参龟保肝升白蛋白丸对肝纤维化大鼠形态学及组织病理学的影响

目的建立大鼠实验性肝纤维化模型,观察参龟保肝升白蛋白丸对大鼠形态学及组织病理学的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阳性药物组及参龟保肝升白蛋白丸0.5、1和2g/kg组。皮下注射CCl4花生油溶液10周建立大鼠实验性肝纤维化模型,参龟保肝升白蛋白丸连续给药4周后观察大鼠一般状况、肝脏系数、肝组织大体形态及病理学变化。结果与模型组比较,参龟保肝升白蛋白丸中、大剂量组大鼠一般状态良好,肝脏系数显著降低(P0.05或P0.01),大体肝脏质地变硬、失去正常光泽及表面凹凸不平呈节结状等改变明显减轻,肝组织结构破坏,肝细胞排列紊乱,汇管区和中央静脉纤维组织增生,肝细胞广泛脂肪变性,炎性细胞严重浸润,可见灶状坏死等病理形态学变化均明显减轻。结论参龟保肝升白蛋白丸能明显改善肝纤维化大鼠的大体形态学及组织病理学损伤程度,从而防止肝纤维化的形成与发展。     

Effects of taurine on glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and reduced glutathione levels in rats

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of oral administration of taurine on endogenous glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in normal rats. Normal saline (Group I) or 5% taurine in normal saline was administered in dose of 50 mg (Group II), 250 mg (Group III) or 500 mg kg(-1) of body weight (Group IV) through intragastric intubation for 60 days. GPx and GR enzyme activities and GSH and taurine levels were determined in liver, heart, stomach, kidney and plasma of normal Wistar rats. GPx activity showed an increase in liver, heart, stomach and plasma. GR activity increased in kidney and decreased in liver and plasma. GSH levels increased in liver, stomach and decreased in kidney. Liver showed an increase and heart, stomach and kidney a decrease in taurine level in taurine administered rats when compared to control rats. The results varied from organ to organ and the observed variations among organs might be related to their respective enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidant potential and its functions. From the present study it may be concluded that long term oral administration of taurine affects GPx, GR and GSH levels in normal rats.     

Guar gum effects on food intake,blood serum lipids and glucose levels of Wistar rats

The effects of guar gum derived from the endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (75% soluble fiber, 7.6% insoluble fiber, 2.16% crude protein, 0.78% total lipids, 0.54% ash and 9.55% moisture) on food intake, levels of blood serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose and LDL and HDL-cholesterol were studied. The effects of guar gum on indices of protein absorption and utilization were also investigated. Diets containing 0%, 10% and 20% (w/w) guar gum or 10% and 20% cellulose powder (reference) were fed to normal rats for 60 days. The rats fed the guar gum diets showed significantly (p 0.05) lower levels of blood serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols, reduced food intake and body weight gain. Furthermore, a concomitant increase in HDL-cholesterol with a substantial elevation of the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio were noted. Guar gum decreased blood serum glucose only during the first month of the experiment, and no changes in the indices of protein absorption and utilization were found. The guar gum caused a 10% increase in the small intestine length and a 25% retardation in the intestinal transit. The results of this research suggested that guar gum could potentially be effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and obesity in humans.     

Effects of amylose and wheat bran on the levels of blood serum urea nitrogen (BUN), other blood parameters,growth and fecal characteristics in rats

A basal diet (containing 20% soybean protein isolate) was supplemented with limiting amino acids (AA, methionine, threonine and tryptophan); wheat bran (WB, 24.3%); amylose (AM, 10%) or a combination of AA and WB or AM to investigate their effects on the levels of blood serum urea nitrogen (BUN), other blood parameters, growth and fecal characteristics in young rats. After 3 weeks feeding, supplementation of the basal diet with AA or WB resulted in improved growth (gain/food ratio) while the addition of AM had no effect on rat growth. Addition of WB to the basal diet had no effect on BUN while the addition of AA and AM caused about 20 and 12% reduction in BUN values, respectively. Rats fed the AA-AM diet had the lowest BUN values (42% lower than those fed the basal diet). Fresh volume, fresh weight, moisture and dry weight of feces in rats fed the WB diets were about four to five fold higher than in those fed the AM diets. The results suggested that BUN may not be a good predictor of growth and protein quality in diets containing AM or a source of dietary fiber (WB).     

