Effects of heparin, citrate, and EDTA on plasma biochemistry of sheep: comparison with serum

This study was carried out to evaluate the features of neurological dysfunction in experimentally-induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-infected cattle using brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP). The progressive prolongation of peak latency of waves III and V was observed right-and-left bilaterally at the onset of neurological symptoms. The peak latency of wave V and the I-V interpeak latency (IPL) in BSE cattle 22 and 24 months after intracerebral inoculation were significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged compared with the control cattle. In addition, the amplitude of the BAEP waves of the BSE cattle were low compared with the control cattle. Hearing loss occurred in the BSE cattle that showed advanced neurological symptoms such as tremor. It is thought that this BAEP data reflects a functional disorder in the central auditory nerve pathways characteristic of experimentally-induced BSE.     

Plasma biochemistry of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius): effects of anticoagulants and comparison with serum

The effects of various types of anticoagulants on plasma biochemistry were studied in man and various animals but limited informations are existing for camel plasma biochemistry. Eleven clinically healthy one-humped camels were blood sampled in different tubes containing different anticoagulants and plain tubes for harvesting plasma and serum. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, and chloride and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured. Except for the amounts of AST, ALT, CK, total bilirubin, and inorganic phosphorus, other measured parameters were significantly lower in citrated plasma than in serum. Most parameters did not show any difference, but significant increase for CK activity and significant decrease for GGT, cholesterol, creatinine and chloride were seen when heparin was used as anticoagulant. Using EDTA as an anticoagulant caused a significant difference in the amounts of some measured parameters in plasma except glucose, AST, ALT, GGT, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, bilirubin, and triglyceride in comparison with serum.     

Plasma biochemistry of ostrich (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Struthio camelus</Emphasis>): effects of anticoagulants and comparison with serum

The effects of various types of anticoagulants on plasma biochemistry were studied in man and various animals, but limited information is existing for ostrich plasma biochemistry. Ten clinically healthy ostrich were blood sampled in different tubes containing each anticoagulant and plain tube for harvesting plasma and serum. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured. The concentrations of glucose, uric acid, total protein, and calcium were significantly lower in citrated plasma than that of serum. For dilution corrected citrated plasma significant differences were only seen for the concentration of uric acid. Most parameters did not show any differences, but significant increase were seen for glucose, total protein, albumin, and phosphorus concentrations when heparin was used as an anticoagulant.     

Effects of Common Anticoagulants on Routine Plasma Biochemistry of Horse and Comparison with Serum

The effects of various types of anticoagulants on plasma biochemistry have been studied in humans and various animals; however, limited information exists for effects on horse plasma biochemistry. Ten clinically healthy Thoroughbred horses were blood sampled in tubes containing different anticoagulants as well as no anticoagulant. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and iron, and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured. Except for the amounts of inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, and GGT, other measured parameters were significantly lower in citrated plasma than in serum. When corrected for dilution, significant differences were seen for the amounts of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, bilirubin, calcium, iron, and the activity of ALT, ALP, and CK in citrated plasma. Most parameters did not show any difference; however, significant decreases in BUN, total bilirubin, ALT, and CK activity were seen when heparin was used as an anticoagulant. When compared with serum, using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant produced a significant difference in the amounts of measured plasma parameters with the exception of GGT, albumin, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus, and triglyceride.     

发情羊血清、肝素和BSA对绵羊冷冻-解冻精子体外获能的影响

分析了在受精液SOF中添加发情绵羊血清、肝素和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)对绵羊冷冻-解冻精液体外获能和受精的影响。结果表明:(1)使用含发情羊血清浓度为0、5%、10%和20%的受精液,分裂率分别是0、73.79%、73.25%和77.61%。加发情羊血清的3个试验组分裂率差异不显著。而未加血清的试验组分裂率为0,证明发情羊血清促进了绵羊冷冻-解冻精液的体外受精效果。(2)以含5%发情羊血清受精液为基础液,添加0IU/mL、5IU/mL和10IU/mL的肝素,受精后分裂率分别达86.64%、86.63%和75.53%。不加肝素组和5IU/mL肝素组分裂率差异不显著,而10IU/mL高浓度肝素组同其他两组比较,差异极显著(p<0.01)。说明含10IU/mL肝素的受精液,降低了绵羊体外受精后的分裂率。(3)用含5%发情羊血清受精液为基础液,以添加3mg/mLBSA为试验组,不加BSA为对照组,受精后两组分裂率差异不显著。发情绵羊的血清促进绵羊冷冻-解冻精子的体外受精效果。在受精液中添加发情绵羊血清进行绵羊冷冻解冻精子的体外受精,无需添加肝素和BSA。而且添加10IU/ml肝素,降低了受精后的分裂率。建议受精液中添加发情绵羊血清浓度在2%～10%较合适。     

