赤羽病研究进展

赤羽病（Akabane disease）又名阿卡斑病，是由赤羽病病毒（Akabane disease virus，简称ADV）引起牛羊的一种多型性传染病，以流产、早产、死胎、胎儿畸形、木乃伊胎、新生胎儿发生关节弯曲和积水性无脑综合症（简称AH综合症）为特征。 本病在热带、温带，特别是在近东和南亚地区分布较广。此外，非洲、南美洲和澳大利亚等地区也有发生。该病于1949年首次在日本群马县（现为馆林市）发生。后来，从该地畜舍内采集的金色库蚊和三带喙库蚊体内分离1株病毒，并将之命名为赤羽病病毒。松本等（1980）对本病病原进行研究，确定是由布尼病毒属…     

赤羽病的诊断与防治

文章介绍了赤羽病的危害、流行病学、临床症状及诊断。该病多发生于热带和温带地区，可引起多种动物感染，怀孕的牛、绵羊和山羊对本病最易感。根据流行特点、临床表现和病理变化可做出初步诊断。但确诊必须进行实验室检查(包括病原学鉴定和血清学试验)，其中，以中和试验结果较为可靠。     

赤羽病简介

赤羽病又称阿卡斑病(Akabane disease)，是由赤羽病病毒(Akabane disease virus，AKV)引起的牛、绵羊及山羊的一种多型性传染病。该病以流产、早产、死胎、畸形、新生胎儿发生关节弯曲、积水性无脑症和流行性暂时热为特征。     

赤羽病中山病和茨城病流行病学调查初报

应用引自日本的赤羽病病毒OBE-1株,中山病病毒K47株和茨城病病毒BK13株以及相应的标准阳性血清,建立了这三种病的病毒微量中和试验和琼脂免疫扩散试验诊断方法。应用此方法先后对我国7个省市的牛场进行这三种病的检疫。通过血清检疫、现场临床症状观察和疫病流行规律调查,证实我国目前这三种病都在流行,应引起各方面的重视。     

Akabane disease in sheep

Perinatal lamb mortality, associated with malformations of the CNS due to Akabane viral infection, occurred in 4 of 9 flocks of ewes lambing on 3 farms between 26 May and 14 November, 1976. Cases were restricted to ewes conceiving prior to the second week of March and lambing between 26 May and 19 July. As judged by seroconversion in sentinel flocks on 2 of the farms, field infection with Akabane virus occurred mainly between mid-February and mid-April. Malformations of the CNS occurred in 42.5%, 51.2%, 100% and 31.0% of the dead lambs examined in the affected flocks respectively. Prevalence in the 4 affected flocks, expressed as the proportion of ewes lambing which delivered at least one malformed foetus, was 6.1%, 8.4%, 88.9% and 5.7% respectively. Lamb mortality due to malformations of the CNS was 7.1%, 5.5%, 92.3% and 5.7% of lambs born. Age-specific prevalence was calculated for 3 of the 4 flocks and 2-year-old ewes accounted for 71.4% and 76.9% of total cases respectively in 2 flocks, whereas in one flock malformations occurred at equivalent frequencies throughout several older age groups. Birthweights of affected lambs were usually significantly lighter than those of unaffected lambs of similar sex and birth-type, and their mean duration of gestation was slightly, and significantly, prolonged. Micrencephaly (88.1% of cases) and hydrocephalus (68.7% of cases) were the outstanding pathological features of the malformations with hydranencephaly, microgyria, porencephaly and attenuation of the spinal cord occurring at much lower frequencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A serological survey of Akabane virus infection in cattle and sheep in northwest China

Purpose

Akabane disease characterized mainly by fetal damage is a ruminant disease caused by insect-transmitted Akabane virus infection.

Methods

We investigated Akabane disease using serum neutralization tests in 446 blood samples collected from 187 cattle and 259 sheep of Xinjiang province, northwest China.

Results

(1) The overall prevalence rate of neutralizing antibody was 19.06?% (85/446), (2) the prevalence rates of Akabane disease in cattle and sheep were 20.32?% (38/187) and 18.15?% (47/259), respectively, (3) the disease prevalence rates were not significantly different between cattle and sheep, but significantly different among samples collected from different sampling months, (4) the disease was most prevalent in July when mosquitoes and culicoides were most active, and (5) the disease prevalence rates were significantly different between individuals with abortion experience and without abortion experience (P?<?0.05), suggesting that Akabane virus infection may significantly increase abortion risk in cattle and sheep.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report confirming that Akabane virus infection is common in cattle and sheep of Xinjiang province, northwest China and providing useful epidemiological information for cattle and sheep abortion prevention and control.     

