大豆低聚糖对家禽肠道微生态的影响及作用机制研究进展

大豆低聚糖是重要的肠道功能调节物质,对于肠道微生态平衡发挥重要作用。文章综述了大豆低聚糖对家禽肠道有益菌的促生长和有害菌的抑制作用、大豆低聚糖的添加量、来源和类型对肠道微生态的影响及其作用机理方面的研究进展。     

大豆低聚糖在动物营养中的应用

大豆低聚糖(SBOS)是一种功能性低聚糖。本文着重阐述了大豆低聚糖的肠道生物学作用、营养生理功能及其在饲料中的应用。     

大豆低聚糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响研究

大豆低聚糖是大豆中含有的寡糖类物质的总称，主要包括水苏糖（4％）、棉子糖（1％）和蔗糖（5％）等。研究证明，大豆低聚糖是一种能通过物理方法提取出来的功能性低聚糖，具有低能量、难消化、促进肠道内双歧杆菌的增殖、维持肠道内生态平衡、抑制肠道内有害菌群生长以及提高机体免疫力等许多生理功能。     

新型绿色饲料添加剂——大豆低聚糖

大豆低聚糖是功能性低聚糖的一种,具有调节肠道菌群平衡、降血脂、抗癌、保护肝脏和增强机体免疫功能等作用.许多研究表明,在饲料中添加功能性低聚糖可以控制沙门菌感染,提高动物的体增重、饲料转化率和机体的免疫能力.日本已将大豆低聚糖作为添加剂应用于食品,国内对其也进行了深入研究,但将大豆低聚糖作为饲料添加剂应用于畜禽生产报道很少.现对大豆低聚糖在饲料中的应用作一综述.     

大豆低聚糖的研究及其在饲料中的应用

大豆低聚糖是一种功能性低聚糖，具有调节肠道菌群平衡、降血脂、抗癌、保护肝脏和增强机体免疫功能等作用。大豆低聚糖在畜禽饲料中的应用能提高动物生产性能、增强机体免疫力和促进营养物质吸收等。介绍了大豆低聚糖的作用原理和功能，综述了其在饲料中的应用，展望了其发展前景。     

新型功能性饲料添加剂大豆低聚糖的应用开发

大豆低聚糖是功能性低聚糖的一种,具有调节肠道菌群平衡、降血脂、抗癌、保护肝脏和增强机体免疫功能等作用。大豆低聚糖在畜禽饲料中的应用,能提高生产性能、增强机体免疫力和促进营养物质吸收等,因此开发其作为新型饲料添加剂将具有较大的潜力和广阔的发展前景。     

大豆低聚糖对蛋鸡肠道菌群和肠黏膜组织形态的影响

低聚糖（Oligosaccharides），又称寡聚糖，可以提高动物对营养物质的吸收率和饲料的利用率，促进动物生长和生产，改善畜产品质量；改善肠道内微生态环境，增强机体免疫力；降低血清及肉蛋中胆固醇和中性脂肪的含量等。大豆低聚糖是大豆中或其他豆科作物种子中所含有的可溶性糖类的总称，主要成份是单糖数为3～4的蔗糖（双糖）...     

大豆低聚糖对蛋鸡肠道菌群和肠黏膜组织形态的影响

低聚糖(Oligosaccharides),又称寡聚糖,具有可提高动物对营养物质的吸收率和饲料的利用效率,促进动物生长和生产,改善畜产品质量;改善肠道内微生态环境,增强机体免疫力;降低血清及肉蛋中胆固醇和中性脂肪的含量等功能。大豆低聚糖是大豆中或可泛指其它豆科作物种子中所含有的可溶性糖类的总称,主要成份是单糖数为3～4的     

