间接Dot－ELISA检测猪细小病毒抗原的研究

本文成功地建立了间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）用于检测ＰＰＶ抗原对纯化ＰＰＶ抗原的最低检出量为２．５ｎｇ／点。ＰＰＶ阳性猪血清的特异性阻断试验及交叉反应试验证明，该方法对ＰＰＶ抗原的检测具有特异性。以该方法检测ＰＰＶ人工感染兔样本和自然染猪样本，ＰＰＶ抗原的阳性检出率分别为肾样本１００％（１７／１７）、８１．８２％（９１／１１），肝样本１００％（１６／１６）、５６．５２％（１３／２３）。２０份随机样本的间接Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测结果与病毒分离和鉴定结果相符。     

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒的血凝及血凝抑制试验检测

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒是由细小病毒引起的传染病,能感染各种猫科动物。通过血凝及血凝抑制试验(HA/HI),检测猫细小病毒的抗原和抗体效价,从而确定一种简易、快速操作简单、敏感、准确的诊断方法,并为免疫程序提供可靠依据。     

二辛可宁酸试剂定量蛋白质与口蹄疫抗原的研究

二辛可宁酸(bicinchonininc acid,BCA)可用于精确定量蛋白质。用不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法纯化口蹄疫146S抗原。BCA试剂定量0～200 μg/ml的白蛋白和该纯化抗原,紫外分光光度计560 nm波长读取结果（OD值）,白蛋白检测结果用SPSS软件进行线性和回归分析,发现数据相关性、线性显著,计算出了回归方程,绘制出了蛋白质含量与OD值之间的标准曲线。将纯化抗原的数据代入回归方程计算出该抗原的含量。     

断奶仔猪衰竭综合征育肥猪群PCV2抗原和抗体水平的动态变化

尽管断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征(postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome,PMWS)多感染8～16周龄的仔猪,许多研究结果表明,PMWS也可影响育肥猪群。本试验主要研究不同临床症状的PMWS育肥猪群猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)抗原和抗体效价的动态变化。从3个育肥猪群(来自Swedish猪场的A、B猪群和Norwegian猪场的C猪群)各收集40份血样本用以分析血清PCV2抗原、抗体和唾液皮质醇。虽然A、B猪群由同一母猪群,但其PMWS症状有所不同。结果表明,A、B猪群最初的PCV2抗原相同。在A猪群进入育肥期2周后,PCV2抗原水平达到最高;PCV2抗体水平也较高,达到107/mL;随着PMWS的发展,PCV2抗体水平也随之消长。B猪群表现为PCV2抗体水平升高到一定水平并维持整个试验期,而PCV2抗原水平则稳定下降。在育肥期的前5周,C猪群未感染PMWS,从而未检测到PCV2抗体,即使PCV2DNA量也很低,然后PCV2抗原水平有小幅上升,PCV2抗体水平也随之上升。A、B猪群的PCV2为PCV2b,而C猪群为PCV2a。C猪群的唾液皮质醇水平低于A、B猪群。A、B猪群与C猪群最大的不同之处在于PCV2的基因型不同和因PCV2感染时间不同导致的感染分布部位不同。临床型PMWS可表现低血清抗体水平,且高PCV2抗体水平不一定发展为临床型PMWS。由此可知,A猪群可能是因管理不善从而导致PMWS的发生,提示应重视合适的卫生管理和常规疾病预防措施的重要性。     

用ELISA猪瘟抗原检测试剂盒诊断猪瘟

近年来，猪瘟的流行特征发生了重要变化，出现了以慢性、阴性感染为主的流行趋势，致使猪瘟的临床诊断更为困难。目前实验室检测猪瘟的方法很多，以抗原一抗体反应为基础的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)被广泛采用，ELISA是快速检测猪瘟的有效方法。笔者利用ELISA猪瘟抗原检测试剂盒，对某猪场送检病料进行猪瘟诊断，取得了较好的效果。     

