褐纹甘蔗象生物学特性及其防治研究进展

本文主要介绍了为害棕榈科植物和甘蔗的危险性害虫-褐纹甘蔗象（Rhabdwscelus lineaticollis Heller）的危害性、生物学特性以及防疫控制技术等，并探讨了这种害虫的未来防治技术。     

防范外来危险性害虫褐纹甘蔗象入侵为害

褐纹甘蔗象Rhabdoscelus lineaticollis（Heller）是为害棕榈科植物和甘蔗的危险性外来害虫。为警惕该虫的传入,本文对褐纹甘蔗象的分类地位、形态特征、分布、寄主、危害、生物学特性等作了简要介绍,并提出了预防建议。     

海南首次发现检疫性害虫褐纹甘蔗象危害槟榔

褐纹甘蔗象是我国进境植物检疫害虫和林业危险性有害生物,此前未有在海南危害的报道。2021年5月至7月,笔者在海南省棕榈有害生物调查过程中,首次在五指山市南圣镇同甲村发现该虫危害槟榔,在此基础上本文对褐纹甘蔗象的危害症状、危害率、发生区域概况等进行了阐述,并提出了监控和防治建议。本文首次报道了褐纹甘蔗象在海南槟榔园的发生危害,为该虫的监测和防治提供了依据。     

外来有害生物红火蚁简介

红火蚁(solenopsis invicta)是一种原产南美洲巴拉圭和巴拿马运河一带的昆虫,它繁殖迅速,只要贴近人的皮肤,就会将其带毒的针刺人皮肤,让人产生灼烧般的疼痛,被叮咬的地方会出现水泡,现已出现人死亡病例。它是世界上100种危害最为严重的著名入侵生物之一。     

利用昆虫病原线虫与化学农药混用防治褐纹甘蔗象

褐纹甘蔗象是棕榈科植物和甘蔗的新入侵危险害虫。本研究利用昆虫病原线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系与毒死蜱、吡虫啉混用防治褐纹甘蔗象。将4000条／ml感染期线虫与48％毒死蜱EC（1000mg／L）、70％吡虫啉（500mg／L）混合施用于国王椰子，7d后对幼虫的防效为96％，明显优于单剂毒死蜱（68．96％）、单剂吡虫啉（0）和小卷蛾斯氏线虫（68．42％～76．52％）的防效；混剂处理7d对成虫的防效为88．89％，亦明显优于单剂毒死蜱（72％）、单剂吡虫啉（2．50％）和小卷蛾斯氏线虫（27．78％～52．63％）。     

北京地区发现外来有害生物红艳长蠹

2006年9月，北京市丰台区林业保护站工作人员对王佐镇南宫恒达苗圃进行产地检疫时，在黄山栾（Koelruteria bipinnata uar．integrifoliola）苗木上发现钻蛀性害虫活体，后经深圳出人境检验检疫局陈志粦高级农艺师鉴定为红艳长蠹[Xylothrips religiosus（Boisduval）]。在其后的调查中，发现调人的2批合欢（Albizzia julibrissin）和青桐（Firmiana simplex）也遭到此虫为害。发现苗木受害后，相关单位已及时进行了销毁处理。目前已证实，受害苗木分别自河南省潢川市和浙江省温州市调入北京。     

潜在的检疫性甘蔗有害生物

在推进现代甘蔗产业过程中,有效防控甘蔗病虫害是"双高"甘蔗栽培技术的一个重要环节。目前世界上已发现的甘蔗病害有120种以上,甘蔗害虫上百种,不同国家、不同蔗区甘蔗病虫害种类不同,病菌生理小种、病毒株系也不相同,而许多重要的甘蔗病虫害都是通过种苗传播的。提高对潜在的检疫性甘蔗有害生物认识,有效地阻止危险性病虫随种苗传播蔓延,增强减灾防灾能力,对确保甘蔗品种质量和甘蔗生产安全,促进甘蔗种植业和蔗糖产业持续稳定健康发展具有重要意义。本文重点介绍了几种潜在的检疫性甘蔗有害生物,并提出了相应的防控对策。     

浅谈外来林业有害生物入侵与扩散的防控措施

根据外来林业有害生物的入侵形势和发生特点,结合工作实践,提出了“一个前提和基础,三项重要保障,三个关键,六种重要手段”的防控建议,为有效控制外来林业有害生物的入侵与扩散,确保北京生态环境安全提供了理论指导。     

