氮肥对蔬菜品质影响的研究进展

施用氮肥不仅能提高蔬菜的产量,还直接影响蔬菜的营养品质,这种影响的方向和程度受到蔬菜种类、氮肥施用量、品种和施用方法等因素制约.基于此,综述了施用氮肥对蔬菜感官、营养、安全、贮藏品质影响的研究进展.     

蔬菜施肥应四看

<正> 1 看菜施肥 不同蔬菜作物对各种营养元素的需求不同。叶菜类蔬菜的食用部位,主要是营养体的叶片,施用氮肥可以促进营养体的发展,因此氮肥数量要求较多;瓜果类蔬菜,供应市场的是果实,除必要的氮肥之外,也应适当地增加磷、钾肥。有经验的菜农,还特别注意大量地施用有机肥。有机肥施用作基肥时,可掺入一定量的过磷酸钙,     

菜园“四看”施肥技术

一、看菜施肥 不同蔬菜对各种营养元素的需求不同。叶菜蔬菜以营养体的叶片供食，施用氮肥可以促进营养体的发展，因此对氮肥的要求较多。不宜施用未腐熟的堆肥和厩肥。有机肥以沟施或分层施用最好，禁止表面铺施。如大白菜除大量施用有机肥作基肥外。     

无公害蔬菜施肥技术要点

一、不能施用硝态氮肥施用硝态氮肥或含硝态氮的复混肥后,易使蔬菜积累硝酸盐。硝酸盐转化为亚硝酸盐后与人体肠胃中的胺类物质合成致癌物亚硝胺,对人体有害。此外也不宜施用含氯化肥,氯离子会影响蔬菜品质和引起土壤板结。二、控制氮肥施用量要使蔬菜达到国家规定的无公害标准必须降低蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量。根据不同蔬菜所需,一般每亩施用10～20千克纯氮为宜。氮肥要深施,并要与磷、钾肥配合施用。收获前20天停止追肥。     

施用氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田间试验和室内化学分析．研究了氮肥施用量、氮素形态、施肥次数和施用生物有机肥等对蔬菜体内硝酸盐含的影响。结果表明。蔬菜体内硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加，呈显著正相关；施用硝态氮肥蔬菜体内易于累积硝酸盐，增加蔬菜硝酸盐含量；定量氮肥分次施用有利于降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量；氮肥配合生物有机肥施用．既可获得较高的产量，又有效降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量。     

菜园"四看"施肥技术

一、看菜施肥 不同蔬菜对各种营养元素的需求不同.叶菜蔬菜以营养体的叶片供食,施用氮肥可以促进营养体的发展,因此对氮肥的要求较多.     

控制蔬菜硝酸盐含量的施肥技术

<正> 1 选择适宜的氮肥种类、形态和用量 不同氮肥品种、氮素形态影响硝酸盐的积累,例如施用铵态氮肥(如氯化铵)会明显降低蔬菜中的硝酸盐浓度,但在水培液中施用大量铵态氮肥常导致中毒,产量受到限制。因此,氮肥应以尿素、氯化铵为主,或硝态氮肥(硝酸铵)、铵态氮肥(氯化铵)配合施用(比例约为3:7),则既可降低硝酸盐浓度,又可使蔬菜生长良好,甚至比单施硝态氮肥     

氮肥与磷钾肥配施对空心菜产量及硝酸盐含量的影响试验

蔬菜是易于富集硝酸盐的植物,在空心菜上通过用不同量的氮肥与相同量的磷钾肥配合施用试验,研究氮肥与蔬菜产量及硝酸盐含量的关系,探索高产低硝酸盐含量的蔬菜施肥方法.     

蔬菜的硝酸盐污染及防控措施

由于不合理的种植手段,造成了蔬菜的硝酸盐污染,影响蔬菜的品质,威胁人类的身体健康和生命安全.通过重视施用有机肥,合理施用氮肥;注意施肥时期和施肥种类;不同季节使用正确栽培设施;使用硝化抑制剂(氮肥增效剂)等技术手段,可以明显减少硝酸盐在蔬菜中的残留,对发展绿色无公害蔬菜生产和提高人民生活水平有十分重要的意义.     