抗原捕获聚合酶链式反应检测鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒

用针对传染性喉气管炎病毒（ＩＬＴＶ）不同抗原表位的４株单抗（ＭｃＡｂ），混合包被Ｅｐｐｅｎ－ｄｏｒｆ管，捕捉ＩＬＴＶ，同时加入包含ＩＬＴＶＴＫ基因的两个引物，建立了能检测ＩＬＴＶ的抗原捕获聚合酶链式反应，得到了与预计大小一致的１２６２ｂｐ的ＰＣＲ产物，用ＴＫ基因内部酶切位点ＥｃｏＲＩ进行酶切，得到了预计大小为５９５ｂｐ和６６７ｂｐ的两个片段，证明了ＰＣＲ的产物的特异性，该方法的建立为传染性喉气管炎的快速确诊打下了基础，对于传染性喉气管炎的防制具有重要意义     

FMD、CSF、PRRS3种疫苗不同组合对定安黑猪的免疫效果评价

为探索科学免疫接种方法,确定合理有效的免疫程序,以减少生猪的疫苗接种次数及应激反应,笔者设计了相关试验,以验证多重免疫同时进行的可行性。结果表明：采用猪口蹄疫、猪瘟、高致病性猪蓝耳病三种疫苗同时分点注苗组的效果到达了预期目标,可以推广应用。     

应用改良阻断ELISA检测禽网状内皮组织增殖病血清抗体

应用禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒纯化抗原和抗ＲＥＶ单克隆抗体建立了改良阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ用于鸡血清中ＲＥＶ抗体检测，并对北京地区鸡群中随机采样的３６份血清样本进行了检测，阳性率为５．６％。与间接ＥＬＳＩＡ的检测结果进行了统计学比较，两种方法的阳性率无显著差异。结果表明本试验所建立的改良阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ可以用于鸡群ＲＥＶ感染的血清学调查。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒 PY05 株的分离鉴定

为了分离到鸡传染性法氏囊病（Infectious bursal disease,IBD）病毒,从河南省濮阳地区某疑似感染鸡法氏囊病病毒的鸡场采集病料,用SPF鸡胚对病毒进行分离培养,通过琼脂扩散试验和RT-PCR扩增VP4片段对其进行鉴定。结果显示该毒株能引起鸡胚规律性死亡,且出现CAM增厚、鸡胚出血等明显病变;待检抗原、标准阳性血清之间出现阳性沉淀线;琼脂电泳得到大小约为1200bp片段,与预期结果相符。结果证明该分离株为IBDV地方株,并命名为PY05株。     

新疆部分规模奶牛场牛病毒性腹泻病的流行情况调查与防控措施

为了解新疆地区部分规模奶牛场牛病毒性腹泻病（BVD）的流行情况,优化防控措施,以达到建设防控净化场的目的,自2020年11月到2021年7月累计采集新疆5 个地区16 个奶牛场共计26 997 份血清、3 843 份犊牛耳组织进行全群普检。通过使用IDEXX公司牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）抗原检测试剂盒检测及RT-PCR复检结合测序等方法,淘汰阳性牛,同源性分析流行毒株情况。BVDV血清抗原检测结果为：沙湾某奶牛场BVD阳性率为1.63%（38/2 326）;乌鲁木齐某奶牛场BVD阳性率为0.35%（4/1 132）;其余奶牛场均为阴性。犊牛耳组织抗原检测结果为：乌鲁木齐某牛场BVDV阳性率为1.17%（4/342）;其余奶牛场均为阴性。研究结果揭示,奶牛场通过淘汰BVDV阳性牛,调整免疫程序、制定消毒程序等方法,可有效净化BVD。     

Relationship between virulence and adherence of various enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains to isolated intestinal epithelial cells from Chinese Meishan and European large white pigs