发酵花生壳对湖羊生长性能、血液生化及免疫指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨发酵花生壳部分替代花生秧对育肥湖羊生长性能、血液生化及免疫指标的影响。文章将18只均重为（15.35±0.33）kg的健康公湖羊单独圈养在围栏中,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复2只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别替代日粮中20%和40%的花生秧,试验日粮中营养水平相当。结果显示,与对照组相比,两个试验组湖羊的ADG分别提高15.4%和6.3%,F/G分别降低9.3%和6.5%|两个试验组湖羊的胆固醇、血糖、总蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酐和血尿素氮等血清生化指标无显著差异|两个试验组湖羊的IgA分别提高了12.9%和3.4%、IgG分别提高了22.9%和18.3%。结论：在本试验条件下,日粮添加20%发酵花生壳替代花生秧可有效提高湖羊ADG数值,降低F/G,并且不影响湖羊的肝肾功能,具有良好的可行性。[关键词]发酵花生壳|湖羊|生长性能|血液生化|免疫指标     

碎米替代玉米对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化及蛋白质代谢的影响

文章旨在研究日粮用碎米完全替代玉米对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化及蛋白质代谢的影响.试验将180头21?d断奶、平均体重为(6.48±0.04)kg的仔猪随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复18头.两组断奶仔猪分别饲喂以45％玉米和碎米为主的日粮,试验共持续14?d.结果:与玉米组相比,碎米组仔猪断奶后8～14?d平均日...     

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine on plasma glucose,protein and energy metabolism in sheep

Background

The use of antibiotics in animal diets is facing negative feedback due to the hidden danger of drug residues to human health. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has been used to replace antibiotics in the past two decades and played an increasingly important role in livestock production. The present study was carried out to assess the feeding effects of a traditional nourishing Chinese herbal medicine mixture on kinetics of plasma glucose, protein and energy metabolism in sheep. Ruminal fermentation characteristics were also determined.

Methods

Four sheep were fed on either mixed hay (MH-diet) or MH-diet supplemented with 2% of Chinese herbal medicine (mixture of Astragalus root, Angelica root and Atractylodes rhizome; CHM-diet) over two 35-day periods using a crossover design. The turnover rate of plasma glucose was measured with an isotope dilution method using [U-¹³C]glucose. The rates of plasma leucine turnover and leucine oxidation, whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and metabolic heat production were measured using the [1-¹³C]leucine dilution and open circuit calorimetry.

Results

Body weight gain of sheep was higher (P = 0.03) for CHM-diet than for MH-diet. Rumen pH was lower (P = 0.02), concentration of rumen total volatile fatty acid tended to be higher (P = 0.05) and acetate was higher (P = 0.04) for CHM-diet than for MH-diet. Turnover rates of plasma glucose and leucine did not differ between diets. Oxidation rate of leucine tended to be higher (P = 0.06) for CHM-diet than for MH-diet, but the WBPS did not differ between diets. Metabolic heat production tended to be greater (P = 0.05) for CHM-diet than for MH-diet.

Conclusions

The sheep fed on CHM-diet had a higher body weight gain and showed positive impacts on rumen fermentation and energy metabolism without resulting in any adverse response. Therefore, these results suggested that the Chinese herbal medicine mixture should be considered as a potential feed additive for sheep.     

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine on plasma glucose,protein and energy metabolism in sheep

Background： The use of antibiotics in animal diets is facing negative feedback due to the hidden danger of drug residues to human health. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has been used to replace antibiotics in the past two decades and played an increasingly important role in livestock production. The present study was carried out to assess the feeding effects of a traditional nourishing Chinese herbal medicine mixture on kinetics of plasma glucose, protein and energy metabolism in sheep. Ruminal fermentation characteristics were also determined. Methods： Four sheep were fed on either mixed hay （MH-diet） or MH-diet supplemented with 2% of Chinese herbal medicine （mixture of Astragalus root, Angelica root and Atractylodes rhizome; CHM-diet） over two 3S-day periods using a crossover design. The turnover rate of plasma glucose was measured with an isotope dilution method using [U-^13C]glucose. The rates of plasma leucine turnover and leucine oxidation, whole body protein synthesis （WBPS） and metabolic heat production were measured using the [1-^13C]leucine dilution and open circuit calorimetry. Results： Body weight gain of sheep was higher （P = 0.03） for CHM-diet than for MH-diet. Rumen pH was lower （P = 0.02）, concentration of rumen total volatile fatty acid tended to be higher （P = 0.05） and acetate was higher （P = 0.04） for CHM-diet than for MH-diet. Turnover rates of plasma glucose and leucine did not differ between diets. Oxidation rate of leucine tended to be higher （P = 0.06） for CHM-diet than for MH-diet, but the WBPS did not differ between diets. Metabolic heat production tended to be greater （P = 0.05） for CHM-diet than for MH-diet. Conclusions： The sheep fed on CHM-diet had a higher body weight gain and showed positive impacts on rumen fermentation and energy metabolism without resulting in any adverse response. Therefore, these results suggested that the Chinese herbal medicine mixture should be considered as a potential feed additive for sheep.     

