Evaluation of heat tolerance in fruit crop varieties

Various reactions of fruit crop species and varieties to the increase in air temperature are noted. The adaptation of fruit plants to overheating is connected with the functioning of protective mechanisms, which are particular for each species: the detoxication of ammonia formed during protein decomposition or protection of proteins from destruction (in the plum). The capability of plants to survive high temperatures depends on the genotypic properties of a variety, period of manifestation of the temperature stress factor, and duration of its action in separate years. A universal physiological and biological heat tolerance criterion in fruit crop varieties is the degree of change in protein concentration in plant leaves affected by the stress factor.     

6个切花菊品种的耐盐性评价

以南农紫星、南农粉樱、南农顺发、南农金桂、南农红袖和南农红雀6个切花菊品种为试材,用170mmol.L-1NaCl溶液处理幼苗,测定受害叶片比例,结合形态观察初步评价6个切花菊品种苗期耐盐性;通过株高生长抑制率、叶绿素含量、叶片电导率、SOD活性等生理指标的测定,探讨这些生理指标的变化与耐盐性关系。结果表明:南农红雀、南农金桂、南农顺发、南农红袖耐盐性较强,南农紫星和南农粉樱耐盐性弱;根据叶片盐害程度可以对切花菊耐盐性进行评价;叶片盐害程度、株高生长抑制率、电导率的变化率、SOD活性及变化率可以作为切花菊耐盐性评价的指标,叶绿素含量的变化可作为参考指标。     

不同青稞品种（系）芽期耐盐性鉴定

以34份青稞品种（系）种子为材料,通过测定发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数等指标进行芽期的耐盐性鉴定,并应用主成分分析、隶属函数法等方法对青稞材料进行了多指标耐盐性综合评价。结果表明：耐盐性较强的材料是XQ0478、白玉青稞、XQ0792、XQ0198和N4-1等;耐盐性相对较弱的材料有矮黑六、矮六密、9718和9803-2。用综合指标值（D）进行聚类分析,可将34份青稞品种（系）聚为三类： A类的青稞材料有8份,其D＞0.5,代表耐盐性较强的品种（系）;B类的青稞材料有4份,其D＜0.3,代表耐盐性较敏感的品种（系）;C类的青稞材料有22份,其0.3≤D≤0.5,为中度耐盐性品种（系）。     

Evaluation of a new method for quantification of heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars

Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effective methods to quantify heat stress and heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to use various wheat cultivars to evaluate stress intensity(δ) and a new method for quantification of heat tolerance and compare this technique with three other currently utilized methods. This new parameter for heat tolerance quantification is referred to as the heat tolerance index(HTI) and is an indicator of both yield potential and yield stability. Heat treatments were applied in a controlled setting when anthesis had been reached for 80% of the wheat. The stress intensity evaluation indicated heat shock was the main factor associated with kernel weight reduction while grain yield reduction was mainly associated with chronic high temperature. The methods evaluation showed that a temperature difference of 5°C from natural temperatures was a suitable heat treatment to compare to the untreated controls. HTI was positively correlated with yield under heat stress(r=0.8657, δ_(2010)=0.15, in 2009–2010; r=0.8418, δ_(2011)=0.20, in 2010–2011; P0.01), and negatively correlated with yield reduction rate(r=–0.8344, in 2009–2010; r=–0.7158, in 2010–2011; P0.01). The results of this study validated the use of HTI and temperature difference control for quantifying wheat heat tolerance that included the yield potential and the stability of different wheat cultivars under heat stress. Additionally, 10 wheat cultivars showed high HTI and should be further tested for their heat confirming characteristics for use in wheat heat tolerance breeding.     