In vitro adherence to intestinal epithelial cells by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains bearing K88, K99, F41, or 987P adhesins and of their variants not bearing adhesins (K88-, K99-, or F41-) was investigated in European Large White and Chinese Meishan pigs. Possible relationship between adherence and virulence was also examined. The K88-positive (K88+) strain strongly adhered to intestinal epithelial cells from 26 of 28 Large White pigs. This strain had previously been found to be highly virulent for Large White pigs. The only surviving pig was of nonadherent phenotype, and cells from 4 dehydrated moribund pigs had strong adherence. By contrast, the same K88+ strain found previously to have little pathogenicity for Meishan pigs adhered with variable intensity to cells from 17 of 23 Meishan pigs; correlation was not evident between adherence and virulence. The K99+ F41+ strain of porcine origin and the F41+ strain generally adhered strongly to cells from 24 and 23 Meishan pigs, respectively, and to cells from 25 of 26 Large White pigs. Correlation was not found between adherence and virulence for the 2 strains. A K99+ F41+ strain of bovine origin adhered to cells from 20 of 22 Meishan and 22 of 23 Large White pigs, and a K99- F41+ variant adhered to cells from 19 of 23 Meishan and 23 of 24 Large White pigs. The adhesin-negative variants never adhered to intestinal epithelial cells. Strain 987 known not to readily produce 987P adhesin after in vitro growth never adhered to cells during the test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prevalence of four enterotoxin (STaP, STaH, STb, and LT) and four adhesin subunit (K99, K88, 987P, and F41) genes among Escherichia coli isolates from cattle

Colony hybridizations with DNA probes for 3 heat-stable (STaP, STaH, and STb) enterotoxins and 1 heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin and for 4 adhesins (K99, F41, K88, 987P) were performed on 870 Escherichia coli isolates to determine pathotypes prevalent among enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) isolated from cattle in Belgium. One hundred thirty-two E coli isolates (15.2%) hybridized with probes STaP, K99, and/or F41. The 5 other probes were not hybridized by E coli isolates. Therefore, only STaP enterotoxin and K99 and F41 adhesins were virulence factors of ETEC isolated from cattle. Two major pathotypes accounted for 95% of the ETEC: STaP+K99+F41+ (67.4%) and STaP+K99+ (27.3%). The last 5% of probe-positive isolates had STaP+, STaP+F41+, or K99+F41+ minor pathotypes. Of 12 American ETEC isolates also assayed, 7 were positive with STb and/or 987P probes (pathotypes STaP+STb+, STaP+ 987P+, or STaP+STb+987P+) and may be porcine- rather than bovine-specific enteropathogens. The remaining 5 American ETEC isolates belonged to 3 minor pathotypes (STaP+, STaP+F41+, and K99+F41+) also found among Belgian E coli isolates. Such isolates may be derivatives of STaP+K99+F41+ or STaP+K99+ ETEC after in vivo or in vitro loss of virulence genes and/or non-ETEC isolates, which have acquired virulence genes by in vivo transfer.     

Phenotypic expression of K88 adhesin alone or simultaneously with K99 and/or F41 adhesins in the bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain B41

F41-positive and F41-negative derivatives of bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain B41 carrying K88 or K88 and K99 plasmids were investigated for stability and expression of genes for their fimbrial antigens. Either K88 plasmid alone or both K88 and K99 plasmids could be maintained in these strains though stability could depend on culture medium. K99 antigen could be detected in each strain bearing K99 plasmid. Clones that produced K88 antigen or clones that did not produce this antigen could be isolated from each strain, except from the strain that possessed K99 plasmid in the strain that did not possess the ability to produce F41 antigen. Strains possessing K88 plasmid in the strain able to produce F41 antigen produced clones expressing either both K88 and F41 antigens, (also F41 appeared strongly expressed in some clones) or clones that produced only F41 antigen or no antigen at all. Clones that produced only K88 antigen or others that did not produce this antigen could be produced from a strain bearing only K88 plasmid and that did not possess the ability to produce F41 antigen. None of these strains bearing K88 plasmid alone or additionally K99 plasmid produced mannose-resistant hemagglutination of horse or sheep erythrocytes at 20°C as found for K99 and F41 ETEC natural strains, respectively. These results suggested that the structures of pili when several genetic determinants were present simultaneously may not be identical to those of original strains. In this study, clones expressing either one, two or three adhesin bearing antigens could be obtained from the strain B41.     

Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody to the K99 fimbrial adhesin produced by Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic for calves, lambs and piglets

All the K99+ Escherichia coli grown at 37 degrees C stained strongly with a peroxidase labelled K99 monoclonal antibody using a direct immunoperoxidase staining procedure. There was no reaction when these bacteria were cultured at 18 degrees C or when K99- E coli were grown at either temperature. The binding of the monoclonal antibody to K99 antigen was inhibited by OK antisera to heterologous K99+ E coli but OK antisera to E coli producing adhesins other than K99 were without effect. Using the slide agglutination test the reactions of the monoclonal antibody were identical to those of a polyclonal antiserum to K99 when both were used in parallel to examine 100 K99+ E coli from at least 10 somatic O groups and 1308 K99+ E coli from at least 82 different somatic O groups submitted for routine serological typing in England or the, USA. The monoclonal antibody reacted with K99+ E coli in cryostat sections of the ileum from a piglet infected with E coli strain B44 (O9: K30, K99, F41) but there was no reaction with similar material from piglets infected by E coli strains 1751 (O101: F41), X177/81 (O9: K103, 987P) or Abbotstown (O149: K91, K88ac).     

Prevalence of fimbrial antigens and enterotoxins in nonclassical serogroups of Escherichia coli isolated from newborn pigs with diarrhea

Ninety-nine nonclassical serogroups isolated from newborn pigs with neonatal diarrhea were tested for fimbrial antigens F4(K88), F5(K99), F6(987P), F41, and F165, and for heat-labile enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin a (STa), heat-stable enterotoxin b, verocytotoxin, and cytolethal-distending toxin. Thirty-two strains, belonging mostly to serogroups O64:K"V142,", O9:K103, and O20:K101, were F5-positive and usually produced STa, although 5 strains produced only heat-stable enterotoxin b. Fifteen strains, belonging mostly to serogroups O64:K"V142" and O20:K101, were F41 positive and usually produced STa. Twenty-three stains, belonging mostly to serogroups O64:K"V142," O9:K103, and O20:K101, were F6-positive and usually produced STa. Several strains produced more than one fimbrial antigen, either F5 and F41, F5 and F6, F6 and F41, F6 and F165, or F5, F6, F41, and F165. None of the strains produced heat-labile enterotoxin, verocytotoxin, or cytolethal-distending toxin. The indirect immunofluorescence test was much more sensitive than was the slide agglutination test for the detection of each of the fimbrial antigens F5, F6, F41, and F165 on strains grown in vitro. The production of F6 by certain strains for which only a low proportion of cells were F6-positive in vitro, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, was confirmed by experimental infection of newborn pigs.     

Protection of lambs against enteric colibacillosis by vaccination of ewes

Pregnant ewes were vaccinated twice, seven weeks and three weeks before lambing, with a multivalent formalin-killed Escherichia coli vaccine containing an added K99, F41 antigen preparation. Lambs born to vaccinated and unvaccinated ewes were exposed to oral infection with E coli B44 (09:K30, K99, F41). All 10 lambs from vaccinated ewes were protected whereas all 10 control lambs developed severe diarrhoea and five died or were killed in extremis. In the following year, previously immunised ewes were given a single dose of the vaccine two weeks before lambing. Eleven of their 12 lambs were protected against a similar challenge, which caused the death of six of eight control lambs and severe diarrhoea in the two survivors. Higher levels of antibody to the K99, F41 preparation were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum and colostrum from vaccinated ewes and in the serum of their lambs when compared with similar samples from control ewes and lambs.     