Influence of sulfur-amino acid content variation in plant vs animal protein on serum and tissue lipids in rats

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of methionine and cysteine supplementation of soy protein isolate and casein on serum and tissue lipid levels in rats. Sixty male, weanling, Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed two sources of protein (casein or soy protein isolate) and three variations of sulfur-amino acid supplementation (none, methionine, or cysteine). At this level of protein intake (10% by weight), rats fed soy-based diets had similar serum lipid concentrations than rats fed casein-based diets. Choline was not added to the diet in order to be able to assess independent influences of methionine and cysteine on lipid metabolism. Overall, serum lipid values were greater in rats fed proteins supplemented with methionine while the addition of cysteine produced lower lipid levels. Liver lipid concentrations were increased tremendously upon cysteine supplementation of soy protein isolate. Protein quality, as determined by protein efficiency ratio, was improved by supplementation of either sulfur-amino acid; however, methionine had the greatest effect. Results indicate that the sulfur-amino acids influence lipid metabolism in the absence of dietary choline. The mechanism by which this occurs is not known.     

Effect of culture,storage and variety on polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in potatoes

The Viking potato variety was found to possess the highest activities for polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, among the five varieties tested. The Norland and Pontiac varieties possessed the lowest polyphenol oxidase activity. There was a direct positive correlation between storage temperature and peroxidase activity (r = 0.66). The application of fertilizer potassium was shown to be a significant factor determining polyphenol oxidase activity in the tubers (p = 0.025), appearing in interactions with storage temperature and variety.     

Effects of ovariectomy or orchidectomy and estradiol valerate or testosterone enanthate replacement on serum insulin in rats

Various clinical observations and experimental data from in vitro studies suggest that insulin and sex hormones interact. The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of testosterone and estradiol on serum insulin in rats. Seven week old male and female albino (Wistar) rats were used in our study. Testosterone enanthate (50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or estradiol valerate (200 microg kg(-1) day(-l)) were injected intraperiotenally or subcutaneously in orchidectomised or ovariectomised rats, respectively. In orchidectomised rats, serum insulin was decreased compared with control animals (p < 0.01), on the other hand, decreasing of serum insulin was prevented by testosterone replacement (p < 0.001). In ovariectomised rats, serum insulin was also decreased compared with control group (p < 0.01) and decreasing of serum insulin was prevented by estradiol replacement (p < 0.05). Conclusively, present findings indicated that testosterone or estradiol were serum insulin enhancer hormones in male or female rats, respectively.     

In vitro antioxidant, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of fractions from Cienfuegosia digitata Cav., Sida alba L. and Sida acuta Burn f. (Malvaceae)

In this study polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, lipoxygenase (LOX) and Xanthine Oxidase (XO) inhibitory effects of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of aqueous acetone extracts from S. alba L., S. acuta Burn f and Cienfuegosia digitata Cav. were investigated. The total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and total tannins were determined by spectrophotometric methods using Folin-ciocalteu, AlCl3 reagents and tannic acid, respectively. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using three methods: inhibition of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydramzyl (DPPH), ABTS radical cation decolorization assay and Iron (III) to iron (II) reduction activity (FRAP). For enzymatic activity, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities were used. This study shows a relationship between polyphenol contents, antioxidant and enzymatic activities. Present results showed that ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions elicit the highest polyphenol content, antioxidant and enzymatic activities.     

外源赤霉素对不同磷素水平下胡麻产量形成的调控效应研究

为探究磷素养分和外源赤霉素(GA3)对旱地胡麻干物质积累特征及产量形成的调控效应,采用田间二因素裂区试验设计,研究了不同磷素水平(0、67.5和135 kg P2O5·hm-2)下于现蕾期和盛花期不喷和喷施15 mg·L-1、30 mg·L-1 GA3对胡麻干物质积累规律,花前、花后转运特征及产量的影响.结果表明:磷素...     