外来有害生物对我国城市园林绿化危害及防控对策

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,城市绿化建设事业迅速发展,入侵的外来有害生物随着城市绿化苗木的引进和调运,在我国城市间不断扩散蔓延。本文阐述外来有害生物在城市绿化建设过程中入侵和扩散的严峻形势,从而分析其原因,并提出城市绿化过程中防控外来有害生物入侵和扩散的对策。     

检疫性有害生物——纹盾材小蠹

纹盾材小蠹(Xyleborinus artestriatus)为我国重要的检疫性有害生物,可对胡桃、厚皮树、娑罗双树等树种造成严重的危害。纹盾材小蠹在我国尚未分布。本文就纹盾材小蠹的分类地位、形态特征、生物学特性等方面进行了详细介绍,同时本文列出了纹盾材小蠹与其近似种的检索表。这对进一步研究鉴定该害虫具有重要的参考价值。     

Integrated pest management for oil palm in Papua New Guinea

The global production ofpalm oil has increased very rapidly, more than doubling between1970 and 1980. Oil palm is the second most important cash crop inPapua New Guinea (PNG), and in 1995 its export value wasUS$128 million. The principal pests of oil palm in PNG are agroup of tettigonids, collectively known as Sexava, which causedamage by defoliating the oil palm tree. Severe defoliationcauses reductions in photosynthesis and fruit production,resulting in yield losses. Control of these pests is currentlyreliant upon the use of trunk-injected monocrotophos. Because ofdifficult application methods, poor monitoring procedures, andthe difficult environment, chemical control usually occurs toolate to prevent significant yield losses. Furthermore theapplication of chemicals is expensive and environmentallyundesirable. There is enormous potential to improve the currentpest management practices, and several biological control agentscould be used in an integrated pest management (IPM) system.Agronomic practices directed towards developing biodiversitywithin the oil palm cropping system, and improved pest monitoringand surveying could also be components of this IPMscheme     

入侵害虫红棕象甲转移为害本土棕榈树的风险评估

为评估入侵害虫红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus对本土农林生态系统的风险,于2016—2019年采用受害植株调查和成虫诱捕的方法跟踪监测该虫在加拿利海枣Phoenix canariensis引种点及周边1 600 m半径范围内本土棕榈Trachycarpus fortune上的发生情况,并对来自野外加拿利海枣与棕榈上的成虫形态及繁殖力进行比较。结果显示,红棕象甲可随加拿利海枣引种定植而入侵当地生态系统,当其在加拿利海枣上暴发成灾后,还能转移到周边棕榈上继续为害,红棕象甲为害致死的棕榈植株数随着引种植物死亡数的增加而增加。野外加拿利海枣与棕榈上红棕象甲成虫的体重、体长以及按雌雄1∶1配对交配后的产卵量、孵化率相当,但棕榈种群雌虫的翅展较加拿利海枣种群明显变短,表明红棕象甲转移取食本土棕榈后可成功定殖、建立种群,且适合度并未降低。雌虫翅展变短可能与该入侵种表型可塑性有关,反映出其对棕榈的快速适应与进化,表现为"前适应"策略。考虑红棕象甲成虫飞行能力强,建议调高棕榈分布省份该虫的风险预警等级、调整防控策略,开展跟踪监测以了解入侵地实情。     

Red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), an invasive pest recently found in the Caribbean that threatens the region

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, an important palm pest, was accidentally introduced into the Caribbean. A monitoring programme was established to determine the population level and distribution of infestations on Aruba and Curacao through the use of commercially available pheromone traps. Due to the small size of the islands and limited distribution of palms, eradication may be feasible using a combination of trapping, timely disposal of infested palms and curative and prophylactic chemical treatments. These studies on the pest in the Caribbean were used to help design a USDA plant health emergency response through the development of Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine New Pest Response Guidelines and provide an effective emergency response programme for other Caribbean Islands and the Americas.     