大豆低聚糖对蛋鸡肠道菌群和肠黏膜组织形态的影响

低聚糖（Oligosaccharides）,又称寡聚糖,可以提高动物对营养物质的吸收率和饲料的利用率,促进动物生长和生产,改善畜产品质量;改善肠道内微生态环境,增强机体免疫力;降低血清及肉蛋中胆固醇和中性脂肪的含量等。大豆低聚糖是大豆中或其他豆科作物种子中所含有的可溶性糖类的总称,主要成份是单糖数为3～4的蔗糖（双糖）,棉籽糖（三糖）、水苏糖（四糖）等。     

大豆低聚糖及其生理功能和在动物营养中的应用

大豆低聚糖是一种新型的功能性低聚糖，具有许多功能特性。该文综述了大豆低聚糖的理化性质、生理功能及其在动物营养中的应用，分析了大豆低聚糖研究中存在的问题，最后对其应用前景做了展望。     

犬常见肿瘤流行病学调查及组织病理学诊断

为探讨犬常见肿瘤的发病规律，试验收集哈尔滨地区2016-2017年宠物医院部分犬肿瘤病例71例，采用组织病理学方法对犬肿瘤进行病理学诊断，并对患病动物的品种、性别、年龄、发生部位和饮食情况与肿瘤发生关系进行统计分析。结果显示，71例确诊肿瘤病例中，恶性肿瘤28例，包括鳞状上皮细胞癌3例，基底细胞癌5例，乳腺癌14例，淋巴瘤2例，肾母细胞瘤、精原细胞癌、生殖细胞癌、侵袭性血管黏液瘤各1例；良性肿瘤43例，包括良性乳腺肿瘤15例，纤维瘤10例，平滑肌瘤5例，乳头状瘤和精原细胞瘤各3例，造釉细胞瘤、耵聍腺瘤、脂肪瘤、结节样增生、性索间质细胞瘤、颗粒细胞瘤、肛周腺瘤各1例。上述病例中，乳腺和皮肤是犬肿瘤的高发部位，分别占全部患犬的40.8%和34.0%；患病犬年龄1~16岁不等，平均发病年龄为9.1岁，7岁以后是肿瘤的高发期，中老年犬仍为主要发病群体，但低龄犬发病数量上升；各品种犬均可发生肿瘤，其中杂种犬发病率最高，其次是贵宾犬和京巴犬，且主要为乳腺肿瘤；饮食习惯主要以剩饭剩菜类和肉拌饭类为主，分别占患犬总数的39%和30%；部分肿瘤类型与犬的性别、是否绝育有关，如乳腺肿瘤多发生于未绝育的老年母犬。本研究结果为犬肿瘤的流行病学及诊断提供了参考依据，对犬肿瘤的预防和诊断有一定的借鉴意义。     

MENISCAL OSSICLES IN LARGE NON-DOMESTIC CATS

Radiographs of the stifles of 6 species of 34 large, non-domestic cats were reviewed foremost for the presence of meniscal ossicles and then for the presence of the other potential four sesamoids. The animals in the review included 12 lions, 7 tigers, 7 cougars, 3 leopards, 3 bobcats, and 2 jaguars. Fluoroscopy, arthrography, computed tomography, necropsy, and histology were also used to evaluate the stifles of one tiger after euthanasia. Ossicles were found in the region of the cranial horn of the medial meniscus in most of the lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars. These ossicles were found in half of the cougars but in none of the bobcats. Among the large, non-domestic cats, meniscal ossicles had been reported previously only in Bengal tigers. The lions, tigers, and leopards having meniscal ossicles appeared to have a lateral but often not a medial fabella of the gastrocnemius muscle, an observation previously unreported. Popliteal sesamoids and patellas were present in all the skeletally mature cats.     

青海湖区普氏原羚与鸟类种群监测

通过在青海湖的蛋岛、鸬鹚岛、海心山、三块石、布哈河口等鸟类栖息地的鸟类种群数量监测，甘子河乡、沙岛东、克土、小泊湖、湖东种羊场、倒淌河镇元者、青海湖农场、哈尔盖乡、快尔玛乡、生格乡等地进行普氏原羚种群数量监测。目前，普氏原羚种群数量为702—845只。11月份种群数量比8月份增加22只，仅增长4．21个百分点；5个鸟类...     