Comparison of in vitro activities of biotransformation enzymes in pig, cattle, goat and sheep

In vitro activities of cytochromes P450 (7-alkyl/aryloxyresorufin dealkyl(aryl)ases, testosterone hydroxylase/oxidase, 6-chlorzoxazone hydroxylase, 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin demethylase, and lauric acid hydroxylases), reductases of carbonyl group (toward metyrapone, daunorubicin, glyceraldehyde, and 4-pyridine-carboxaldehyde) and conjugation enzymes (p-nitrophenol-UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene glutathione-S-tranferase) in young adults, males, non-castrated (N=6) farm animals were studied and compared. Presence of proteins cross-reacting with anti-human CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2E1 IgG was detected in all farm species. Bovine microsomes differed from other microsomes of farm species in very high 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (CYP1A1/2). Significantly higher 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin demethylase (2-3 times) and 12-lauric acid hydroxylases (4-10 times) activities (probably corresponding to CYP2C and CYP4A, respectively) were found in ovine microsomes. The highest 6beta-testosterone hydroxylase activity, which is usually considered to be a CYP3A activity marker, was found in pig. Reductases of all farm animals display considerable ability to reduce carbonyl group of xenobiotics. Significant differences in level and activity of many biotransformation enzymes tested suggest that extrapolation of pharmacokinetic data obtained in one species to another (even related) could be misleading.     

Suppression of sheep and goat lymphocyte proliferation by sheep, goat, and sheep x goat hybrid trophoblast tissue cultures.

Immunosuppressive activity of conditioned medium from cultured ovine, caprine, and hybrid trophoblast tissue was examined. Conceptuses were obtained from naturally mated donor ewes and does at d 20 of gestation and trophoblast tissue was cultured for 24 h in medium supplemented with 15% calf serum and 1% antibiotic/antimycotic. Conditioned medium was added to pokeweed mitogen-stimulated sheep and goat lymphocyte cultures. Quantification of [3H]thymidine uptake by cells was used to measure lymphocyte proliferation. Ovine, caprine, and hybrid conditioned medium effectively suppressed sheep and goat lymphocyte proliferation (P less than .01). There were no differences (P greater than .05) between the immunosuppressive activity of the three tissue types on either sheep or goat lymphocytes. For all treatment groups, sheep lymphocytes were suppressed more than goat lymphocytes (P less than .05). These results indicate that, at d 20 of gestation, sheep x goat hybrid trophoblast tissue is capable of suppressing pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation.     

Antibodies to Akabane virus in horses,sheep and goats in Japan

High prevalences of neutralizing (NT) antibody to Akabane virus were obtained with horse (72%), sheep (38%) and goat (67%) serum samples collected in Chiba Prefecture, where outbreaks of abortion and congenital deformities caused by Akabane virus occurred among cattle. In these animal sera, titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to Akabane virus and of NT antibody were closely correlated.     

Sulfadimidine metabolism in vitro: II. comparative studies in cultured rat, goat, sheep and cattle hepatocytes

van't Klooster, G.A.E., Blaauboer, B.J., Noordhoek, J. & van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. Sulfadimidine metabolism in vitro: II. comparative studies in cultured rat, goat, sheep and cattle hepatocytes. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 16, 454–461.
Hydroxylation and acetylation of sulphadimidine (SDD) and the deacetylation of N4-acetyl SDD was investigated in cultured hepatocytes from male and female rats, from male and female goats and from female sheep and cattle. Significant sex differences were observed for hydroxylation of SDD in hepatocytes from rat and goat. In goat, sheep and cow hepatocytes, the hydroxylation pathway is relatively important, whereas in rat hepatocytes, acetylation is predominant. Hepatocytes of all four species deacetylated N4-acetyl SDD. In ruminant hepatocytes, deacetylating activity was of considerable importance, whereas in rat hepatocytes, it appeared a minor pathway of metabolism. Similar to the in vivo situation, formation of N4-acetyl SDD in cultured hepatocytes results from an equilibrium of acetylation and deacetylation. A good correlation was found between results in isolated hepatocytes and previous findings in vivo , both in levels of species-related activities and in acetylation-hydroxylation ratios. In conclusion, cultured hepatocytes appear a useful in vitro model to study comparative sulfonamide metabolism.     

牛羊O型、亚洲I型、A型口蹄疫三价灭活苗免疫效果的监测

在新疆兵团六师垦区,采用O型、亚洲I型、A型口蹄疫三价苗对山羊、绵羊、犊牛免疫注射并进行6个月的跟踪监测。结果显示,采用口蹄疫三价苗对成年山羊进行免疫后,免疫抗体水平群体合格率达到农业部标准,并能维持4~5个月;成年绵羊进行免疫后,免疫抗体水平群体合格率达到农业部标准,能维持6个月以上;从绵羊、山羊羔羊免疫监测效果来看,免疫2次效果优于1次免疫;犊牛加强免疫后免疫抗体水平群体合格率达到农业部标准,能维持6个月。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.