喷施茉莉酸诱导长白落叶松抗性对舞毒蛾生长发育的影响

【目的】采用喷施茉莉酸处理诱导长白落叶松产生系统抗性,分析系统抗性对舞毒蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响,揭示局部与全株处理诱导抗性的差异。【方法】以3种不同浓度(0.01、0.10和1.00 mmo L·L-1)的茉莉酸局部或全株喷施长白落叶松苗,以喷水组为对照(CK),观察记录各处理组舞毒蛾生长发育状况和产卵量,分析其解毒代谢酶的活性。【结果】取食用茉莉酸局部或全株处理长白落叶松后,各处理组舞毒蛾3~6龄幼虫体质量均低于CK,其中1.00和0.10 mmol·L-1局部及全株处理组的舞毒蛾3~6龄幼虫、0.01mm·L-1局部和全株处理组的舞毒蛾5、6龄幼虫体质量与CK差异显著(P0.05)。各处理组的幼虫存活率、雌雄蛹质量和产卵量均低于CK,其中除了0.10 mmol·L-1全株处理外,其他各处理组的蛹质量均和产卵量与CK差异显著(P0.05)。浓度相同时,茉莉酸局部处理对舞毒蛾生长发育和产卵量的抑制作用与全株处理相近,且处理浓度为1 mmol·L-1时的抑制作用优于其他2种浓度。0.10 mmol·L-1局部处理组舞毒蛾3龄幼虫体内的ACP、AKP活性和4龄幼虫体内的AKP、SOD、POD活性均显著高于CK(P0.05),且局部与全株处理组幼虫保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化趋势一致。【结论】茉莉酸局部处理长白落叶松后能系统诱导增强其抗虫性,抑制舞毒蛾的生长发育和繁殖,且诱导效果与全株处理相近,舞毒蛾幼虫也能通过提高体内保护酶和解毒酶的活性抵御落叶松产生的诱导抗性。     

马尾松毛虫取食、茉莉酸甲酯和萜烯混合物处理对马尾松18种氨基酸含量的影响

以马尾松为试验材料,采用邻苯二甲醛-9-芴基甲基氯甲酸酯(OPA-FMOC)柱前衍生,高效液相色谱法定性定量地检测马尾松毛虫取食、外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)和萜烯混合物处理4 h后损伤针叶、姊妹针叶(处理对枝)、系统上枝(处理上枝)针叶和系统下枝(处理下枝)针叶内γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和17种游离氨基酸含量的变化情况.结果显示,不同受害方式对马尾松苗木体内GABA和17种游离氨基酸的系统性变化有不同的影响.虫害、10 μmol·L-1茉莉酸甲酯和10 μmol·L-1萜烯混合物熏蒸,损伤枝、姊妹枝和系统枝中GABA含量明显升高;虫害和10 μmol·L-1茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸使马尾松损伤枝、姊妹枝和系统枝中的氨基酸总量降低;10 μmol·L-1萜烯混合物熏蒸,马尾松熏蒸枝和系统下枝氨基酸总量略有下降,姊妹枝和系统上枝氨基酸总量升高.证明茉莉酸甲酯和萜烯类物质作为植物体内伤信号的报警信号分子,能代替虫害等外界刺激启动相似的信号防御系统,起到防御外界伤害的作用.     

结实量对兴安落叶松和长白落叶松针叶内游离氨基酸含量的影响

研究不同种类落叶松结实量与其抗性的关系,采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法检测分析兴安落叶松和长白落叶松在不同结实等级情况下针叶内游离氨基酸含量变化.结果表明:兴安和长白落叶松针叶内含有17种游离氨基酸,虽然苯丙氨酸在2种落叶松内均为优势氨基酸,但2种落叶松针叶内的多种与抗性相关的游离氨基酸含量存在较大差异;兴安落叶松针叶内丙氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸含量在不同结实等级间存在较大差异,长白落叶松针叶内天门冬氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量在不同结实等级间存在较大差异;兴安落叶松针叶内天门冬氨酸含量显著小于其在长白落叶松针叶内含量;当结实较少时,2种落叶松针叶内游离氨基酸总量,显著低于其他3个结实等级的游离氨基酸总量,结实较多时,针叶内游离氨基酸总量最高.说明结实量大小直接影响落叶松针叶内的资源分配,进而改变其对植食昆虫的适口性及抗性,种类间的差异对落叶松具有同样的影响.     