Blood serum characteristics of newborn pigs: comparison of unaffected pigs with pigs belonging to five mortality groups.

The blood serum levels of glucose, hemoglobin, insulin, cortisol, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 2-macroglobulin f and s, alpha 2-antitrypsin inhibitor and alpha 1-protease inhibitor were determined at birth in 5 clinically and morphologically identified mortality groups of pigs. These were compared with the levels observed in unaffected, apparently normal newborn unsuckled pigs. The blood serum profile of the pigs in the stillborn intra partum, weak, splayleg and trauma groups, respectively, as well as that of clinically normal splayleg littermates, differed significantly from that of the unaffected pigs. This was especially true for the levels of hemoglobin and the two macroglobulins. The importance of placental insufficiency causing chronic episodes of hypoxia which ultimately lead to a disturbance in organ development in the etiology of the mortality groups is discussed.     

新疆伊犁夏牧场铁、铜、锰、锌、硒营养生态环境的研究(Ⅱ)

本试验通过研究伊犁夏牧场不同年龄、不同性别绵羊羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量及变化规律,为夏季放牧绵羊科学补饲微量元素提供依据。选择在新疆伊犁夏牧场卡拉卓恩(南坡)和唐布拉草地(北坡)1 400~2 999 m垂直带放牧的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)羊毛和血液样品,测定其铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量,并评估其微量元素的营养生态环境。结果表明,放牧绵羊羊毛铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为520.70、3.89、30.16、102.64 mg/kg和41.18 μg/kg,其中铜和硒分别低于正常值48.3%和79.7%,而铁高于正常值603.4%;血液中铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为357.05、4.18、0.25、3.08 mg/L和45.23 μg/L,其中铜、硒分别低于正常值29.9%和73.9%,而铁高于正常值95.5%。羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒含量均随年龄而增加。不同性别绵羊间血液中锌、硒含量差异明显。     

饲粮钙、磷水平对泌乳期伊犁母马营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮钙、磷水平对泌乳期伊犁母马体重、胸围、营养物质表观消化率和代谢以及血浆生理生化指标的影响,为确定泌乳期伊犁母马钙、磷适宜需要量提供参考。选取年龄(11~14周岁)、体重[(371±21)kg]和胎次(4~6胎)接近的处于第2泌乳月的伊犁母马25匹,随机分为5组,每组5匹。第3泌乳月Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组母马钙饲喂水平分别为45.03、48.50、51.96、55.43和58.89 g/d,磷饲喂水平分别为30.05、32.03、34.01、35.99和37.97 g/d;第4和第5泌乳月Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组母马钙饲喂水平分别为43.60、46.42、49.25、52.07和54.92 g/d,磷饲喂水平分别为27.63、29.24、30.86、32.47和34.12 g/d。试验为期90 d,每30 d为1个试验周期。结果显示:饲粮钙、磷水平对母马体重和胸围以及干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅴ组的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组提高12.26%、12.37%和18.28%(P0.05);Ⅰ组的总能表观消化率最高,分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组提高8.32%、7.19%和11.24%(P0.05);Ⅰ和Ⅲ组的钙表观消化率分别较Ⅳ组提高17.74%和14.49%(P0.05);Ⅲ组的磷表观消化率最高,比Ⅱ组提高35.39%(P0.05)。饲粮钙、磷水平对母马氮和钙代谢均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅰ组的代谢能较Ⅱ和Ⅳ组分别增加7.95%和11.33%(P0.05);Ⅰ组的能量沉积率较Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别提高9.30%、8.50%和12.10%(P0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的磷沉积量显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),其中Ⅲ组在各组中最高,比Ⅱ组提高42.59%;Ⅰ和Ⅲ组的磷沉积率显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),其中Ⅰ组在各组中最高,分别比Ⅱ和Ⅳ组提高49.67%和46.32%;Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的磷利用率显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),分别比Ⅱ组提高17.74%、18.80%和16.79%。饲粮钙、磷水平对血浆中离子钙、磷、降钙素、骨钙素、胎盘催乳素、垂体泌乳素、雌二醇、孕酮和雌酮水平均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅲ组的血浆中甲状旁腺素水平显著高于Ⅳ和Ⅴ组(P0.05),分别提高70.61%和47.58%。由此得出,Ⅰ组饲粮(在第3泌乳月钙、磷饲喂水平分别为45.03和30.05 g/d,第4和第5泌乳月钙、磷饲喂水平分别为43.60和27.63 g/d)即可满足伊犁母马泌乳期的钙、磷需要。适宜的饲粮钙、磷水平有助于维持较高水平的能量和钙的表观消化率以及能量和磷的沉积和利用。     

