例SLE患者皮损和8例对照者皮肤中IL-36、IL-36R分布及表达水平。结果 SLE患者皮损中表皮角质形成细胞、真皮浅层浸润的淋巴细胞核表达IL-36、IL-36R水平较对照组高（P〈0.01）。结论 SLE患者皮损中存在IL-36和IL-36R高表达,可能参与SLE发病。     

On the frequency-locked orbits of two particles in a paul trap

Calculations are presented that show frequency-locking to be a prominent phenomenon in the dynamics of two ions in a Paul trap, provided that damping is linear and small. The frequency-locked attractors that exist when dissipation is present correspond to stable, periodic orbits of the underlying Hamiltonian system, which appear to be infinite in number. The accuracy of the calculations is illustrated by comparing an orbit observed in a Paul trap for microspheres with the solution of the equations of motion.     

A pair of shelled eggs inside a female dinosaur

An oviraptosaurian specimen (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from an Upper Cretaceous formation in China retains a pair of shelled eggs in the pelvis, providing direct evidence that oviraptorosaurian dinosaurs laid paired elongatoolithid eggs. The presence of the paired eggs suggests that theropod dinosaurs had two functional oviducts (like crocodiles) but that each oviduct produced only one egg at a time and that an entire egg clutch was laid through multiple ovipositions (like birds). The orientations of the eggs inside the skeleton and in clutches indicate that the mother came to the center of the nest to lay eggs.     

冬小麦套种不同密度玉米技术初探

通过对冬小麦套种不同密度玉米测试项目试验数据进行回归和F测验,计算相关系数和t测验等,分析并提出了种植套种玉米的密度要求和品种特性。     

Frequencies of occultations of stars by planets, satellites, and asteroids

Calculations show that several occultations of stars by the large satellites of the outer planets, Pluto, and the large asteroids could be observed each decade with existing equipment at Earth-based telescopes. A systematic program of occultation predictions and observations is urged in order to improve our knowledge about the atmospheres, sizes, shapes, topography, and positions of these poorly understood bodies, in support of forthcoming spacecraft missions to the outer solar system.     

不同造林密度下杉木人工林的氮储量与分配格局

[目的]探明杉木人工林氮储量及其分配格局与造林密度的关系。[方法]以不同造林密度(1 800、3 000、4 500株·hm~(-2))杉木人工林为研究对象,探讨其乔木层地上部分、林下植被层、枯枝落叶层和根系氮储量及分配特征。[结果]杉木人工林乔木层和枯枝落叶层氮储量随着造林密度的增大而提高,而林下植被层和根系氮储量则随造林密度的增大呈先升后降的趋势。乔木层地上部分是杉木人工林氮储量的主体,造林密度为1 800和3 000株·hm~(-2)的杉木人工林氮储量表现为:乔木层地上部分>根系>林下植被层>枯枝落叶层;4 500株·hm~(-2)林分则表现为:乔木层地上部分>根系>枯枝落叶层>林下植被层。氮储量在乔木层各器官以及各径级根系中的分配相对分散,没有明显的主体。造林密度对乔木层宿存叶和宿存枝氮储量分配格局具有重要影响,但对乔木层其他器官和各径级根系氮储量分配格局的影响不明显。[结论]在一定造林密度范围内,杉木人工林乔木层地上部分和枯枝落叶层氮储量随造林密度的增大而提高,而林下植被层和根系氮储量随造林密度的增大呈先升后降的趋势。     

不同造林密度下杉木人工林的生物量与分配特征

[目的]探究不同造林密度杉木人工林林分生物量差异及其分配特征。[方法]以不同造林密度(1 800、3 000、4 500株·hm~(-2))12年生杉木人工林为研究对象,通过生物量收获法分析林分不同组分生物量及其分配特征。[结果]随着造林密度的增大,杉木人工林平均树高及平均枝下高呈逐渐上升趋势,而胸径则呈下降趋势。杉木树干、树皮及宿留枯死枝叶、不同径级树根、凋落物层生物量均随着造林密度的增大呈上升趋势,而林下植被层生物量则呈下降趋势。高密度林分有利于杉木树干、树皮、宿留枯死枝叶、粗根及凋落物层生物量的分配;低密度林分则有利于枝叶、大根、细根及林下植被层生物量的分配。[结论]在一定密度范围内,杉木人工林林分生物量随着造林密度的增大而逐渐提高。