三种鸡马立克氏病疫苗的攻毒保护试验比较研究

为比较3种商品化马立克氏病疫苗的免疫效果,本研究将150只1日龄AA+肉鸡随机分为攻毒对照组、乾元浩疫苗组、梅里亚疫苗组、瑞普疫苗组和空白对照组5组,并按厂家说明剂量进行马立克氏病疫苗免疫。8日龄时进行马立克氏病超强毒Md5株攻毒,每天观察各组临床症状,对病死鸡进行剖检和病理组织学观察。根据免疫攻毒后的临床观察、剖检病变和病理切片等综合分析,梅里亚疫苗组的保护指数略高于乾元浩疫苗组和瑞普疫苗组,差异不显著（P > 0.05）,说明不同厂家生产的鸡马立克氏病疫苗对Md5超强毒株的攻击具有相似的保护效果。因此在生产中使用国产马立克氏病疫苗或进口马立克氏病疫苗均能对我国当前流行的马立克氏病有较好的保护效果。     

禽巴氏杆菌病疫苗研究进展

综述了国内外禽巴氏杆菌病疫苗的研究现状和趋势,对禽巴氏杆菌病灭活疫苗、弱毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、免疫复合物疫苗、基因疫苗等的研究进展进行了概述,重点阐述了禽巴氏杆菌病亚单位疫苗和基因工程疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展,为进一步研究和开发新的禽巴氏杆菌病疫苗,从而有效控制禽巴氏杆菌病提供了一定的参考.     

棘球蚴病疫苗研究进展

本文综述了棘球蚴病疫苗的研究进展。棘球蚴病基因工程重组抗原疫苗研究已取得突破性进展，实验室研究试验羊减囊率达到90％以上，田间试验减囊率在80％以上，在我国即将商品化应用。核酸疫苗由于安全有效、操作简单、价廉易得、便于贮存与运输、省时省力，具有极大的潜在应用价值。多肽疫苗由于不存在毒力返祖或灭活不完全的问题，是棘球蚴病疫苗未来发展的方向之一。     

稀释后的疫苗使用时仍应注意低温保管

我们现在用的猪瘟疫苗、鸡新城疫苗、马立克氏病疫苗,鸭瘟疫苗和小鹅瘟疫苗等都是活疫苗,使用前都要冷藏。在常温下稀释后容易失效。因此稀释后,在使用过程中也应注意低温保管,疫苗瓶最好放在装有冰块(起码有冷水)的保温杯里,切忌日晒与受热。并以在最短的时间里尽快用完为好。鸡     

非典型性猪瘟与副猪嗜血杆菌病混合感染的诊治

南阳市某猪场仔猪28日龄断奶后转入保育舍．4日龄防疫0．5头份伪狂犬病疫苗．7日龄与25日龄分别注射喘气病疫苗．20日龄防疫3头份猪瘟细胞苗．副猪嗜血杆菌病疫苗和蓝耳病疫苗未防疫。45日龄发病．发病率达32％．死亡率达18％。猪场技术人员曾用磺胺类、强力霉素等抗菌药物治疗．但效果不明显．     

如何提高马立克氏病的免疫效果

在本刊第七期的苏威技术专栏中我们讨论了马立克氏病(MD)疫苗的特点,如何选用马立克氏病疫苗以及马立克氏病免疫促进剂(ACMI)等问题。这一期我们将进一步探讨如何克服母源抗体的干扰,以提高马立克氏病疫苗免疫效果。同时对马立克氏病免疫失败的原因和应采取的措施等也进行了分析。 选用高质量的马立克氏病疫苗(每羽份疫苗含有的蚀斑数多,种毒的传代次数低,用SPF鸡胚或无其它病毒污染的细胞生产)是取得良好的免疫效果的关键。但除疫苗的质量外,还有多种因素影响     

鱼用基因疫苗的研究进展

DNA疫苗是一种新型疫苗。本文主要对鱼用DNA疫苗的构建、作用机制、使用方法、使用效果及安全问题等方面研究近况作一综述,以促进我国对鱼用DNA疫苗进一步的研究和应用,为深入研究和掌握鱼类的免疫防御机制提供一些理论依据。     