甘南玛曲高寒草甸草地沙化的研究

以甘南玛曲高寒草甸生态系统植物群落样地调查资料为基础,对不同沙化程度植物群落结构及物种多样性特征进行了研究分析。结果表明：随着草地沙化程度的加剧,植物群落多样性指数,均匀度指数及丰富度指数下降,优势度指数增加;禾草地上植物量减少,杂草、莎草地上植物量增加,其中,莎草增加最快。中度沙化阶段是植物群落丰富度、多样性、优势度、地上植物量和均匀度变化的一个转折点,演替早期群落多样性,均匀度及地上总植物量最高,在极度沙化阶段,地上总植物量最低,优势度指数最大。     

Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review

Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.     

脂质组学技术在家畜精液质量评价和体外保存研究中的应用研究进展

精液质量评价是公畜繁殖力评定的重要手段之一。随着组学技术的快速发展，研究人员可以获得精子细胞高通量的基因、转录本、蛋白和代谢物等信息，对于精液质量评价以及相关的辅助生殖技术研究具有重要意义。最近，研究人员尝试采用脂质组学技术探讨影响哺乳动物精子细胞受精能力的因素。脂质组学（lipidomics）主要是利用高通量技术研究细胞、组织或生物体内的脂类成分和分布等基本生物学特征，在对脂类进行精确定量的基础上，探讨脂类多样性与细胞代谢调控和相应生物学功能的关系。作为蛋白质和核酸的下游产物，脂类可以更直接地反映组织细胞的实时生理状态。精子细胞质膜富含各种脂类，这些脂类对精子细胞的结构和功能具有重要影响。此外，通过脂质组学研究可以获得一些潜在的标记物用于家畜精液质量评价。目前，脂质组学已经应用于精子细胞脂肪酸研究。然而，虽然脂质组学研究发展迅速，但该方法仍存在一定的局限性，主要表现为样品脂类提取技术流程没有统一标准，导致对同一个结果产生不同的解释，因此，脂质组学技术仍有较大的提升空间。作者系统介绍了家畜精子的脂质组基本特征，并总结了脂质组学在精液质量评价和体外保存研究领域的发展现状，同时对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Fractional excretion tests: a critical review of methods and applications in domestic animals

The fractional excretion (FE) of a constituent by the kidney is the fraction of the amount filtered by the glomerulus, which is excreted into urine. It is mostly determined for electrolytes, and is expressed as the ratio of the clearance of a given electrolyte to creatinine clearance. The main physiologic factors affecting FE variation are species, age, and the alimentary supply of electrolytes. The value of FE tests in the diagnosis of kidney disease is limited, except in canine Fanconi's syndrome. FEs of many constituents often are increased in chronic kidney disease, but their diagnostic value is no greater than that of plasma creatinine concentration. FEs also are altered in nonrenal diseases such as diabetes mellitus and rhabdomyolysis, and during treatment with xylazine, rehydration fluids, and diuretics. FEs, especially of calcium, phosphates, and magnesium, are useful in clinical nutrition to assess mineral balance. FE is difficult to measure, so its use should be limited to nutritional investigations and nephrology research.