Current status of red palm weevil in Turkey

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is the most serious pest of palms in Turkey. Weevil infestation was first detected in Turkey in summer 2005 in parks and gardens of Mersin province, along the Mediterreanean coast of Turkey. Following the discovery of the pest, destruction of infested plant material, prophylactic insecticide chemical treatments, as well as adult weevil trapping were carried out on palm plantations. Traps containing a commercial aggregation pheromone were hung on palm trees at a high density, in order to monitor the pest infestation and reduce the weevil population by mass trapping. A significant decrease in the number of trapped beetles and destruction of infested plant material was observed in 2009 and continued in the following years in several cities in Turkey. Therefore, it has been observed that mass trapping and curative pesticide applications have played a significant role in the suppression of R. ferrugineus populations in palm plantations.     

Current status of red palm weevil infestation in date palm plantations in Israel

The red palm weevilRhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (RPW) is the most serious pest of date palms in the Middle East. Weevil infestation was first detected in Israel in the summer of 1999 in date plantations in the Jordan Valley, on the west bank of the Jordan River and in the northern area of the Dead Sea. For 2 years following the discovery of the pest, prophylactic insecticide chemical treatments as well as adult weevil trapping were carried out over 450 ha of date palm plantations. Traps loaded with a commercial aggregation pheromone, ferrugineol, supplemented with ethyl acetate and a fermenting mixture of dates and sugarcane molasses, were posted in high trap density (approx. ten traps per ha) in order to monitor weevil infestation and reduce the RPW population by mass trapping. A significant decrease in number of trapped beetles and infested trees was observed in 2001 and continued in the following years. No infested trees have been found since 2002, indicating a decrease in RPW population. The sex ratio of trapped adults during 3 years of study was significantly female-biased (∼2.5:1). Therefore, mass trapping might have played a significant role in the suppression of RPW populations in date plantations. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2004.     

警惕棕榈粗腿豆象入侵

棕榈粗腿豆象(Caryobruchus gleditsiae(L.))是一种严重为害棕榈科植物种子的钻蛀性害虫,原产美洲地区,我国尚无分布记录。该虫寄主广,适应性强,且具有较强的隐蔽性,存在较大的传入风险。本文对该虫的分类地位、寄主、分布、为害特点、生物学特性、形态特征、传播途径等进行了详细介绍,并编制了该属6个种的分类检索表,以期为口岸检疫鉴定提供参考。     

红棕象甲的生殖行为研究

对红棕象甲的生殖行为和习性进行了室内、外观察,结果表明:该虫以成虫、老熟幼虫和蛹越冬。卵产于寄主叶柄、茎杆的伤口纤维中。成虫全天有交配行为发生,交配高峰发生在7至10时及16至18时2个时间段,雄成虫在交配后对雌成虫有明显的保护行为。雌虫产卵高峰为19时至22时。雄虫较雌虫活跃,对近距离动静较为敏感。在求偶、交配中雄虫起主导作用,雌雄成虫均有多配性。雄成虫主动通过抱握、曲腹、插入等行为来识别雌、雄成虫,以获得有效的交配。     

外来有害生物地理信息系统初步研制

地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)是在计算机硬件和软件系统的支持下,对整个或部分地球表面空间中的有关地理分布数据进行采集、存储、管理、运算、分析和可视化表达的信息处理和管理系统,随着计算机技术和电子技术的飞速发展,GIS技术被广泛地应用于各个领域.本研究以气候数据库为基础,在Visual Basic集成开发环境中,运用地埋信息系统控件MapInfo MapX,开发研究了外来有害生物地理信息系统,可用于外来有害生物的风险分析和地理生态区域的数值分级区划等研究.     

红棕象甲在江西省的风险性分析及防控管理对策

红棕象甲是我国检疫性害虫之一。该虫于2007年在江西省南昌、宜春、新余三地发现之后,近些年少有报道。为了评估红棕象甲在江西的潜在危险性,以制定科学的检疫对策。本文参照国际通用的有害生物风险分析方法,结合江西省气候资源,按照省内适生分布范围、潜在的危害性、传播扩散和定殖可能性、风险性管理难度等5个方面开展了该虫的风险性分析和综合评估。结果表明:红棕象甲在江西省的综合评估风险R值为2.20,属于高度危险性林业有害生物。并由此提出江西省红棕象甲的防控策略。这对于有效防止该有害生物在江西省的进一步扩散蔓延和监测防治具有一定的指导意义。