大白菜减氮安全工程田间试验初报

针对人们高度关注的蔬菜食用安全和过量施用氮肥造成硝酸盐类含量升高、影响蔬菜品质并污染环境等问题,综合运用植物营养学原理和平衡施肥理论（测土配方施肥技术）,探索通过调优蔬菜用肥结构、减少化学氮肥用量、提高氮肥利用率等途径,达到降低因过量施用氮肥而对蔬菜和环境造成的污染,从而提高蔬菜品质和农民节本增收的目的。     

Productivity Models of Grain Crop Rotation on Gray Forest Soils of the Upper Volga Region

The influence of fertilizers on grain crop rotation productivity and dynamics of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen reserves has been studied in a field experiment on the gray forest soils of the Upper Volga region to develop crop rotation productivity management models. Organic fertilizers have included cattle, chicken, and goose manure and have been applied in various doses. The experimental design has included variants of applying mineral fertilizers (NPK) and their combination with NK and organic fertilizers. It has been established that more than 90% of crop rotation productivity variations accrue to nitrogen in organic and mineral fertilizers; in the light of their interaction, this figure rises to 96.8%. A close power-law or hyperbolical relation has been discovered between the average crop rotation productivity and the average annual nitrate nitrogen reserves in the early crop vegetation. The same kind of relation for this period has been discovered between the first parameter and the ammonium and nitrate nitrogen reserves in the soil solution (mobile nitrogen stock). It is proposed to estimate the mobile nitrogen stock by the mobilization nitrogen pool that depends on the dose of nitrogen in mineral and organic fertilizers.     

玉米苗期施用缓/控释氮素肥料养分释放特点与土壤生物活性研究

采用盆栽试验,模拟田间生态环境,测定施用不同种缓/控释氮素肥料,玉米苗期土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量,脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物量碳和氮含量变化趋势,比较玉米苗期氮素养分释放、土壤生物活性特点。研究表明,玉米苗期,施用SA nBPT U肥料,尿素态氮和NH4 -N的积累量最多,对土壤脲酶活性有显著的抑制作用;SA U肥料,硝态氮最多;MMA nBPT U肥料,尿素自膜内迁移到土壤中的量较少,硝态氮和微生物量最少。包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT相结合的缓/控释肥料,对减少硝态氮的生成效果最为明显。施用nBPT U肥料,微生物量最多。施用不同种缓/控释氮素肥料,土壤硝酸还原酶活性普遍增强,脲酶抑制剂nBPT对土壤硝酸还原酶活性无显著作用;施用不同种缓/控释氮素肥料土壤微生物量碳、氮的变化趋势一致。丙烯酸树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂相结合的缓/控释肥料控释效果最好。     

蔬菜间作及氮肥调控对土壤硝酸盐及氮素表观损失的影响(英文)

[目标]研究蔬菜间作及氮肥调控对土壤硝酸盐及氮素表观损失的影响,为菜地合理施肥及减少环境污染提供理论依据。[方法]采用大田试验方法,选择深根系的茄子和浅根系的大葱进行间作种植,并辅以氮素调控措施,研究其对土壤硝态氮时空变异规律及氮素表观损失的影响。[结果]在减量施肥条件下,土壤硝酸盐运移和累积的规律均为间作区含量低于单作区,表明与单作相比,茄子与大葱间作能有效阻截硝酸盐的向下淋洗,并有效减少土壤中硝酸盐累积量。间作种植模式下,减量施肥能够减少土壤中硝酸盐含量,特别是深层土壤,在作物生长期间,硝酸盐含量均比常规施肥区明显降低;土壤剖面硝酸盐累积量也表现为减量施肥区明显低于常规施肥区。采用蔬菜间作和减量施肥,均能不同程度地减少氮素的表观损失。[结论]该研究结果为蔬菜高产种植及田间合理施肥奠定了基础,在减少环境污染上有重要意义。     

化肥对大白菜维生素C及硝态氮含量的影响

在草甸菜园土上，采用３１１－Ｂ最优回归设计方案，进行了平衡施肥对大白菜Ｖｃ及Ｎｏ３＾－－Ｎ含量影响的研究。结果表明：氮磷钾的合理配比有利于提高大白菜体内Ｖｃ含量，降低Ｎｏ３＾－－Ｎ含量，特别是磷元素起着相当重要的作用，在中高氮钾水平下，增旋磷肥可促进Ｎｏ＾３－－Ｎ的转化，显著减少其在大白菜体内的积累。     

非水溶性材料包膜缓释氮肥的养分释放特性及其对小青菜产量的影响

为了研究自制的非水溶性材料包膜缓释氮肥的养分释放规律及其对小青菜产量的影响,采用浸泡试验分析了3种非水溶性材料包膜缓释氮肥(缓释肥料A、缓释肥料B、缓释肥料C)的养分释放规律,同时利用盆栽试验研究了其对小青菜产量的影响。结果表明:非水溶性包膜肥料具有较好的缓释性能,当缓释氮肥包膜率为6%～8%时,通过浸泡试验测得的135 d氮养分累积释放量为32.2%～63.5%;盆栽试验结果表明,施用了3种缓释氮肥的小青菜地上部产量均高于不施氮肥对照,增产幅度为244.90%～406.58%,均略高于施用普通大颗粒尿素的产量;其中缓释肥C处理小青菜产量高,小青菜硝酸盐含量和土壤硝态氮含量低。     