14份木薯种质的苗期耐旱性评价

采用盆栽试验,比较水分胁迫下14份木薯种质苗期的耐旱性强弱。通过主成分分析、聚类分析、相关分析等方法,得出了14份木薯种质过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白(Pr)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量及株高、茎径等6个指标对应的耐旱系数变幅分别为0.14~4.00、0.12~3.28、0.55~1.76、0.33~1.70、0.68~1.09、0.62~1.05;按6个指标与综合主成分F值的相关系数排序,6个指标从大到小依次为POD活性、Pr含量、株高、Pro含量、茎径、MDA含量,其中,POD活性、Pr含量与F值呈极显著正相关,POD活性与Pr含量也呈极显著正相关。经综合比较,推荐将POD活性和Pr含量作为木薯幼苗耐旱性的主要评价指标。     

Efficiency of phytovirological monitoring of cereal crop breeding in Primorsky krai

Data on the extent and dynamics of the viral diseases affecting cereal crops in breeding nurseries have been obtained as a result of the phytovirological monitoring. The deterious pathogens affecting the spring barley and the spring and winter wheat are identified under the conditions of the region. The necessity to produce the cereal varieties resistant to the viral infections and the use them in breeding is shown.     

不同板栗品种的耐热性和抗旱性比较

以7个板栗品种的离体叶片为试验材料,进行人工高温胁迫和干旱胁迫处理,利用电导仪研究这些品种在不同处理下的电导率的变化,分析高温胁迫和干旱胁迫对这些品种的伤害程度,并利用此研究成果为板栗优良品种的选择及栽培技术的推广提供理论依据。结果表明,耐热能力较强的品种为燕红和早熟3号,较差的品种为黑山寨7号和河北尊达,抗旱能力较强的品种为河北尊玉和阳光3号,较差的品种为燕红和早熟3号。     

RAPD标记在园艺作物品种鉴定中的应用

就RAPD标记在果树、蔬菜、观赏植物的品种鉴定、杂种一代纯度鉴定、品种突变体检测、品种亲缘关系分析及分类等方面的研究进展和应用前景作了评述。     

甘蓝型油菜耐铝极端品种筛选及耐铝生理机制初步解析

为筛选不同铝敏感性油菜品种并探究油菜对铝毒的耐受机制,以997份甘蓝型油菜自然品种为材料,采用土培初筛和营养液复筛的两步筛选法,以地上部鲜质量和相对根系伸长率为指标筛选获得甘蓝型油菜不同铝敏感性品种,解析油菜耐铝的生理机制。结果显示,997份甘蓝型油菜自然品种苗期在酸性土壤上表现出显著的基因型差异,从中筛选出142个不同铝敏感性极端品种,含77份铝耐受品种和65份铝敏感品种;进一步利用营养液培养体系在加铝和不加铝处理下对142个油菜品种进行复筛,通过聚类分析发现,97个品种在2个培养体系中具有较好的生长一致性;经过多次表型重复试验最终确定2个铝耐受品种（806和985）和2个铝敏感品种（482和811）。在铝毒处理下铝敏感品种（482和811）生物量相比不加铝处理下降约45%,根系生长显著被抑制,而铝耐受品种则无明显差异。进一步分析发现,相比铝敏感品种,铝耐受品种在铝毒条件下根系中积累的铝更少,活性氧含量更低,且根系中抗氧化酶（CAT和POD）的活性相比无铝处理显著增加,这可能是油菜耐铝的重要生理机制之一。     

柚品种间的耐寒性差异及其机理

１９９５～１９９７年对８个柚品种的耐寒性及其机理进行了研究．结果表明：柚类忍受的临界低温为－３～－５℃,因品种而异．沙田柚、度尾蜜柚、泰国柚等在－３℃１２ｈ电渗率已达５０％以上,而王官溪蜜柚、霞河蜜柚在－５℃１２ｈ电渗率才达５２％,文旦柚、楚门文旦、坪山柚电渗率介于两类之间．但低温持续时间长,即使在－１℃（２４ｈ）王官溪蜜柚电渗率亦高达５１％．柚叶片组织细胞结构紧密度、可溶性蛋白质含量、游离脯氨酸含量、超氧物歧化酶活性、线粒体膜Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶活性、束缚水／自由水比值等与柚品种的耐寒性呈正相关．     