外源水杨酸对日本落叶松几种主要防御蛋白活力的影响

为明确水杨酸对日本落叶松诱导抗虫性的影响,对其全株喷施不同浓度的水杨酸溶液,分析其针叶内几种主要防御蛋白活力。结果显示:针叶内主要防御蛋白活力受各浓度水杨酸的影响较明显,0.1mmol·L^-1的SA溶液对PAL活力的诱导效果最佳;0.01mmol·L^-1的SA溶液对PPO及POD活力的诱导效果最佳;喷施水杨酸后,各浓度CAT活性均先下跌,后迅速回升。水杨酸可影响日本落叶松针叶内几种主要防御蛋白活力,提高其抗虫性。     

兴安落叶松诱导抗性对舞毒蛾幼虫解毒酶活性的影响

为了解不同诱导处理与落叶松诱导抗性及广食性昆虫舞毒蛾协同抗性之间的关系,以喷施茉莉酸甲酯、茉莉酮、舞毒蛾幼虫取食和松毛虫幼虫取食4种方法处理落叶松幼苗,检验舞毒蛾幼虫取食不同处理诱导的落叶松后,其中肠酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)4种解毒酶活性随时间的变化趋势。结果表明:取食不同处理诱导的落叶松后,舞毒蛾幼虫酸性磷酸酯酶活性均显著低于对照;取食经舞毒蛾幼虫取食诱导的落叶松后,试虫中肠碱性磷酸酯酶活性先升高后降低,除此之外,取食其他3种处理诱导的落叶松后,幼虫中肠碱性磷酸酯酶活性均受到抑制;幼虫羧酸酯酶活性也都受到不同程度抑制,与对照相比差异极显著;幼虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性,取食茉莉酸甲酯和舞毒蛾幼虫取食处理的幼苗显著低于对照,而取食另外2种处理的幼苗显著高于对照。舞毒蛾幼虫取食诱导的植物抗性,可影响同一种群后续取食者的解毒机制,这是植物抗性和昆虫种内竞争的综合表现。茉莉酸甲酯作为一种外源植物激素,可诱导植物产生抗性,且有效抑制后续取食者的解毒作用,其作用强度与作用时间与舞毒蛾幼虫取食处理极为相似。茉莉酸甲酯可作为有效的植物诱导剂,在害虫...     

机械损伤对复叶槭叶片过氧化氢含量的影响

以复叶槭为实验材料,采用DAB组织染色和分光光度法,定性定量地检测了人为机械损伤和外源茉莉酸甲酯处理0、15、30、60、120、240 min后损伤叶片,系统叶片以及诱导叶片内H2O2含量的变化情况.结果显示,机械损伤可诱导H2O2系统性产生,无论是受伤叶片、系统叶片还是诱导叶片,在伤害处理60 min内,H2O2含量一直增加,240 min后含量达最大值后开始下降.用1 μmol·L-1茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸健康植株后,叶片H2O2含量显著增加.证明茉莉酸甲酯作为植株体内伤信号的报警信号分子,能代替机械损伤等外界刺激启动相似的信号防御系统,起到防御外界伤害的作用.     