Effects of carbon dioxide on the physiological disorders observed in onion bulbs during CA storage

Onions (Allium cepa L.) stored for 162–3 or 224–6 days in CA containing 10% CO₂ and 3 to 5% O₂ at 1°C showed physiological disorders. The same disorder appeared in all onion bulbs stored in sealed polythene bags containing over 10% CO₂. Microscopic study of the epidermis and parenchyma of fleshy scales have demonstrated a process of destruction in walls of the onion cells. Free cellulose micelles were found inside such preparations due to hydrolitic enzyme activity. Alterations of the ultra-structure of the mitochondria were also observed. A high free amino acid content was found in onion bulbs with this physiological disorder. Total animo acid content was higher in the internal than in the external scales of onion bulbs.

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Zusammenfassung Zwiebeln Allium cepa L. zeigten während einer 162–3 oder 224–6 tägigen Lagerung in CA mit einem 10% igem CO₂-Gehalt und 3 bis 5% O₂ bei einer Temperatur von 1°C physiologische Schäden. Die gleichen Schäden traten in allen Zwiebeln auf, die in geschlossenen Polyäthylen beuteln mit einem CO₂-Gehalt von über 10% gelagert worden waren.Die regulären mikroskopischen Untersuchungen der Epidermis und des Parenchyms der Schalen zeigten eine Zerstörung der Wandzellen der Zwiebeln.Die freien Zelulosemicellen traten ins Innere der Präparate als Folge der Aktivität der hydrolytischen Enzyme. Es wurden auch Änderungen der Mitochondrien beobachtet.Den höchsten Gehalt an freien Aminosäuren hatten Zwiebeln mit physiologischen Schäden.Der Gesamtgehalt an Aminosäuren war in den inneren Zwiebelschalen höher als in den äusseren.

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Résumé L'oignon (Allium cepa L.) conservé pendant 162–3 jours et 224–6 jours dans une atmosphère controlée contenant 10% de CO₂ et de 3 à 5% O₂ à la température 1°C a montré des lésions physiologiques. Les mêmes lésions parurent chez tous les oignons conservé dans des sacs fermés en polyethylène qui contenaient plus de 10% de CO₂. Des observations régulières, faites au microscope de l'épiderme de l'écaille interne d'oignon ont demontré la décomposition des parois des cellules de l'oignon. Des micelles libres de cellulose apparurent à l'intérieur des cellules à la suite de l'activité des enzymes hydrolytiques. On a observé de même des changements de l'ultrastructure des mitochondries.On a pu constater un taux plus élevé des aminoacides dans les oignons avec lésions physiologiques. Le contenu total des aminoacides était plus grand dans les écailles extérieures de l'oignon que dans les écailles intérieures.

     

五杞胶囊对大鼠实验性肝纤维化的保护作用

目的观察五杞胶囊对大鼠实验性肝纤维化的保护作用。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阳性药物组及五杞胶囊2、4、8g生药/kg组。皮下注射CCL4花生油溶液10周建立大鼠实验性肝纤维化模型,五杞胶囊给药4周后观察大鼠肝脏系数,测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)活力及白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、总蛋白(TP)含量,肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量。结果五杞胶囊能明显降低大鼠肝脏系数,升高大鼠血清ALB含量及A/G比值,降低血清AST、ALT、CHE活力及GLO含量,减少肝组织Hyp、MDA含量,升高SOD活性。结论五杞胶囊通过减轻肝细胞脂质过氧化损伤改善肝功能,纠正肝纤维化引起的白蛋白降低。     

Influence of several postharvest processing methods on polyphenol oxidase activity and cichoric acid content of Echinacea purpurea roots

Retaining the bioactive ingredients of medicinal plants is a crucial step in ensuring their functional or medicinal value. To help select the best method for retaining cichoric acid in roots of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, four postharvest processing methods namely air drying, hot water bath, steam heating and microwave drying were compared. For each method, different parameters of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, cell ultrastructure, and cichoric acid content were studied. We found that PPO activity should be inactivated quickly before the destruction of cell ultrastructure during processing to avoid cichoric acid (CA) oxidation. Cichoric acid retention among the four methods ranked as follows: air drying < hot water bath < steam heating < microwave drying. Considering relative costs and restrictions in the microwave equipment's input quantity, a traditional processing method for Chinese herbs, steam heating, was considered as the most practical method for processing roots of E. purpurea.     

Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissues lipids in diabetic rats

Tulasi leaf powder was fed at the 1% level in normal and diabetic rats for a period of one month to explore the effect on fasting blood sugar, uronic acid, total amino acids, and the lipid profile in serum and tissue lipids. The results indicated a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar, uronic acid, total amino acids, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids and total lipids. In liver, total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipids were significantly lowered. Total lipids were significantly reduced in kidney. In heart, a significant fall in total cholesterol and phospholipids was observed. All these observations indicate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Tulasi in diabetic rats.     

Polyphenol oxidase,alpha-amylase and beta-amylase activities of Triticum monococcum, Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum: A two-year study

Enzymatic activity often reduces the nutritional value of wheat flour during food manufacturing, causing compound degradation and/or heat damage. The choice of wheat varieties with low enzymatic activity could therefore help to preserve the nutritional quality of food. The aim of this research was to evaluate polyphenol oxidase, alpha-amylase and beta-amylase activities in whole meal flours of 59 accessions belonging to different wheat species and subspecies, cropped in two years. The extraction pH (7.0), reaction pH (5.5) and reaction temperature (45 °C) were determined by preliminary trials. The ANOVA highlighted significant differences for all enzymes among species/subspecies and, for amylases, between cropping years; however, the year influence was overwhelming only for alpha-amylase. Einkorn showed the highest polyphenol oxidase (362.1 ± 9.46 U/g DM) as well as the lowest alpha-amylase (0.20 ± 0.006 CU/g DM) and beta-amylase (12.0 ± 0.36 B3U/g DM) activities. The embryo/scutellum had the highest polyphenol oxidase and alpha-amylase values, followed by the bran and the endosperm; in contrast, beta-amylase was evenly distributed in the bran and the endosperm, and was absent in the embryo/scutellum.     

Antioxidant status of bilirubin and uric acid in patients diagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Douala

Oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant status have been implicated in the pathogenesis of malaria. To assess the antioxidant level ofbilirubin and uric acid associated with falciparum malaria infection, 60 untreated patients (30 men and 30 women) in Douala, Cameroon were screened for the study. Sixty five healthy individuals (29 men and 36 women) were used as controls. Total and conjugated bilirubin were calculated using Jendrassik-Grof method while uric acid was determined using Barham-Trinder method. It was observed that total and conjugated bilirubins were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in malaria patients (10.722 +/- 4.043 and 3.627 +/- 1.571 mg L(-1), respectively) when compared to control (6.830 +/- 2.436 and 1.777 +/- 0.729 mg L(-1)) and these bilirubin levels increased significantly with parasite count (p < 0.050). There was also significant increased (p = 0.021) of uric acid in malaria patients (56.262 +/- 13.963 mg L(-1)) compared to controls (49.838 +/- 15.419 mg L(-1)). No significant differences based on sex were observed on uric acid, parasite count, total and conjugated bilirubins in malaria patients. Positive correlations were obtained between parasite count and total bilirubin (r = 0.320, p < 0.050), conjugated bilirubin (r = 0.477, p < 0.001), uric acid (r = 0.060, p > 0.050) and between total and conjugated bilirubin (r = 0.729, p < 0.001). From this study, it has been hypothesized that the augmentation of plasma level ofbilirubin and uric acid could provide more protection against oxidative stress induced by malaria.     