Comparison of paired serum and lithium heparin plasma samples for the measurement of serum amyloid A in horses using an automated turbidimetric immunoassay

This study aimed to evaluate whether equine serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations could be reliably measured in plasma with a turbidimetric immunoassay previously validated for equine SAA concentrations in serum. Paired serum and lithium-heparin samples obtained from 40 horses were evaluated. No difference was found in SAA concentrations between serum and plasma using a paired t test (P = 0.48). The correlation between paired samples was 0.97 (Spearman’s rank P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval 0.95–0.99). Passing-Bablok regression analyses revealed no differences between paired samples. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive bias in plasma compared to serum but the difference was not considered clinically significant. The results indicate that lithium-heparin plasma samples are suitable for measurement of equine SAA using this method. Use of either serum or plasma allows for greater flexibility when it comes to sample collection although care should be taken when comparing data between measurements from different sample types.     

黄连提取物对高饲养密度下肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响

文章旨在研究高密度饲养条件下肉鸡日粮添加黄连提取物对其生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响.试验将640只平均体重为(42.12±0.16)g的肉鸡随机分为4组(T1～T4),每组4个重复,每个重复40只.T1组肉鸡在高密度(20/m2)下饲喂基础日粮,T2组肉鸡在正常饲养密度(10只/m2)下饲喂基础日粮,T3组...     

Effects of rearing systems on growth performance,carcass yield,meat quality,lymphoid organ indices,and serum biochemistry of Wannan Yellow chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of free‐range system (FRS) and conventional cage‐rearing system (CRS) on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, lymphoid organ indices, and serum biochemistry of Wannan Yellow chickens. At 56 days of age, a total of 640 male chickens were randomly allocated to FRS and CRS groups, each of which included 4 replicates with 80 chickens in each replicate. The experiment lasted from 56 to 112 days of age. The results showed that CRS chickens exhibited better final body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio, whereas FRS chickens showed better breast and leg yields, shear force, meat color, lower drip loss, and decreased abdominal fat deposition. Moreover, the absolute thymus weight and thymus to body weight ratio of FRS birds were significantly higher than those of CRS birds (p < 0.05). Additionally, FRS chickens had significantly reduced glucose, total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol contents, but enhanced levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the FRS has advantages in breast and leg yields, meat quality, and some serum biochemical parameters of Wannan Yellow chickens, whereas it has negative effects on growth performance.     

Effects of sheep and cattle alternate grazing on sheep parasitism and production

Production of sheep (nursing ewes) grazing alternately with cattle (growing weaned heifers) was compared to the production of sheep or cattle grazing alone (controls). Pasture production and sheep parasitism were also monitored. The herbage allowance was higher for the control heifers than for the alternate heifers, but the leaf to green material ratio (LGMR) was lower, and no difference on heifer growth was revealed (443 vs. 431g.d^-1, P = 0.54). The LGMR was higher for the alternate sheep (+3 points) than for the control sheep, except during the dry season, when the herbage density was lower. The effects of parasitism on the packed cell volume of alternate ewes and lambs were lower than those of control ewes and lambs. However, the infection of sheep by Cooperia sp. (better adapted to cattle) was significantly higher for the alternate sheep than for the controls, and some indication of cattle infection by Haemonchus contortus was suggested. The 70-day lamb weight was higher in the alternate grazing system than in the control (+0.76,+1.11 and+0.61kg for the dry, intermediate and rainy seasons, respectively), and the average 70-day lamb production per ewe exposed was 21.42kg in the alternate grazing system vs. 18.59kg in the control (P = 0.003).     

Hematology and serum biochemistry of Holstein dairy calves: age related changes and comparison with blood composition in adults

Specific reference intervals are needed for each animal species for appropriate interpretation of hematological and serum biochemical results. The aim of the present study was to investigate the blood composition of growing calves in order to evaluate the need for defining reference values for different age groups. Thirty two Holstein calves (18 male and 14 female) were blood sampled. A blood sample was taken within 24-48 h following birth and at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days of age. CBC determination and the measurements of some blood serum metabolites, enzymes, electrolytes and minerals were performed. There were significant age related changes for most hematological and biochemical parameters (p < 0.05) except for the numbers of band neutrophils and monocytes and the amounts of sodium, potassium, chloride and BUN. The results of the present study showed that for some hematological and biochemical parameters such as hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, inorganic phosphorus, serum total protein, globulin, AST and ALP at the first three months of life and also, neutrophil numbers and glucose levels at the 24-48 h of life, the age specific reference values must be considered for precise interpretation of laboratory results.     

