暗诱导油菜子叶衰老过程G-6-P脱氢酶和乙醇脱氢酶活性的变化

以离体油菜子叶为材料，研究了暗诱导子叶衰老过程中G-6-P脱氢酶(G6PDH)和乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性的变化。结果表明在暗诱导衰老过程中，2种酶的活性均呈急速下降的趋势。暗诱导ld G6PDH活性下降了40％以上，第4d活性下降了80％以上。G6PDH活性的下降可能是导致植物细胞衰老过程中活性氧水平上升的因素之一，磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)活性的调节可能在诱导植物细胞的衰老中有重要作用。ADH在正常油菜子叶中维持有一定的活性，但在暗诱导离体子叶衰老过程中，ADH活性迅速下降，暗诱导ld活性下降了40％以上，第3d活性下降了60％以上。推测ADH活性变化可能对于衰老的诱导和加剧有重要意义。     

Evaluation of energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions in rice cultivation in Guilan province,northern Iran

Paddy and Water Environment - The agricultural sector as a supplier of nutritional needs is becoming increasingly dependent on energy consumption. The present study was carried out to investigate...     

Land leveling and changes in soil properties in paddy fields of Guilan province,Iran

Paddy and Water Environment - The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of land leveling on some of soil properties. Land leveling as an effective strategy for paddy land management is one...     

Isolation and identification of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in broiler breeder flocks of Guilan province, north of Iran

The aims of the present study were to isolate and serotype, determine the Seroprevalence, Drug susceptibility and diagnosis of infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In this study 460 serum samples and 220 tracheal swabs, 90 ovaries and oviduct swabs, 90 misshapen egg shells swabs were collected from 22 broiler breeder flocks of 5 companies. Serological results showed that all of the 22 flocks (100%) were positive for ORT infection. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) antibodies were detected in 289 (62/83%) out of the 460 serum samples. ORT was detected from tracheal swabs of seven flocks (31/81% or 3/18% out of 220 tracheal swabs). There was significant correlation between flock different ages and ORT titers (p<0.05), but correlation of flock ages and ORT isolates was not significantly different (p>0.05). Seven flocks infected with ORT were detected positive in PCR but bacteria were Isolated from only five culture. No ovaries and oviducts, misshapen egg shell swabs yielded ORT. A 784 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using ORT specific primers in the PCR. All the isolates were identified as serotype A by Rapid Agglutination Test. Drug sensitivity test using standard disk diffusion technique was performed with 27 antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility for Quinolons family was seen more than the others and Cephalosporins family except to Cephalexin. The isolates were 80-100% susceptible to Tetracycline family and the most antibiotic resistant were seen for Aminopenicillins, Polypeptides, Sulfanamides and 80-100% resistant to Aminoglycoside family. Eighty percent of the isolates were resistant to Licomycin and 60% were moderate sensitive to Lincomycin. This study is the first report of prevalence of ORT, bacterial isolation, biochemical characteristics, serotyping and molecular method (PCR) in broiler breeder flocks in Guilan province of Iran.     

Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk at cattle farms in Babol, Iran

In this study, raw cow milk samples were collected from milk churns at 40 traditional and semi-industrial cattle farms located in Babol (Northern Iran) in winter 2006. In total, 120 raw milk samples were tested for Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination by competitive ELISA. In 68 out of 120 samples (56.7%) the presence of AFM1 was detected by concentration ranging from 50 to 352.3 ng L(-1). Fifty two samples (43.3%) contained AFM1 at levels of 4-50 ng L(-1) (The AFM1 contamination levels were between 4-352.3 ng L(-1) by the average of 102.73 ng L(-1)). In general, 56.7% of samples were beyond the limit of European community regulations (50 ng L(-1)). In other words, the AFM1 contamination levels in raw milk were more than twice over standard levels. The AFM1 contamination levels, (> 50 ng L(-1)), in January, February and March were 40, 65 and 65%, respectively. Estimation of contamination of AFB1 using AFM1 in feed stuff showed that it was about 0.25 to 22 microg kg(-1) holding the average of 46.7%, being higher than European community limit (5 microg kg(-1)).     

Evaluation of serum C-reactive protein level and its related factors in hemodialysis patients in Sari, Iran

Chronic inflammation, as reflected by increased level of acute phase protein such as C-reactive Protein (CRP) is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients. CRP is a strong predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis patients. This research was conducted to determine the C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels and its correlation to demographic and clinical characteristics and Laboratory values in hemodialysis patients in Sari, Iran. In a cross sectional study, 147 hemodialysis patients were studied. Patients' demographic and clinical data were recorded and also serum CRP, Cholesterol, Albumin, Phosphorous, Calcium, Hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels were measured. Overall, the mean CRP concentration was 15.8 mg L(-1). With considering to the different cutoff point (5, 6.2, 10 mg L(-1)) for CRP level, 107 patients (72.8%) had CRP level >5 mg L(-1), 99 patients (67.3%) had CRP level > 6.2 mg L(-1) and 77 patients (52.4%) had CRP level >10 nmg L(-1). The CRP levels greater than 6.2, had a direct statistically significant correlation with duration of hemodialysis and phosphorus level (p = 0.01). Also, CRP levels above 10 mg L(-1) had a direct statistically significant correlation with age and phosphorus levels (p = 0.02). According to the prevalence of high CRP level and it's correlation with age, duration ofhemodialysis and phosphorus level in hemodialysis patients, CRP level should be screened in this group of patients routinely because of its prognostic importance.     