4个杜鹃花品种的耐荫性

以杜鹃花Rhododendron 4个品种‘琉球红’ ‘Liuqiu Hong’ ‘胭脂蜜’ ‘Yanzhi Mi’ ‘紫萼’ ‘Zi E’和‘状元红’ ‘Zhuangyuan Hong’为试验材料,研究了不同遮光处理（全光照、55%遮光和90%遮光）对杜鹃花植株形态、生理特性和光合特性的影响。结果表明:随着遮光程度的增加,各杜鹃品种的株高、叶长、叶宽、叶绿素质量分数等呈增加趋势,遮光处理与全光照对比差异显著（P < 0.05）,而叶片厚度,叶绿素a/b,比叶质量和单位面积含水量等呈下降趋势,与全光照对比差异显著（P < 0.05）;4个杜鹃花品种的光饱和点为800.0~1 200.0 μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点为10.0~25.0 μmol·m-2·s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.3~0.9 μmol·m-2·s-1。随着遮光程度的增加,三者均呈下降趋势,而表观量子效率并无明显下降。且在55%遮光处理表观量子效率增大,说明所参试的杜鹃花品种有一定的耐荫性,不同品种对光的适应能力存在差异性。通过隶属函数分析法对4个杜鹃花品种的耐荫性强弱进行综合排序,其顺序依次为‘状元红’＞‘胭脂蜜’＞‘紫萼’＞‘琉球红’。     

无限生长型番茄果实耐贮藏性研究

以品种杭杂一号、FA189、上海919等3个无限生长型番茄品种果实为材料,研究室温下带果柄贮藏,番茄果实的贮藏期限及贮藏期间果实硬度、糖、酸含量的动态变化.结果表明:番茄果实的耐贮藏性存在明显的品种间差异,其中FA189的果实耐贮性最强;上海919最弱,杭杂一号的果实耐贮藏性介于上述2个品种之间;果实的耐贮藏性与果实硬度变化相一致.在番茄果实贮藏期间,可溶性固形物、还原糖、蔗糖和可滴定酸含量均呈现明显的下降趋势,其中杭杂一号果实的可溶性固形物和还原糖含量始终高于FA189和上海919,而可滴定酸含量以FA189最高、杭杂一号最低.     

Molecular mechanisms controlling seed set in cereal crop species under stress and non-stress conditions

Maximizing seed yield is the ultimate breeding goal in important cereal crop species. Seed set is a key developmental stage in the process of seed formation, which determines grain number, seed mass, and realized yield potential, and can be severely affected by abiotic and biotic stresses. However, seed set can also be substantially reduced by genetic factors even under optimal fertilization conditions. The underlying molecular genetic mechanisms are still obscure. In this review, we elucidate the process of seed set of cereal crop species in detail, including development of floral structures, formation of viable gametes, double fertilization, seed development, and abortion. We discuss how genetic and non-genetic factors affect seed set in different development stages. Finally, we will propose novel strategies to study genetic mechanisms controlling seed set and exploit genetic resources to improve seed set in cereal crop species.     

赣25个油茶优良品种的耐热性比较

高温是影响经济林产品产量和质量的主要气候问题之一.为了探讨不同油茶Camellia oleifera品种的耐热性是否存在差异,以江西省林业科学院油茶种质资源圃25个油茶优良品种的叶片为材料,叶片分别经30 min的40,45,50,55,60和65℃高温处理,用电导法测定相对电导率并配合Logistic方程(y=k/(1+ae-bt)测定了其半致死温度(TL50).根据半致死温度的高低把25个油茶品种分为3个类型:(①TL50≥50℃(耐热型),其中有赣190,赣55,赣石84-3,赣447,赣71和赣无24; ②45≤TL50＜50℃(中间型),包括赣68,赣8,赣无11,赣兴46,赣无16,赣70,赣永5,赣77024,赣6,赣无12,赣无2,赣抚20,赣石83-4,赣无1;③TL50＜45℃(感热型),包括赣无15,赣兴48,赣石83-1,赣石84-8,赣永6.水培条件下的大树枝条经过不同高温处理的形态特征变化和半致死温度结果一致.油茶的抗热性差异极显著(P＜0.01).     

