Viruses of waterfowl

Viral disease can cause substantial mortality in wild populations of ducks as well as domesticated geese and ducks. Migrating and captive waterfowl play a role in the dynamics and epidemiology of some viruses that also infect humans, such as influenza virus and West Nile virus. Crowded farm conditions favor the transmission of infectious disease agents among birds. Disease transmission is further facilitated by the comingling of wild anatids with nonmigratory resident waterfowl flocks in zoological parks or on farms. The following article will emphasize the most important viral diseases of waterfowl and briefly cover the newer diseases of suspected viral etiology in this group of birds. As viral detection and identification techniques become more and more sophisticated, and as the study of wildlife diseases increases, new viruses will be discovered and new diseases will be encountered. More research into the viral diseases of waterfowl is needed; the implementation of the latest techniques in molecular epidemiology in addition to the “gold standard” techniques such as virus isolation and histopathology, will yield insight into how viruses move from species to species and from region to region.     

Toxicity of dimetridazole in waterfowl

Dimetridazole at a concentration of 1.0 g/l in drinking water caused mortality in both ducklings and goslings. When given to goslings at a concentration of 0.5 g/l, the drug caused growth depression and nervous signs characterized by excess activity, abnormal head attitudes, and ataxia.     

观赏草的观赏特性与养护技术研究进展

观赏革种类繁多,是一个相当大的族群。其特点是：分孽性强,单株多丛生,群体成片分布;茎秆姿态优美,叶片色泽丰富,花序多姿多彩,具有较高的观赏价值。观赏草大多对环境要求粗放,管护成本低,抗性强,繁殖力强,适应面广,符合当前建设节约型园林的要求。其独特的景观效果,不仅是公路、河流、山坡等处绿化美化的优良材料,而且可以广泛应用于各种园林景观的营造中。本文就观赏草的观赏特性,栽培养护及其应用等几个方面进行了综述。     

发展精深加工,提高水禽产品附加值

一 水禽产品加工领域发展现状与趋势 1 国外水禽产品加工领域 国外水禽业发达的国家有法国、匈牙利、德国、意大利等,这些国家鹅、鸭饲养量虽不及我国,但其规模化生产、深加工和综合利用水平高,经济效益好,尤其是法国和匈牙利对水禽的研究、开发利用走在世界前列。     

南京地区观赏草的种类、观赏价值及其造景配置

观赏草是一类日益受到重视的新型景观材料。在国外,观赏草越来越多地被用于园林景观设计和道路绿化中,然而目前我国对观赏草的认识和应用甚少。为了进一步探讨观赏草在我国的实际应用价值,通过对观赏草的种类和观赏价值作初步阐述,并提出观赏草在我国将具有广阔的发展前景,应大力开展观赏草的研究,加快其引种驯化、品种选育以及繁殖速度研究,以满足我国城市生态环境建设等多方面对观赏草的迫切需求。     

Epizootiology of Newcastle disease in waterfowl.

Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition and virus-neutralization tests were detected in 40/236 Canada geese captured while in their southward migration or in their wintering grounds. Antibodies were also found in 37/267 wild ducks and in 20/31 domestic geese. Adult geese were readily infected by several routes. Inapparent disease usually resulted, and only 1/13 cases were fatal. Goose embryos responded differently to inoculation with selected NDV strains than did chicken embryos of comparative developmental stages. Some goslings that hatched from inoculated embryos died and were found to have virus, whereas others survived and developed active antibodies. Four strains of virus isolated from migratory ducks of the Pacific flyway were characterized. All 4 strains were lentogenic but differed from lentogenic strains prevalent in chickens by being thermostable. It is proposed that wild waterfowl neither receive their ND infection from domestic poultry nor pass their disease to poultry. The virus reservoir probably exists in nature.     

水禽产业发展中的突出问题

我国水禽业历史悠久,随着科技的进步,近年来水禽业得到了长足的发展,目前我国饲养着世界上70％以上的鸭,90％以上的鹅,是真正的世界水禽生产大国。我国水禽主产区发展迅速．以山东为例,2006年鸭饲养量为3亿只。2007年猛增到10亿只左右,其中父母代存栏量达到700万只,是全国增长最快的地区。但是,由于国家和各级主管部门对水禽产业的重视高度不够,使水禽业发展出现了诸多问题,国家水禽产业技术体系首席科学家侯水生研究员指出：目前我国现有的关于水禽业的数据资料和相关报道广泛采用的是调查性数据,这些数据严重失实,与实际生产情况差距较大,     

Algae intoxication in livestock and waterfowl

Blue-green algae toxins include (1) hepatotoxic peptides that are known to be toxic to cattle, dogs, swine, waterfowl, and sometimes other species; (2) a nicotinic agonist neurotoxin that appears to be toxic to a wide range of animal species; (3) a peripheral-acting cholinesterase inhibitor that is very toxic to swine, birds, and dogs; (4) toxins that impair nervous transmission by blocking sodium channels in nerve cells; and (5) lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. This article provides current information on the mechanisms of action of the primary toxins recognized to date as well as on procedures important in the diagnosis and management of some of the more common cyanobacterial toxicoses in livestock and waterfowl.     

水禽消化生理的研究进展

本文从食糜排空、消化道pH、消化酶以及微生物区系方面对水禽消化生理进行了阐述,并总结出水禽消化生理特性。     

水禽免疫制剂应用中的相关问题探讨

随着养禽业快速的发展，50余年，疫病也快速增加，尤其是水禽（鹅和鸭）疫病原来不多，现在也增加10余种，大约每2-3年增加一种新病。国内新疫病的增加有外来的，也有土产的，它大大增加对水禽养殖业的危害。     

Major viral diseases of waterfowl and their control

1鸭肝炎病毒鸭肝炎 (Duck Virus Hepatitis,DH)是一种具有高度致命性、传染性的疾病,能在1～28日龄的幼龄雏鸭中迅速传播.迄今,已有三种不同的病毒被认为与此病有关,分别是鸭肝炎病毒(DHV)1型、2型和3型.自从1949年长岛首次报道DHV-1感染以来,世界各地都已有感染的报告,并且对所有养鸭场都具最重要的经济意义,因为在感染未得到控制时,会引起较高的死亡率.     

宁波地区多年生观赏草观赏价值和适应性评价

以植株长势、观赏性、花序美感、叶片颜色及成活率等作为观赏价值评价指标,以抗旱性、抗寒性、抗病虫、耐热、耐涝及土壤要求等生态适应性为评价指标,利用灰色关联分析,分别对宁波地区13种多年生观赏草品种的夏季、秋季和冬季的景观效果和适应性进行了综合评价。结果表明：蒲苇和矮蒲苇抗逆性较强,四季均能产生优良的景观效果。金线菖蒲和金...     

水禽细小病毒基因重组研究进展

水禽细小病毒包括鹅细小病毒(goose parvovirus,GPV)和番鸭细小病毒(muscovy duck parvovirus,MDPV)。GPV可感染鹅和番鸭而MDPV仅能感染番鸭,给世界各地的水禽养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失。水禽细小病毒基因组曾被认为进化率较低,其适应性进化主要是通过点突变累积的方式来进行的。然而,最近的研究结果表明,基因重组在水禽细小病毒的进化过程中扮演着极其重要的角色,并由此产生了新的水禽细小病毒。本文综述了在水禽细小病毒基因重组领域的最新研究成果,为对水禽细小病毒的认识及防控带来有益的帮助。