氮素形态对叶菜类NO_3~-、NO_2~-和Vc含量的影响

本文探讨了以NO_3~-、N0_3~-+NH_4~+(1:1)、NH_4~+作为氮源对叶菜类体内NO_3~-、NO_2~-和Vc含量的影响。试验表明:给叶菜类施肥,以硝态氮肥和铵态氮肥混合施用为好,只施硝态氮肥或铵态氮肥都有各自的弊端。     

Denitrification Losses and N2O Emissions from Different Nitrogen Fertilizers Applied to the Maize-Fluvo-Aquic Soil System

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the variations in denitrification losses and N2O emissions from 4 different types of nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium bicarbonate, and calcium nitrate) applied to the maizefluvo-aquic soil system in the North China Plain by the method of intact soil core incubation and acetylene inhibition, and the responses of nitrogen fertilizers to maize grain yields. Results show that the denitrification loss from different nitrogen fertilizers ranged from 0.38-1.20 kg N ha-1, with no significant differences among different fertilizer treatments, and the N2O emission from 0.05-0.95 kg N ha-1, with a significant difference (P＜0.05) among the treatments. The highest emission was from the treatment of ammonium nitrate, while the lowest from calcium nitrate. The nitrogen fertilizers increased the maize grain yield by 9.7-19.8% compared to control. But there were no significant differences in yield increase among the 4 types of nitrogen fertilizers. In comparison, urea had the best effect, whereas calcium nitrate had the least effect on increasing maize yield. The maize yield was 5.7% higher when urea was separately applied at 2 times than when it was applied at a time. In this case, however, the denitrification loss and the N2O emission were also increased by 4.05 and 1.84 kg N ha-1,respectively.     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Distribution of Organic Matters and Nitrogen in Cinnamon Soil Macro-Aggregates

Soil samples collected from a 25-year long-term fertilizer experiment carried out on the Earth-cumulic-Orthic Anthrosols in semi-humid farmland ecological system, were used to study the distribution of soil organic matters, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammoniate nitrogen in different grades of soil macro-aggregates in order to study the effects of long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. It is showed that the percentage of mass of the soil macro-aggregates with long-term application of fertilizers with sizes of 5-2 mm is increased compared with that of the samples with no fertilizer. It is easier to form lager size soil macro-aggregates by the long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are all higher after treatments with different combinations of fertilizers, while there is a little effect on the contents of ammoniate nitrogen. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen in the grades of soil macro-aggregates from the plough layers of the treated farmland exhibited significant difference. Moreover, the contents of organic matters and total nitrogen in the soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 mm is the highest in all treated soil samples. The contents of nitrate nitrogen in soil macro-aggregates increased with the increasing of soil macro-aggregate size except those applied with chemical fertilizer and lower amount of corn stover. The results of correlation analysis revealed that there exists a significantly positive correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 5-2 mm and the contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil samples. However, the correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 rnm and the contents of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen is significantly negative.The study showed that the highest contributing rates of macro-aggregates fractions to soil fertility is from the soil macro-aggregates fraction with the size of 1-0.25 mm in most of the cases.     

施肥对油菜硝酸盐含量的影响

试验研究了氮磷钾肥配用以及化学氮肥与有机肥或硝化抑制剂配用对油菜硝酸盐积累的影响。结果表明 ,氮肥是提高油菜产量和增加硝酸盐积累的主要肥料品种。在施氮的基础上 ,配合施用磷钾肥有利于提高油菜产量和降低硝酸盐含量。不施氮肥 ,单施磷肥或钾肥均能增加油菜产量和硝酸盐积累。化学氮与有机氮各半 ,或在氮肥中加入硝化抑制剂 (DCD) ,既能提高油菜产量 ,又能降低硝酸盐积累     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素形态的影响

采用28年的长期田间定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土氮素形态的影响。结果表明,在不施肥（CK）、无机肥（NPK）、有机肥（猪粪＋紫云英绿肥,M）和无机肥与有机肥配施（NPKM）处理中,土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和微生物氮含量均随土层深度的增加而降低;不同施肥处理土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和微生物氮含量从高到低顺序均为：NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK,长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施能提高全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和微生物氮含量,即促进了土壤氮库的积累;且不同施肥处理A、P层碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物氮含量和土壤全氮含量之间呈极显著正相关关系。因此,无机肥配施有机肥可使土壤氮素各形态含量均显著提高,是提高土壤氮素肥力的根本途径。