A simple and efficient method for extraction of PCR-amplifiable DNA from chicken eggshells

Recently, we reported a method for discriminating a Japanese brand of chicken, the Hinai-jidori. As an application of this method for discriminating Hinai-jidori eggs, we here report an efficient method for extracting maternal DNA from eggshells. Eggshell powder was completely decalcified with EDTA solution, and then DNA was isolated by conventional phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. The efficiency of DNA recovery from eggshells was 50-fold higher than that of a previously reported method. The recovered DNA could be used for PCR, and 10 markers for identifying the Hinai-jidori chicken were detected. The genotypes of the Hinai-jidori exactly matched those of the Hinai-dori breed. Using this method, Hinai-jidori and Hinai-dori eggs could be distinguished from the eggs of Rhode Island Reds. This is the first report of a technique that can be used to discriminate the eggs of Hinai-jidori from those of other chickens, and it can also be utilized to validate the labeling of Hinai-jidori eggs in the market.     

Improved rapid and efficient method for Staphylococcus aureus DNA extraction from milk for identification of mastitis pathogens

A rapid and efficient DNA extraction method was developed for detecting mastitis pathogens in milk. The first critical step involved cell wall disruption by bead-beating, as physical disruption using beads was more effective for DNA extraction from Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, than enzymatic disruption using proteinase K. The second critical step involves the use of acetic acid and ammonium sulfate in the purification process, as these reagents effectively and efficiently remove the lipids and proteins in milk. Using these methods, DNA suitable for loop-mediated isothermal amplification was obtained within 30 min. Also, the rapid and sensitive detection of S. aureus in milk was possible at levels as low as 200 cfu/ml.     

An efficient protocol for genomic DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPET) represent the largest source of archival biological material available for genomic studies. In this work we present an advanced protocol for extraction of high quality DNA from FFPET that can be applied in several molecular studies. Although cat mammary tumours (CMT) are the third most frequent tumour in cats the recovery of significant number of samples for molecular studies are in some way restricted to FFPET samples. We were able to obtain high quality DNA from FFPET of thirty six CMT that were subjected to pre-fixation and fixation processes routinely used in the veterinary hospitals. The quality of DNA obtained was tested by PCR amplification using six sets of primers that amplify single-copy fragments. The DNA fragments obtained were further sequenced. This protocol was able to provide FFPET gDNA that can be amplified and sequenced for larger fragments up to 1182bp.     

一种简易高效的柞蚕血DNA提取方法

以柞蚕血淋巴为提取材料,进行了柞蚕DNA提取方法的改进试验。结果发现,柞蚕血淋巴经过12 000rpm条件下离心8min后,沉淀经SDS提取液震荡、混匀后,提取基因组的质量明显提高。且提取时间短,操作方便,适合于野外工作环境及实验室快速提取。     

多枝赖草高分子量核DNA的有效制备

以多枝赖草Leymus multicaulis黄化苗幼嫩叶片为材料,在液氮中研磨成粉末,加入冰冷的细胞核抽提缓冲液,经一系列钢制细胞筛过滤,离心分离细胞核,相差显微镜镜检后,用低熔点琼脂糖包埋,蛋白酶K原位裂解,经脉冲场电泳分离,用1%低熔点琼脂糖回收获得了较纯净的分子量大于2 Mb的核DNA,Southern杂交显示没有叶绿体和线粒体DNA的污染.利用该方法制备的高分子量核DNA,可用于后续可转化人工染色体(TAC)文库的构建和基因组分析.     

微生物总DNA的提取

目前,对微生物多样性的研究越来越多地从传统的培养方法转向分子生物学方法,现代分子生物学技术的蓬勃发展解决了不可培养微生物研究的难题,使肠道微生物的研究进入了一个新的发展阶段,而肠道微生物总DNA的提取是整个分子生物学方法的关键.主要总结了前人提取土壤、植物、粪便、瘤胃和肠道微生物DNA的试验方法,介绍了微生物总DNA的纯化方法,为用于分子生物学研究的肠道微生物总DNA的提取提供依据.     