茉莉酸甲酯和NaCl双重处理下刺槐叶片质膜H+-ATP酶变化特征研究

四倍体刺槐由二倍体诱变而来,具有较高的生态价值和经济价值。茉莉酸甲酯作为茉莉酸类化合物衍生物的一种,在植物界中普遍存在。为了分析茉莉酸甲酯在调控四倍体刺槐抗盐性中的作用,采用NaCl胁迫条件下施用外源茉莉酸甲酯处理,测定叶片质膜H~+-ATPase的活性变化特征,分析茉莉酸甲酯对2种刺槐在NaCl胁迫条件下的叶片质膜H~+-ATP酶的影响差异。结果表明:四倍体刺槐叶片的沉淀颗粒形成趋势明显,但在二倍体中没有明显增加且有减弱趋势,说明茉莉酸甲酯有效缓解了NaCl对二倍体刺槐盐胁迫伤害。     

马尾松茎叶中矿质元素含量及相关酶活性对MeJA的响应

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,通过外源喷施0.2mmol/L的茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)4周后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES),测定并分析了幼苗茎叶中大量、微量元素含量及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在MeJA影响下,马尾松幼苗植株茎叶中N、P、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu及Mo元素含量均呈上升趋势,其中针叶中N素含量在处理后达差异极显著水平;硝态氮、铵态氮的含量及硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶4种酶活性均增加了,而铵硝比值降低。整体上,以针叶中硝态氮及4种酶活性的变化最为显著。这说明,外源喷施0.2mmol/L的MeJA溶液能提高马尾松幼苗植株中N元素含量,尤其是针叶中硝态氮含量及N元素代谢酶的活性。     

落叶松林型对其针叶内几种防御蛋白活力和次生代谢物含量的影响

[目的]为明确落叶松林型对其化学防御能力的影响。[方法]本实验以长白落叶松纯林及长白落叶松-水曲柳4∶4、2∶10带状混交林为研究对象,分析不同林型下落叶松针叶内几种防御蛋白活力及次生代谢化合物含量的变化。[结果]表明:30年生(HJ30(4∶4))和20年生(HJ20(4∶4))落叶松与水曲柳4∶4带状混交林中,落叶松针叶内几种防御蛋白活力和次生代谢物含量均显著高于纯林(P0.05);在HJ20(4∶4)中,落叶松针叶中PPO、PAL、TI活力及黄酮和木质素含量最高,且PPO、PAL活性和木质素含量显著高于20年生(HJ20(2∶10))落叶松与水曲柳2∶10带状混交林(P0.05);在HJ20(2∶10)中,落叶松针叶内CI活性显著高于HJ20(4∶4)(P0.05),单宁含量也高于HJ20(4∶4),但差异不显著(P0.05)。[结论]试验发现,长白落叶松-水曲柳带状混交林成林显著增强落叶松针叶内防御蛋白活力、增加次生代谢物的含量,从而提高了长白落叶松自身抗虫性;且HJ20(4∶4)对落叶松的诱导防御能力强于HJ20(2∶10),HJ20(4∶4)混交方式比HJ20(2∶10)更适用于混交林营造。     