高温胁迫下15个茶花品种的耐热性

以茶花Camellia3个主要品种群的15个品种为材料,利用生理生化测定及SPSS统计分析对其耐热性进行了研究。结果表明:持续7 d 36~38℃的高温胁迫能够有效区分不同茶花品种耐热性;生理生化测定结果的系统聚类与主成分分析能够对不同茶花品种的耐热性进行有效评价。云南山茶Camellia reticalata及其杂种品种群耐热性较差,茶梅C.sasanqua耐热性较强,而红山茶C.japonica品种群耐热性变化范围较大。茶花品种耐热性与花型相关性不大。图1表4参15     

9个东方铁筷子品种的耐热性研究

【目的】探究高温胁迫下不同品种东方铁筷子的耐热性差异,筛选适合在我国夏季高温地区园林应用的东方铁筷子耐热品种,为铁筷子耐热新品种的培育提供亲本材料。【方法】以9个东方铁筷子品种为试验材料,通过人工模拟高温胁迫,观测其热害症状,检测高温胁迫对其生理指标的影响,研究其高温耐受性;并结合隶属函数分析对其耐热性进行综合评价。【结果】 高温胁迫条件下,单瓣白和单瓣白粉脉无明显热害症状;9个东方铁筷子品种总叶绿素（Chl(a+b)）、叶绿素a（Chl a）、叶绿素b（Chl b）、类胡萝卜素（Caro）和相对含水量（REC)下降,而相对电导率(RWC)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性增加,丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro)含量以及过氧化物酶（CAT）活性的变化因品种而异。隶属函数分析结果表明,9个东方铁筷子品种耐热性排序为：单瓣白>银莲花白斑>单瓣白粉脉>银莲花白>重瓣白斑>银莲花红>重瓣红>重瓣白>重瓣绿斑。【结论】9个东方铁筷子品种中单瓣白耐热性最强,适宜在夏季高温地区园林中引种栽培。     

不同高粱品系萌发期耐碱性筛选与鉴定

以8个品种(系)为材料,以两种碱性盐Na2CO3和NaHCO3摩尔比1∶1作为模拟碱胁迫,采用人工气候箱培养皿纸上发芽法培养高粱种子,测定不同品种(系)高粱发芽率、发芽势、根长、叶长、根重、叶重、计算出发芽指数与活力指数、分析不同胁迫处理下高粱各指标差异,计算各测定指标间相关性,用主成分分析法对高粱品种进行耐碱性强弱排序。结果表明:碱胁迫能抑制高粱种子萌发,降低幼苗生物量。多项萌发和生长参数的相对值之间存在极显著或显著的正相关。主成分分析结果表明,根干重、发芽势、叶鲜重、干重可作为高粱萌发期耐碱性鉴定的主要指标。根据主成分分析,8个高粱品种耐碱性的顺序为GZK4623A/千三623A/GZ623A千三623A/HN16HN16。     

22个菊花品种耐阴指标筛选与综合评价分析

以22份切花菊为试验材料,设置自然光照(对照)和15%光照(处理),一个月后测量光合参数、荧光参数、叶绿素含量、节间长和比叶重,以各指标相对值作为衡量耐阴性指标,应用主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价各材料的耐阴性。结果表明:(1)净光合速率(Pn)、节间长、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和叶绿素(Chl)5个指标可以作为耐阴性评价的指标;(2)根据D值大小得出耐阴性从高向低的顺序是:南农雪峰、黄小、希望之光、公子、蒙粉、霜博、Fl-2、白小、绿心小菊、神马、欧元白、Wimbledon、Grand white、旭风车、绿安娜、Tz-2、Feeling white、玛丽、清露、金鼎、南农宫粉、阳光;(3)隶属函数得出的耐阴性评价指标与主成分分析得出的结论一致。     

作物抗旱机制和农业抗旱对策分析

<正>百年一遇的干旱,给一直以自然资源丰富自诩的云南一个沉重的打击。云南省一直存在一个矛盾的现象:作为水资源大省,其水资源总量排名全国第三,但由于特殊的地形环境和气候条件,占全省土地面积6%的坝区集中了2/3的人口和1/3的耕地,淡水资源量只占全省的5%。这些特点,在很大程度上导致云南成为水资源贫乏省。关于2010年云南旱灾的成因,     

盐城市越冬作物低温冻害监测及其评估

通过对各类资料的分析,建立启动盐城市越冬作物低温冻害加密观测的初始条件、加密观测的规范化流程和资料数据库,确立冻害气象等级,制作预评估和评估报告.