The effects of delays between restraint and sampling on some blood parameters in sheep

Twenty three non pregnant, non lactating aged Merino and Border Leicester ewes were subject to four jugular venipunctures one hour apart (times 0, 1, 2 and 3). Four different delay intervals of 12.5, 64.0, 128.0 and 252.9 seconds between catching and sampling (delays 1, 2, 3 and 4) were used on each sheep in a random manner. Estimates were made of packed cell volumes (PCVs), plasma and erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations. The mean PCV at time 0 of 35.4 per cent was significantly higher than the levels of 33.1, 31.8 and 32.2 per cent at times 1, 2 and 3 respectively. There was no significant difference between the means at times 1, 2 and 3. The mean plasma potassium concentrations at time 0 of 4.37 mmol/l was significantly higher than the levels of 4.16 and 4.14 mmol/l at times 1 and 3 respectively. Delays had no significant effects on the means of any of the parameters studied. The findings strongly suggest that sheep become excited by initial handling but not by subsequent venipunctures and that a delay between catching and sampling of between 12.5 and 252.9 second has no effect on the blood constituents studied.     

波德代、无角陶赛特与甘南藏羊F1生长发育研究

试验结果表明:在相同的自然条件下,波杂(波德代羊×甘南山谷型藏羊)F1羔羊和陶杂(无角陶塞特羊×甘南山谷型藏羊)F1羔羊在初生重、0~180日龄平均日增重,公羔分别为4.65 kg、124.67 g/d和4.57 kg1、21.39 g/d;母羔分别为4.36 kg1、12.11 g/d和4.19 kg1、16.67 g/d,均显著高于甘南山谷型藏羊的相应指标,差异极显著。1、3、6月龄体重、体高、体长、胸围均高于甘南山谷型藏羊,差异极显著;管围、尻宽差异不显著体型指数优于甘南山谷型藏羊,接近肉用羊体型。     

Linearity of eprinomectin pharmacokinetics in lactating dairy sheep following pour-on administration: excretion in milk and exposure of suckling lambs

Pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin (EPR) were studied in blood plasma and milk in two groups of six Istrian Pramenka dairy sheep and their suckling lambs following pour-on administration of EPR to ewes at dose levels of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. Maximum concentration in plasma was 2.22 and 5.25 μg/l, and AUC was 13.6 and 33.7 μg day/l for the 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg dose, respectively. These results indicate that drug exposure with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, which is commonly used in cattle, may be subtherapeutic. The concentration time course in milk paralleled plasma concentrations. In the dose range studied, linear pharmacokinetics of EPR were demonstrated. Milk-to-plasma AUC ratio was 0.79 ± 0.12 and 1.12 ± 0.43; the fraction of dose recovered in milk was 0.037 ± 0.011 and 0.058 ± 0.027% for the low and high dose, respectively. Maximum residual levels in milk were below the maximum acceptable level of 20 μg/kg; however, EPR was detected in all samples investigated. Despite low permeability in milk, AUC in plasma of suckling lambs was between 20 and 30% of the AUC in plasma of ewes.     

饲粮蛋白质水平日变化对育肥猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

为研究饲粮蛋白水平日变化对育肥猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响,试验采用单因子试验设计,选择180头健康状况良好、平均体重为(35.31±0.96)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交商品猪,随机分为3个处理组,每组设6个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组全天饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组早上饲喂低蛋白水平饲粮、晚上饲喂高蛋白水平饲粮,试验2组早上饲喂高蛋白水平饲粮、晚上饲喂低蛋白水平饲粮,试验期30d。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,试验1组平均日增重降低5.71%(P>0.05),试验2组平均日增重提高1.43%(P>0.05)。与试验1组相比,试验2组平均日增重显著提高7.58%(P<0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,试验1组的血磷、血钙、尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯浓度及乳酸脱氢酶活性均有降低趋势(P>0.05),葡萄糖浓度和总蛋白含量均有提高趋势(P>0.05),白蛋白含量显著提高17.86%(P<0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,试验2组的葡萄糖、血磷、甘油三酯浓度、总蛋白含量及乳酸脱氢酶活性均有降低趋势(P>0.05),白蛋白含量、血钙、尿素氮和总胆固醇浓度均有提高趋势(P>0.05)。综上,早上饲喂高蛋白水平饲粮、晚上饲喂低蛋白水平饲粮可提高育肥猪的生长性能,并可对机体蛋白质代谢产生积极作用。     

青海藏羊,马鹿血清中HBsAg的检测

采用人乙型肝炎ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒，检测青海地区藏羊及马鹿血清中乙型肝炎表面抗原。结果：藏羊血清中ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率为１０％，马鹿血清中未查出。