保育猪非病毒性呼吸道病的治疗与护理

呼吸道疾病是保育猪的多发病．规模化的饲养模式表现尤为突出。即使猪群采取猪瘟疫苗、猪繁殖与呼吸综合症疫苗、伪狂犬病疫苗等病毒性呼吸道病疫苗普遍免疫．仍有呼吸道疾病的发生．而非病毒性的因素却占有重要位置。就笔者在临床中一些该病的防制经验总结如下．仅供参考。     

浅谈引起鸡群免疫失败的原因及防制对策

1影响免疫失败的因素1.1疫苗及稀释剂1.1.1疫苗的质量疫苗不是正规生物制品厂生产,质量不合格或已过期失效。疫苗因运输、保存不当或疫苗取出后在免疫接种前受到日光的直接照射,或取出时间过长,或疫苗稀释后未在规定时间内用完,影响疫苗的效价甚至失效。1.1.2疫苗选择不当某些肉鸡场忽视肉仔鸡生长快、抵抗力相对较弱、母源抗体较低等特点,选用一些中等毒力的疫苗,如选择中等偏强毒力的传染性法氏囊病疫苗、新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗饮水,这不仅起不到免疫的作用,相反造成病毒毒力增强和病毒扩散。1.1.3疫苗间干扰作用将两种或两种以上无交叉反应的抗…     

猪瘟、口蹄疫、高致病性猪蓝耳病三种疫苗不同组合对猪的免疫效果

目的:了解HP-PRRS病疫苗、CSF病(猪瘟)疫苗、FMD病(口蹄疫)疫苗不同组合形式应用于猪中的价值.方法:抽选本地养猪场中的200头猪仔,以疫苗组合形式的差异予以分组,共五组,每组40头,予以免疫实验,并对抗体的合格情况、副反应状况等进行统计.结果:Ⅰ组6头有副反应,Ⅱ组7头,Ⅲ组未出现,Ⅳ组9头,Ⅴ组1头,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组发生率比Ⅲ组、Ⅴ组高,(P<0.05).结论:猪仔免疫工作中,接种FMD病疫苗以及CSF病疫苗,七天后再予以接种HP-PRRS病疫苗效果突出.     

鱼用疫苗研究进展

鱼用疫苗的种类繁多,除传统疫苗之外,新型疫苗包括合成肽疫苗、DNA疫苗、活载体疫苗、基因缺失疫苗等.一些与鱼用疫苗相关的领域如免疫佐剂、接种方法的研究也逐渐深入.本文对以上研究进展进行了概述,为我国鱼用疫苗的进一步研究和发展提供一些依据.     

Vaccines against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus/mucosal disease (BVDV/MD): a short overview

Various vaccine preparations against an infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) have been used since more than 30 years. To prevent reproduction failure and the generation of persistently infected animals, protection of heifers and cows against transplacental infection is the most important aim of BVDV vaccination. In principal, BVD vaccines with replication competent, attenuated BVDV (modified live vaccines) and vaccines with inactivated BVDV preparations (killed vaccines) are used. In Germany, modified live vaccines as well as killed vaccines are registered, however, only BVDV type I strains are included in both types of vaccines. This paper presents an short overview about the different BVD vaccines and their efficacy and safety. In addition, new vaccine types are mentioned and final conclusions are drawn.     