氮磷供给对长白落叶松叶绿素合成、叶绿素荧光和光合速率的影响

以1年生长白落叶松幼苗为研究对象,采用沙培方式,供给含不同浓度的硝酸铵或磷酸盐的营养液,着重研究氮磷供给水平对其叶绿素生物合成、叶片氮含量及光合速率的影响。结果如下:1)硝酸铵浓度1～8mmol·L-1时,5-氨基酮戊酸(5_aminolevulinicacid,ALA)合成速率增加,而当硝酸铵浓度达到16mmol·L-1时,与8mmol·L-1相比,ALA合成速率反而下降17%。在磷处理下,ALA合成速率变化与之相似。在氮磷处理下,氮磷浓度分别为8和1mmol·L-1时胆色原素(porphobilinogen,PBG)合成酶活性达到最大。2)叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素以及类胡萝卜素含量在硝酸铵浓度为8mmol·L-1、磷浓度为0.5mmol·L-1时达到最大。叶片总氮含量随硝酸铵浓度增加而增加。3)磷浓度0.125～1mmol·L-1时,叶片总氮含量只有微量增加,且磷浓度增加到2mmol·L-1时,与1mmol·L-1相比,叶片总氮含量反而下降9%。硝酸铵浓度为1～8mmol·L-1时,叶片中可溶性蛋白含量总体上逐渐增加,硝酸铵浓度增加到16mmol·L-1时,与8mmol·L-1时相比,可溶性蛋白含量下降17%。在磷处理下,可溶性蛋白含量在0.25mmol·L-1时达到最大。4)当硝酸铵浓度为1～8mmol·L-1,总体上FvFm随硝酸铵浓度增加而逐渐增加,而在16mmol·L-1时反而下降。在磷处理下,FvFm的变化趋势与之相似。在硝酸铵浓度1～8mmol·L-1时长白落叶松幼苗净光合速率逐渐增大,但硝酸铵浓度为16mmol·L-1时净光合速率反而下降16%(与8mmol·L-1相比)。在磷处理下,净光合速率在1mmol·L-1时最大,磷浓度过量(2mmol·L-1)则导致光合速率降低。这些结果表明氮供给水平对长白落叶松幼苗叶绿素的生物合成过程中ALA合成速率和PBG酶活性影响较大,从而影响幼苗叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量;同时氮供给水平也影响幼苗叶片总氮含量和可溶性蛋白,因而影响净光合速率。磷供给水平对长白落叶松幼苗叶绿素的生物合成过程中ALA合成速率和PBG酶活性影响较大,但对幼苗叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量影响则小,同时对净光合速率的影响也小。     

Reflectance features of water stressed Larix gmelinii needles

In recent years, Xing’an larch (Larix gmelinii) has been seriously infected by pests and drought. In order to improve the accuracy of monitoring the damage to larch by remote sensing (RS) and to predict the health of the larch, we studied the reflectance features of larch needles under different water conditions at the needle level by using the LIBERTY (Leaf Incorporating Biochemistry Exhibiting Reflectance and Transmittance Yields) model. Before applying the LIBERTY model, we recalibrated it for the needles of L. gmelinii based on ten field-measured spectral curves. After recalibration, LIBERTY can accurately model the needle reflectance spectra of L. gmelinii. Based on the recalibrated LIBERTY model, we extracted and analyzed the sensitive bands to needle water content by simulating the needle reflectance spectra under different drought conditions. Then, we established mathematical equations between the spectral indices (MSI, NDWI, and GVMI) and needle water content. Results show that the variations of larch needle water content can significantly change the needle spectra at the near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands. The higher the water content is, the higher the absorption peak is. We believe that our study will provide the theoretical basis and an optional method to investigate the forest water stress using multi-spectral or hyper-spectral remote sensing data.     

Reflectance features of water stressed Larix gmelinii needles

In recent years,Xing'an larch(Larix gmelinii) has been seriously infected by pests and drought.In order to improve the accuracy of monitoring the damage to larch by remote sensing(RS) and to predict the health of the larch,we studied the reflectance features of larch needles under different water conditions at the needle level by using the LIBERTY(Leaf Incorporating Biochemistry Exhibiting Reflectance and Transmittance Yields) model.Before applying the LIBERTY model,we recalibrated it for the needles of L.g...     