鹌鹑肠道微生物总DNA的最佳提取方法

为了获取高质量、较完整的肠道菌群基因组DNA,试验采用常规的饱和苯酚/氯仿法(方法一)、牛瘤胃DNA的提取法(方法二)和对上述两种方法进行优化后得到的肠道微生物DNA的提取法(方法三)对鹌鹑肠道微生物总DNA进行了提取,并对结果进行了比较。结果表明:应用方法一和方法二提取的DNA浓度比较低,电泳显示样品DNA条带没有方法三明亮;以方法三提取的肠道总DNA为模板,采用细菌通用引物,对其16S rDNA V3可变区进行PCR扩增,得到较清晰的图谱,条带整齐。说明采用方法三提取鹌鹑肠道微生物DNA较完整,可用于后续的分子生物学试验研究。     

A novel low-cost method for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA extraction from an automated broth culture system for real-time PCR analysis

PCR is a highly accurate technique for confirming the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in broth culture. In this study, a simple, efficient, and low-cost method of harvesting DNA from Map cultured in liquid medium was developed. The proposed protocol (Universidad Austral de Chile [UACH]) was evaluated by comparing its performance to that of two traditional techniques (a QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit and cethyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB] method). The results were statistically assessed by agreement analysis for which differences in the number of cycles to positive (CP) were compared by Student''s t-test for paired samples and regression analysis. Twelve out of 104 fecal pools cultured were positive. The final PCR results for 11 samples analyzed with the QIAamp and UACH methods or ones examined with the QIAamp and CTAB methods were in agreement. Complete (100%) agreement was observed between data from the CTAB and UACH methods. CP values for the UACH and CTAB techniques were not significantly different, while the UACH method yielded significantly lower CP values compared to the QIAamp kit. The proposed extraction method combines reliability and efficiency with simplicity and lower cost.     

Bovine foetal sex determination—Different DNA extraction and amplification approaches for efficient livestock production

Foetal sex determination using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in mammals is based on the amplification of gender‐specific foetal DNA sequences circulating in maternal blood. The bovine synepitheliochorial placenta does not allow a direct contact between the trophoblast and the maternal blood, resulting in difficult passage of foetal DNA and, consequently, its very small amounts in maternal bloodstream. Circulating cell‐free foetal DNA (ccffDNA) encompasses short nucleotide fragments (300–600 bp) in maternal circulation. The aim of this study was to assess this non‐invasive method in accurate prenatal sexing in early and late gestational periods in comparison with ultrasound diagnostics. As various DNA isolation and amplification methods were tested, their success in obtaining reliable results was evaluated. Two groups were tested, each consisting of 20 pregnant cows. Blood of a bull and a non‐pregnant heifer was the controls. Extraction of foetal DNA was accomplished by three different methods: using tubes with silicone membranes, a single‐tube extraction without silicone membranes and phenol–chloroform extraction. Following each extraction method, foetal DNA was amplified using PCR and real‐time PCR with both bAML and TSPY primers in a separate reaction. Positive results were obtained only after amplification of foetal DNA extracted with a single‐tube extraction kit. In comparison with ultrasound examination results and foetal gender recorded at birth, the sensitivity of the PCR test was 90% in Group I, but the technique failed to detect male foetuses in Group II. The real‐time PCR test sensitivity in Group I was 90% and in Group II 91.6%.     

鹅血液基因组DNA的简单快速提取方法研究

本研究针对家禽血液红细胞有细胞核的特点,研究适合鹅血液基因组DNA的廉价、简便、快速的DNA提取方法,并为其它禽(鸟)类相关操作提供参考。通过裂解细胞,利用简便快速的操作方法将蛋白质和核酸分离,去除杂质,沉淀核酸,获得大量基因组DNA,并通过基因扩增检测其质量和效果。该方法提取的基因组DNA电泳检测条带明量,无拖尾,含量及纯度均较高,能够用于分子生物学实验研究。与传统的酚-氯仿DNA抽提方法相比,本实验建立的血液基因组DNA提取方法具有成本低、操作步骤简便和快速的特点,特别是对大量样品的提取更为实用。     