Strategies and hurdles using DNA vaccines to fish

DNA vaccinations against fish viral diseases as IHNV at commercial level in Canada against VHSV at experimental level are both success stories. DNA vaccination strategies against many other viral diseases have, however, not yet yielded sufficient results in terms of protection. There is an obvious need to combat many other viral diseases within aquaculture where inactivated vaccines fail. There are many explanations to why DNA vaccine strategies against other viral diseases fail to induce protective immune responses in fish. These obstacles include: 1) too low immunogenicity of the transgene, 2) too low expression of the transgene that is supposed to induce protection, 3) suboptimal immune responses, and 4) too high degradation rate of the delivered plasmid DNA. There are also uncertainties with regard distribution and degradation of DNA vaccines that may have implications for safety and regulatory requirements that need to be clarified. By combining plasmid DNA with different kind of adjuvants one can increase the immunogenicity of the transgene antigen – and perhaps increase the vaccine efficacy. By using molecular adjuvants with or without in combination with targeting assemblies one may expect different responses compared with naked DNA. This includes targeting of DNA vaccines to antigen presenting cells as a central factor in improving their potencies and efficacies by means of encapsulating the DNA vaccine in certain carriers systems that may increase transgene and MHC expression. This review will focus on DNA vaccine delivery, by the use of biodegradable PLGA particles as vehicles for plasmid DNA mainly in fish.     

Present and future of veterinary viral vaccinology: a review

This review deals briefly with some key developments in veterinary vaccinology, lists the types of vaccines that are used for vaccinations commonly performed in food animals as well as in companion animals, and indicates that the practising veterinarian can select the best vaccine by comparing the results of efficacy studies. Diva (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals; also termed marker) vaccines and companion diagnostic tests have been developed that can be used for progammes aimed to control or eradicate virus infections. Vaccine-induced herd immunity, which can be measured relatively easily when diva vaccines are used, is a crucial issue in such programmes. Current vaccine research follows many routes towards novel vaccines, which can be divided into non-replicating ('killed') and replicating ('live') vaccines. Promising trends are the development of DNA vaccination, vector vaccines, and attenuation of DNA and RNA viruses by DNA technology. The lack of (in vitro) correlates of vaccine protection markedly hampers progress in vaccine research. Various characteristics of an 'ideal' vaccine are listed, such as multivalency and the induction of lifelong immunity after one non-invasive administration in animals with maternal immunity. Future research should be aimed at developing vaccines that approach the ideal as closely as possible and which are directed against diseases not yet controlled by vaccination and against newly emerging diseases.     

Feline leukaemia virus: a review of immunity and vaccination

The availability of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccines has added a new and important dimension to the control of this infectious agent. FeLV vaccination is a controversial issue, however, partly because of differences in the formulation between the current products, partly because of conflicting claims by vaccine manufacturers and partly because experimental trials have shown that none of the vaccines provides 100 per cent protection against infection. This paper reviews the role of the immune response in determining the outcome following exposure to FeLV and describes the importance of FeLV subgroups. The five commercial FeLV vaccines currently available in the USA and Europe are described and the published literature on efficacy studies is summarised. However, these efficacy studies are often difficult to interpret for various reasons, including the small numbers of animals used; differences in challenge methods, vaccine strains and vaccine dose employed; and differences in postchallenge monitoring protocols.     

国内外猪源产肠毒素大肠杆菌疫苗研究进展

仔猪腹泻是全球规模化猪场最常见的疾病之一,给养猪业带来了巨大的损失。产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）是引起仔猪腹泻的主要病原菌,黏附素和肠毒素是其重要的致病因子,ETEC通过黏附素定植于小肠上皮细胞,在增殖过程中不断产生肠毒素,引起大量水和电解质进入肠腔,导致仔猪腹泻。目前,疫苗免疫是预防ETEC最有效的方法,然而许多商品化大肠杆菌疫苗的临床免疫效果不佳,且地域局限性明显。因此,研制安全、高效、广谱的ETEC疫苗对养猪业具有重要意义。近年来,许多新型试验性ETEC疫苗被相继报道,如ETEC菌毛黏附素和肠毒素疫苗;一些新开发的疫苗,如亚单位疫苗、菌影疫苗、植物载体疫苗和囊泡疫苗等,具有不同的优势,在不同的动物试验中均表现出良好的免疫保护效果。文章简述了国内外学者在ETEC疫苗领域的研究进展,对猪源ETEC各类疫苗的优劣及应用研究情况进行了综述,以期为今后猪源ETEC疫苗的研究提供参考。     