Allelopathic effect of larch leaching on ash growth in mixed forest

lntroductionConcerningthemechanismoftheinteractionbe-tWeentreespeciesinthelarch(LafisgmelinI)-ash(PraxiPusmandShuFbe)mixedforest,wehavestudiedtheaIIelopathiceff6ctsoftheIarchvolatilematter,litterandrootsecretion.onthegroWthofash.TheobtainedresultsshowedclearIythatthelarchvoIatiIematt6rplayedaninhibitivepart,andboththeIarchIitt6randrootsecretionpIayedanobviousfystimuIatingpaFtontheashgroWth(Wu2oooa,2ooob,2oooc).Thispapermakesastudyofanotherallelo-pathicway(Ieaching)betWeenlarchandash.T…     

LARCH BARK TANNIN ADHESIVE FOR EXTERIOR PARTICLEBOARD

INTR0DUCTI0NChinaisacountrywhichhasnotade-quateforestresources.Itsforestcoverson-lyaboutl3%ofthewh01ecountry.Inor-dertomeetthedevelopmentofnationaleconomy,wemustmakegreateffortstodevelopman-madepanelindustryandmoreefficientlyusetheforestresources.Inthepresent,becauseoftheshortsupplyofchemicalmaterials,thepriceofphenolinthemarketcontinuestogoupwhichledtheincreaseofadhesivemanufacturecost.Findingnewphenolicmateria1sinplaceofphenolisaneffectivemethodtoreducetheadhesivecost.Vegetab1etanninsar…     

Growth and photosynthetic traits of hybrid larch F1 (Larix gmelinii var. japonica x L. kaempferi) under elevated CO2 concentration with low nutrient availability

The hybrid larch F(1) (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) is considered one of the most important tree species not only for timber production but also as an afforestation material for severe conditions such as infertile soil. To predict the ability of hybrid larch F(1) as an afforestation material under potential climates in the future, it is important to understand the response of hybrid larch F(1) to elevated CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) under low nutrient availability. Three-year-old seedlings of hybrid larch F(1) were grown under two different levels of [CO(2)], 360 (ambient) and 720 μmol mol(-1) (elevated), in combination with two different levels of nitrogen (N) supply (0 and 30 kg ha(-1)) for one growing season. Elevated [CO(2)] reduced the maximum rates of carboxylation and electron transport in the needles. Net photosynthetic rates at growth [CO(2)] (i.e., 360 and 720 μmol mol(-1) for ambient and elevated treatment, respectively) did not differ between the two CO(2) treatments. Reductions in N content and N use efficiency to perform photosynthetic functions owing to the deficiency of nutrients other than N, such as P and K, and/or increase in cell wall mass were considered factors of photosynthetic down-regulation under elevated [CO(2)], whereas stomatal closure little affected the photosynthetic down-regulation. Although we observed strong down-regulation of photosynthesis, the dry matter increase of hybrid larch F(1) seedlings was enhanced under elevated [CO(2)]. This is mainly attributable to the increase in the amount of needles on increasing the number of sylleptic branches. These results suggest that elevated CO(2) may increase the growth of hybrid larch F(1) even under low nutrient availability, and that this increase may be regulated by changes in both crown architecture and needle photosynthesis, which is mainly affected not by stomatal limitation but by biochemical limitation.     

Fall fertilization enhanced nitrogen storage and translocation in Larix olgensis seedlings

Fall nutrient loading of deciduous forest nursery seedlings is of special interest because of foliage abscission and varied translocation patterns. For non-deciduous seedlings in the nursery, fall fertilization typically can reverse nutrient dilution and possibly increase nutrient reserves; however, this technique has received little attention with deciduous conifer trees that translocate nutrients before abscising foliage. We evaluated how fall nitrogen (N) fertilization affected N storage and translocation in the deciduous conifer Olga Bay larch (Larix olgensis Henry) seedlings during the hardening period. Seedlings were supplied with 25 mg N seedling^?1 for 15 weeks before hardening and fall fertilization treatments began with a three week application period of K¹⁵NO₃ at 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg N seedling^?1. During the hardening period, fall N fertilization had little effect on seedling morphology. The N concentration and content of needles decreased dramatically as needles abscised, while that of stems and roots increased. Six weeks after fall N fertilization ceased, all seedlings translocated similar net N from their needles. For the control seedlings, this accounted for 84 % of the N stored in stems and roots. For fall fertilized seedlings, however, the proportion of N stored in stems and roots translocated from needles accounted for only 41–61 % of the total because of absorption of fall fertilizer that was translocated directly to stems and roots. Six weeks after fall fertilization, the distribution pattern of N concentration and content in seedlings was found in this order: stems > fine roots > coarse roots > needles. Our results suggest that providing deciduous conifer seedlings N during hardening, in this case Olga Bay larch, is a way to promote nutrient loading during nursery production.     