沙拐枣DNA提取方法改进及PCR扩增检测

利用改进的提取沙拐枣Calligonum mongolicumDNA的CTAB方法,从沙拐枣当年鲜根提取总DNA,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外分光光度计检测,并进行PCR扩增试验。结果显示,所提取的DNA片段大小在20 kb以上,OD260/OD280比值为1.880~1.900,OD260/OD230比值为2.000~2.040,DNA的浓度0.380~0.470μg/mL,DNA纯度较高,可直接用于随机扩增的DNA多态性(RAPD)标记,条带清晰、迁移率低而整齐。     

Detection of rickettsial DNA in ixodid ticks recovered from dogs and cats in Japan

DNA from ticks recovered from 1137 dogs and 133 cats from all over Japan were examined for Rickettsia infection by citrate synthase gene (gltA)-based PCR and partial nucleotide sequencing. A total of 91 dog tick samples and 18 cat tick samples showed a single band of the appropriate size in the nested PCR. Sequence analysis was successfully performed on 102 samples. DNA of Rickettsia japonica or closely related Rickettsia spp. strains were detected from 38 ticks in 16 prefectures mainly in western Japan. The other 33, detected from 13 prefectures including Hokkaido and Okinawa, were found to be Rickettsia helvetica or closely related strains. A total of 29 DNA that showed highest homology with Rickettsia akari or closely related strains were detected in 19 prefectures, widespread throughout Japan. Rickettsia canada-like DNA was detected from Haemaphysalis sp. removed from a dog in Fukuoka, and ;Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae'-like DNA was from Ixodes sp. removed from a dog in Hokkaido.     

绵羊血液中布氏杆菌DNA提取方法的比较研究

本研究旨在比较5种DNA提取方法对绵羊血液中布氏杆菌DNA的提取效果及对PCR检测的影响。将不同浓度的疫苗株布氏杆菌加入绵羊全血中,采用3种DNA提取试剂盒和酚/氯仿法以及碘化钠法等5种方法提取模拟的绵羊血液样品中的DNA,评价所获得DNA的浓度、纯度和完整性,并采用布氏杆菌特异性PCR进行检测。同时,对各提取方法所需时间及经济成本进行了比较。结果表明,各方法均能提取获得绵羊全血中布氏杆菌DNA,3种试剂盒和碘化钠法获取布氏杆菌DNA的效果相同,而酚/氯仿法获取布氏杆菌DNA的效率最低或存在PCR抑制剂而不适合用于绵羊血液中布氏杆菌的PCR检测。碘化钠法具有耗时较短、成本低、方便的优点,是从绵羊血液中提取布氏杆菌DNA的良好方法。本研究结果为临床绵羊血液中布氏杆菌DNA提取方法的选择提供了参考。     

Establishment of a reliable extraction method of estrone sulfate from bovine plasma for detection of the peripheral level during the regular estrous cycle by radioimmunoassay

A simple extraction and assay technique of estrone sulfate in bovine blood was developed with the object of detecting the peripheral level of estrone sulfate in a normal estrous cycle or in early pregnancy. Estrone sulfate in bovine plasma was extracted with a small reversed phase cartridge. The steroid conjugate retained in the cartridge was eluted with 40% (v/v) methanol. Estrone sulfate was separately recovered from other steroids by the stepwise increase in methanol concentration in the elution solvent. The recoveries of estrone sulfate eluted with 40% methanol were more than 90%, irrespective of the applied plasma volume. The concentration measured by radioimmunoassay with the eluent of 40% methanol was consistent for plasma extraction volumes of 0.5–2.0 ml. The change of estrone sulfate in bovine peripheral plasma during the regular estrous cycle was determined with a small reversed phase cartridge for extraction and 40% methanol for elution. The change in estrone sulfate was found to be similar to the change of estrone and estradiol-17β. The concentration of estrone sulfate was not higher than that of both estrogens in cattle.     