对FC株猪源性肠毒素型大肠杆菌致病因子的研究

FC菌株是一株从腹泻仔猪粪便中分离的肠毒素型大肠杆菌(Enterotoxigenic E.coli,ETEC)。在MRHA反应中,本菌能凝集人O型、豚鼠、马、绵羊、牛、鸡和兔的红细胞,对人O型和豚鼠红细胞有很高的血凝性,血抗K88和K99血清不能抑制其对豚鼠和绵羊红细胞的血凝。在体外小肠上皮细胞吸附试验中,本菌对仔猪小肠上皮细胞具有强烈的吸附作用;透射电镜和扫描电镜观察证实了FC株菌除表面具有一种纤毛样结构外,还能定居在仔猪小肠段。血清学试验结果表明,本菌的O抗原属于O101。K88和987P两种抗血清均不能凝集本菌,而K99和F41抗血清均可凝集。对纯化的FC株菌粘着素抗原作等电聚焦和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,结果表明,该菌的粘着素是由等电点分别为4.61和9.78,分子量分别为29500和17500的两种蛋白质抗原所组成。此外,用乳鼠胃内投服试验和兔肠结扎试验证明,该菌只产生热稳定肠毒素。总之,本菌是一株能产生ST的K99,F41的肠毒素型大肠杆菌。     

Rapid detection of Escherichia coli virulence factor genes using multiplex real-time TaqMan PCR assays

Three multiplex real-time TaqMan PCR assays were developed for the detection of Escherichia coli virulence factor genes in veterinary samples. Target virulence factors chosen were the fimbriae K88 (F4), K99 (F5), F41, F17, F18 and 987p (F6) and the toxins LT, STa and CDT IV. Detection of genes coding GAD were included in each assay as an internal control. These assays allow rapid identification of virulence factor genes using identical cycling conditions on an Mx3000Ptrade mark real-time PCR machine with the capacity to test up to 20 strains for 9 virulence genes in 1h.     

Prevention of colibacillosis in neonatal swine with a 4-pilus E coli bacterin

Of 12 pregnant swine (vaccinates) given a 4-pilus enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) bacterin (K88, K99, 987P, F41), all developed comparable or significantly higher serum and colostral antibody levels than those of 8 pregnant swine (controls) given a 3-pilus ETEC bacterin (K88, K99, 987P). When piglets were challenged with an ETEC strain bearing the F41 antigen, those from vaccinates had significantly lower mortality, less scours, less severe clinical signs and better weight gain than those from controls.     

Porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines as a new in vitro model for studying adherence and pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections result in large economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The organism causes diarrhea by adhering to and colonizing enterocytes in the small intestines. While much progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ETEC, no homologous intestinal epithelial cultures suitable for studying porcine ETEC pathogenesis have been described prior to this report. In the current study, we investigated the adherence of various porcine ETEC strains to two porcine (IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2) and one human (INT-407) small intestinal epithelial cell lines. Each cell line was assessed for its ability to support the adherence of E. coli expressing fimbrial adhesins K88ab, K88ac, K88ad, K99, F41, 987P, and F18. Wild-type ETEC expressing K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad efficiently bound to both IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2 cells. An ETEC strain expressing both K99 and F41 bound heavily to both porcine cell lines but an E. coli strain expressing only K99 bound very poorly to these cells. E. coli expressing F18 adhesin strongly bound to IPEC-1 cells but did not adhere to IPEC-J2 cells. The E. coli strains G58-1 and 711 which express no fimbrial adhesins and those that express 987P fimbriae failed to bind to either porcine cell line. Only strains B41 and K12:K99 bound in abundance to INT-407 cells. The binding of porcine ETEC to IPEC-J2, IPEC-1 and INT-407 with varying affinities, together with lack of binding of 987P ETEC and non-fimbriated E. coli strains, suggests strain-specific E. coli binding to these cell lines. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of porcine intestinal cell lines for studying ETEC pathogenesis.