参龟保肝升白蛋白丸对实验性肝纤维化大鼠血液生化学的影响

目的建立大鼠实验性肝纤维化模型,观察参龟保肝升白蛋白丸对血液生化学的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阳性药物组及参龟保肝升白蛋白丸0.5、1.0和2.0g/kg组。皮下注射CCL4花生油溶液10周建立大鼠实验性肝纤维化模型,参龟保肝升白蛋白丸治疗4周后测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)活力及白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、总蛋白(TP)含量,肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GSH-ST)活性和丙二醛(MDA)、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量。结果参龟保肝升白蛋白丸能明显升高大鼠血清ALB含量及A/G比值,降低血清AST、ALT、CHE活力及GLO含量,减少肝组织Hyp、MDA含量,升高SOD及GSH-ST活性。结论参龟保肝升白蛋白丸可改善肝功能,纠正肝纤维化引起的白蛋白低下,减轻肝细胞脂质过氧化损伤。     

转基因大豆种植对根际土壤酶活性和养分的影响

采用盆栽试验,以耐草甘膦大豆M88、抗虫耐草甘膦大豆ZB及常规大豆中黄13为研究对象,比较分析转基因大豆对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响。结果表明,在大豆成熟期时,与常规大豆中黄13相比, M88、ZB根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、速效磷含量无显著差异,硝态氮含量显著下降。根际土壤脲酶活性、铵态氮含量则表现不同,其变化随大豆品种的不同而不同。相较于常规大豆中黄13, M88根际土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量无显著差异; ZB根际土壤脲酶活性显著下降,而铵态氮含量则显著上升。      

Penicillium brasilianum as a novel pathogen of onion (Allium cepa L.) and other fungi predominant on market onion in Korea

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important vegetable crop in Korea, but its production is severely affected by fungal pathogens during plant growth and bulb storage. We investigated the occurrence of fungi on market onion bulbs; identified the predominant fungal species based on the internal transcribed spacer region, β-tubulin region, and elongation factor 1-α gene sequences; and tested the pathogenicity of each predominant fungal species in onion bulbs. The genera Aspergillus (63.9%), Penicillium (15.5%), Fusarium (6.4%), Rhizopus (5.2%), and others (9.0%) were detected in the samples. Among these genera, Aspergillus awamori, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium brasilianum, and Rhizopus oryzae were identified as the predominant species. All of the fungi tested could infect both the inner layers and outer surfaces of onion bulbs and be re-isolated from the infected tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report that P. brasilianum is a fungal pathogen of onion bulbs.     

Effects of heat treatments on trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinating activities in winged bean

The effect of different heat treatments on inactivation of trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin of winged bean was investigated. Trypsin inhibitor extracted from winged bean meal was stable at 60 °C for 60 min. At 80 °C, the activity of the extracted inhibitor decreased by 25% within 5 min, and continued to decline gradually to a loss of 45% of activity after 30 min. When the extracted inhibitor was incubated at 100 °C, it exhibited a triphasic pattern of inactivation. The winged bean extract incubated at 60 °C lost 60% of its hemaggluinating activity within 30 min. At 80 °C, there was a complete loss of activity within 5 min. The microwave treatment to winged bean meal had no effect on trypsin inhibitor or hemagglutinating activities in the meal. However, infrared treatment to winged bean seeds for 60 seconds was effective in destroying most of the trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinating activities. Autoclave treatment (120 °C at 15 lb pressure) for 10 min inactivated trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin in winged bean meal almost completely. Cooking of presoaked beans in boiling water for 30 min was effective in destroying most of the trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinating activities.     

The effects of onion and salt treatments on essential oil content and composition of Rosa damascena Mill

Due to the low oil content of Rosa damascena Mill., on one hand, and the wide spectrum of its application, on the other hand, it is desirable to find ways to increase the oil yield and also its quality. Therefore, in the present study the effects of chopped onion (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 g per 220 g of rose flower) and sodium chloride (11.0, 15.5, 22.0 and 30.0 g per 220 g of rose flower) which were added to rose flowers before distillation, were investigated on the quality and quantity of the oil. The quantity was measured as the ratio of oil to rose flower (w/w, %) and the quality was evaluated using the oil composition especially the content of monoterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons. Compared with corresponding control sample, treating with 1.5 g of chopped onion increased the oil content by 41% but it resulted in a lower quality; whereas in the presence of 1.0 g of onion, an increase of 30% and a decrease of 18% were observed in the percentage of monoterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons, respectively without any considerable change in the oil content. However, the effect of sodium chloride was somehow different from that of onion; such that in the optimal amount (22.0 g), the salt had no considerable effect on the quality but an increase of 21% in the oil yield.