猪粪样DNA提取方法的比较

哺乳动物胃肠道中存在约30个属500多种不同的细菌,约1×1014个活细菌,其形成了复杂而动态平衡的微生态系统,对宿主营养物质的消化、吸收及免疫机制激活等起着十分重要的作用[1].这微生态平衡失调,机体正常的生理功能就会发生紊乱,导致疾病的发生、流行,对畜牧养殖业尤其是规模化养殖等带来极大的潜在威胁.因而,近年来对胃肠道微生物区系结构及其多样性研究成为热点,但由于胃肠道的特殊生存环境,目前有60%～80%的微生物是无法用传统的分离培养技术进行研究, 从而阻碍了人们对胃肠道微生物结构及其多样性的客观认识.     

A simple, rapid, and effective method for the extraction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA from fecal samples for polymerase chain reaction.

Diagnosis of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is stymied by the lack of 1 diagnostic tool that can be used to detect both subclinically and clinically infected animals. At present, fecal culture remains the single diagnostic test that can detect infection in both disease states provided the animals actively shed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in their feces. Yet, fecal culture has a disadvantage associated with the protracted incubation period of 8-16 weeks before results are available. Detection of nucleic acids specific to M. paratuberculosis in fecal samples is a technique that can circumvent the culture method. This study describes a rapid, simple, and effective method to extract DNA from fecal samples and modification of a polymerase chain reaction assay for optimal sensitivity of detection. An evaluation of 1,000 well-characterized fecal samples was performed by the Colorado Department of Agriculture (Denver, CO) and the National Animal Disease Center (Ames, IA) to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the new method. Results from this study show that the sensitivity of detection was highly dependent on the load of bacteria in the fecal sample with 81% detection of samples containing >70 colony-forming units (cfu)/g of feces and a 45% detection rate for samples containing less than 1 cfu/g. Similarly, reproducibility of the technique between the 2 laboratories (n = 250 samples) was much higher (75%) for the fecal samples containing high levels of M. paratuberculosis and reduced to 25% for samples with less than 1 cfu/g. An overall specificity of 83% was obtained for known negative samples. The method described here is rapid, simple, and inexpensive compared with other techniques. In addition, this method can detect animals that are shedding less than 1 cfu/g.     

苜蓿叶蛋白的提取方法及展望

苜蓿被誉为“牧草之王”．为多年生宿根性草本植物,是世界著名优良牧草。它适应性强,产量高,适口性好且含有丰富的粗蛋白、矿物质及多种维生素,做为一种优良牧草已被广泛用于养殖业并被大力开发种植。但由于其含有皂素．青饲过多家畜易发生鼓胀病．故对苜蓿进行深加工．开发成各种苜蓿草产品一直受到人们的重视。     

Broad-range PCR-TTGE for the first-line detection of bacterial pathogen DNA in ticks

Ticks are known or suspected vectors for a wide range of bacterial pathogens. One of the first steps for tick-borne risk assessment is the detection of these pathogens in their vectors. In the present study, a broad-range PCR amplification of the eubacterial gene encoding the 16S rRNA gene combined with Temporal Temperature Gradient gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) was evaluated as a method allowing the one-step detection of bacterial pathogen DNA in ticks. Firstly, DNA extracts from bacteria known to be tick-borne pathogens, i.e., Borrelia burgdorferi lato sensu, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Spotted Fever Group (SFG) Rickettsia spp., were used to establish a TTGE pathogen DNA reference marker. Secondly, we used broad-range PCR-TTGE to detect the presence of DNA from these three pathogens in 55 DNA extracts from pools of 10 nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks, which have been previously shown to carry DNA from at least one of those bacteria by specific PCR. Among the 20 B. burgdorferi specific-PCR samples, 15 (75%) were also found to be positive using PCR-TTGE. Sixteen of the seventeen (94%) Rickettsia spp. PCR-specific samples were positive using PCR-TTGE detection and all PCR-specific positive extracts (11/11, 100%) for A. phagocytophilum were also positive using PCR-TTGE. Moreover, we identified unexpected bacterial sequences that were not related to any of the three pathogens such as a sequence related to Spiroplasma sp. Thus, broad-range PCR-TTGE allowed the single step detection of DNA from up to 3 pathogens in the same co-infected samples as well as detection of DNA from unexpected bacteria.