Causes of outbreak of the larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans Butler) in Daxingan Mountain and its control strategy

In 1991, in Daxingan Mountain, an outbreak of larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans Butler) happened on large areas of more than one million hectares, where stands of larch were seriously damaged because needles on the trees were almost eaten up by the pest, causing enormous economic losses. Analysis of data collected indicated that the main cause of the outbreak of larch caterpillar on large areas was that, after thirty years of exploitation, mature and overmature forests decreased rapidly, middle-aged and young forests incresed in large amount, significant changes occurred in individual ecological conditions of stands, especially those tended, with decreasing canopy density and better light condition in the forest, and all these were adventageous to the outbreak of the pest. In addition, in recent years, the climatic condition in Daxingan Mountain changed significantly. The yearly average temperature raised gradually and the soil surface temperature in April and October increased year by year, which were advantageous to the outbreak of larch caterpillars. In short, the significant changes in the ecological conditions in Daxingan Mountain provided suitable conditions for the outbreak of the larch caberpillar, and after several years of increase in population number, the larch caterpillar outbroke into a serious disaster on vast areas. In the paper, composite control strategy was also discussed.     

CAUSES OF OUTBREAK OF THE LARCH CATERPILLAR(Dendrolimus superans Butler) IN DAXINGAN MOUNTAIN AND ITS CONTROL STRATEGY

Inl99o,intheDaxinganMountainfOrestregion,anoutbreakoflarchcaterpil1aroccurredona1argeareaofmorethanonemillionh.2,mainlydistributinginEighteenthStationForestryService,HumaCounty,HanjiayuanForestryServiceandotherForestryServices'Song1ing,Tahe,andAmuer.Duringl99o-l992,wesystematicallysurveyedthesituationoftheoutbreakofthelarchcaterpil1arandc0ntr0llingmeasuresweretaken,sothatitsdamagewaseffective1yc0ntrol1ed.THESITUATIONOFTHE0UTBREAK0FLARCHCATERPILLARINDAXINGANM0UNTAIN…     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES ON THE LITTER IN KOREAN PINE MONGOLIAN SCOTS PINE AND DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS(Ⅱ)CONTENT AND RETURNING AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS

Seethefirstpartofthisstudy[']forthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudies,thegeneralsituationofexperimentplotsandresearchmethod,thispartmainlydiscussthenutrientelementcontentandreturningamountofmainfractionalcompositionsoflitterinKoreanpine(KP),MongolianScotspine(MSP)andDahurianlarch(DL)plantationsinLaoshanPlantationExperi-mentStationofMaoershanExperimentForestFarmofNortheastForestryUni-versity-CHEMICALANALYSISMETHODSoFNUTRixNTELEMENTSINLITTERTheovendriedsamplesofdeadneed…     

Selection of feeding trees by capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in winter

Selection of winter feeding trees by capercaillie Tetrao urogallus was studied by sampling of needles of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris trees browsed by capercaillie and closely situated unbrowsed trees in 5 localities situated in the southern half of Norway. Browsed trees contained higher concentrations of N than unbrowsed trees but no differences in P were found among browsed and unbrowsed samples. Needles eaten by capercaillie were significantly lower in resin content than needles from unbrowsed trees. For tannin, no differences between browsed and unbrowsed trees were found. Results give evidence that capercaillie select needles richest in N when the resin content is low, but when high, the birds select needles low in resin. Thus, both N and resin play an important role in selection of winter browse by capercaillie.