口蹄疫新型疫苗研究进展

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒感染引起的偶蹄动物共患的急性、热性、接触性传染病,接种疫苗是特异性预防口蹄疫的有效手段,口蹄疫疫苗主要有弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗及新型疫苗。自20世纪80年代开始,基因工程亚单位疫苗、合成肽疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、重组表位疫苗、核酸疫苗等新型疫苗研究日趋活跃,现对各类型疫苗的研究进展作一综述。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎疫苗研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)是由牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)感染家养牛引起的一种热性接触性传染病。由于缺乏有效的治疗性药物,因此疫苗免疫仍然是防控该病的关键措施。针对该病常用的疫苗主要有灭活疫苗和活疫苗,而基因缺失活疫苗由于具有免疫标识,已成为新型疫苗研发的主流方向。一些发达国家已利用基因缺失标记疫苗,如IBRV gE缺失疫苗,进行免疫根除计划并净化了该病。然而,由于现存的疫苗仍存在免疫抑制与潜伏感染等问题,亟需研制更有效的标记疫苗。论文就牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的病原学特征、免疫抑制及疫苗研发进展进行综述,以期为IBR有效疫苗的研发及其在防控上的应用提供参考。     

Host responses against the fish parasitizing ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Recent studies have shown that fish are able to mount protective immune responses against various parasites. One of the best characterized parasite-host system in this context is the ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) parasitizing a range of freshwater fishes. Both specific and non-specific host defence mechanisms are responsible for the protection of fish against challenge infections with this ciliate. The specific humoral components comprise at least specific antibodies. The non-specific humoral elements included are the alternative complement pathway and probably lectins. Cellular factors involved in the specific response are B-cells and putative T-cells. The non-specific effector cells recognized are various leukocytes. In addition, goblet-cells and mast cells (EGC-cells) may have a function. The NCC-cell (suggested analogue to NK-cells in mammals) seems to play a role in the non-specific response. This well documented protective response in freshwater fishes against Ich has urged the development of anti-parasitic vaccines. Indeed, such products based on formalin killed parasites have been developed and found to offer the vaccinated host a satisfactory protection. However, the collection of parasites for vaccine production is extremely laborious. It involves keeping infected fish due to the fact that in vitro propagation of the parasite is still insufficiently developed. Gaining knowledge of amino acid sequences and its encoding DNA-sequences for the protective antigens (i-antigens) in the parasite was a major breakthrough. That achievement made it possible to produce a recombinant protein in E. coli and preliminary results indicated a certain protection of fish vaccinated with this product. Recent work has shown that the free-living and easily cultivated ciliate Tetrahymena can be transformed and express the i-antigen. This path seems to be promising for future development of vaccines against Ich. A novel approach in fish is the development of DNA-vaccines. Successful DNA-vaccination trials have been conducted in fish against viral infections and the technology also makes it possible to develop a DNA-vaccine against Ich. Other approaches to immuno-protection against Ich have been the use of heterologous vaccines. Thus, both bath and injection vaccination using live or killed (un-transformed) Tetrahymena has been reported to offer treated fish a certain level of protection. Such protection could be explained by non-specific reactions and the efficacy and duration of this vaccination type should be further evaluated.     

口蹄疫灭活疫苗研究进展

灭活疫苗仍然是当前口蹄疫免疫控制的主要疫苗,研制口蹄疫灭活疫苗具有重要的现实意义,其研制方法在不断丰富和完善。文章详细描述了口蹄疫灭活疫苗研制的重要步骤及其进展,包括毒株筛选,病毒生产、灭活、抗原浓缩、纯化和配苗及疫苗的质量控制。制苗毒株的选择是研制疫苗的首要问题,直接关系到疫苗的免疫效果;病毒灭活和随后的安全试验是在制备灭活FMD疫苗中最关键的步骤;抗原浓缩纯化和配苗是保证疫苗良好免疫效果的必需。最后阐述了口蹄疫灭活疫苗在口蹄疫防控中的作用。