Simulation study of past climate change effect on chickpea phenology at different sowing dates in Gorgan, Iran

This simulation study was mainly aimed to find the probable difference between sowing dates for response of four chickpea cultivars to past climate change. Firstly, the model CYRUS was recoded in QBASIC programming. Then phenology of cultivars Jam, Hashem, Arman and Beauvanij, seeded at day of year 50, 70 and 90, was evaluated during years 1961 to 2003 in Gorgan, Iran. The changes in some climatic variables were also studied. Results revealed that the solar radiation has been decreased for month December. Although the value of maximum temperature appeared to be the same across years 1961 to 2003 for all months, that of minimum temperature tended to show increasing trend for May and August. The increase in number of days with temperature higher than 35 degrees C was considerable for April and October, but negligible for other months. The warming of night temperature was significant only for May and August. It found about 34 mm per 43 years decrease in monthly rainfall for March. The rate of increase in number of days with rainfall was 0.0737 day per year for December. Nearly similar situation was found for number of days with rainfall lower than and/or equal to 10 mm. The change in number of days with rainfall higher than 10 mm and lower and/or equal to 30 mm was in decreasing manner (March, October and December). The length of time from sowing to emergence appeared to be constant across past years. The advance in flowering (R1) was true only for cultivar Jam seeded at day of year 70. The length of period from R1 to pod initiation (R3) has been diminished for sowing at day of year 70 (Jam and Arman). Only cultivar Hashem seeded at day of year 90 tended to have decreasing trend for length of period between R3 and pod filling. It found one day (per 43 years) decreases from pod yellowing to maturity for cultivar Beauvanij seeded at day of year 70. Based on these findings and on the fact that future climate change is predicted using past changes, it seems that the adaptation strategies for future, including agronomy and/or breeding programs, may be not the same for different sowing dates of chickpea.     

Simulating Phenology,Growth and Yield of Transplanted Rice at Different Seedling Ages in Northern Iran Using ORYZA2000

Rice crop growth and yield in the north Iran are affected by crop duration and phenology.The purpose of this study was to calibrate and validate the ORYZA2000 model under potential production based on experimental data for simulating and quantifying the phenological development,crop duration and yield prediction of rice crop influenced by different seedling ages.In order to calibrate and validate the crop parameters of ORYZA2000 model,a two-year field experiment was conducted under potential growth conditio...     

Effect of static loading on sugar contents and activities of invertase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and sucrose 6-phosphate synthase in potatoes during storage

Summary Potatoes with an applied load of 196 N (20 kgf) were stored at 7°C for 60 days. The sugar contents (glucose, fructose and sucrose), invertase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) and sucrose 6-phosphate synthase (SPS) of the potatoes were measured at intervals during storage. The aim of this study was to determine whether static loading affects the sugar contents and enzymes levels in potatoes during storage. Static loading increased the glucose, fructose and reducing sugar contents, as well as the invertase activity of potatoes during storage. The reducing sugar content of static loaded potatoes was correlated (P<0.01) with the invertase activity.     

6份菜用型甘薯新品种在海南的区试评价

对海南6份菜用型甘薯新品种进行农艺性状、病虫抗性、食味和嫩茎尖产量的国家甘薯区试评价,结果表明：徐菜薯1号比对照福薯7-6增产35.3%,达极显著差异水平,且高抗疮痂病,食味评价最优,建议在海南进行推广种植徐菜薯1号。     

Q6优28在重庆垫江县“百亩连片”高产示范表现及栽培技术

Q6优28是强优势籼型三系杂交水稻新组合,为了展示其在重庆高温伏旱地区的丰产性和适应性,2016年在重庆垫江县沙坪镇毕桥村进行了百亩连片高产示范,表现出有效穗多、穗大粒多,经专家验收,平均产量达13.50 t/hm~2。总结了其高产栽培技术。     

甬优6号在浙江乐清作连晚示范表现及高产栽培技术

超级杂交稻甬优6号在浙江乐清市作连晚栽培示范,9 hm^2示范方平均产量达9.36 t/hm^2,全生育期139～140 d,群体结构合理,经济性状良好,后期较耐低温,较抗白叶枯病,但对细条病较敏感。根据甬优6号作连晚示范种植的主要表现和经验及高产栽培试验研究,认为甬优6号适合在乐清市作连晚推广,纯氮用量要达到210 kg/hm^2以上,插植密度在16.5万～19.5万穴/hm^2为宜,秧龄达到35 d,要注意细条病的防治。     

Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 4. Animal performance in years 4–6

Relative sheep production from Aurora (very early flowering), Mellra (late-flowering tetraploid) and Aberystwyth S23 (late flowering) perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) varieties was compared during harvest years 4-6 (1988-90) as grass only (200 kg N ha⁻¹) and grass/clover (75 kg N ha ⁻¹ in 1988, 0 kg N ha⁻¹ in 1989 and 1990) at Bronydd Mawr Research Centre (310-363 m) in mid-Wales. The pastures were continuously stocked with Beulah Speckled Face ewes and their Suffolk cross lambs from spring to mid-July. From late July to early November only the weaned lambs grazed the swards.
Mean (1988-90) total annual lamb production per hectare from Aurora and Meltra was 70% and 16% more than that from S23. However, the difference between both varieties and S23 was much greater as grass/clover (Aberystwyth S184 small-leaved type) than as grass-only swards. Differences between the grasses in individual lamb growth rates were most pronounced during the post-weaning period, when that on Meltra was 38% and 23% more than on Aurora and S23 respectively.
Mean annual lamb output from grass/clover swards was only 70% of that from grass-only swards during the 2 years when the former swards received no fertilizer N. Averaged over the 3 years (1988-90) individual lamb liveweight gain post weaning was 38% higher on grass/clover than on grass-only swards.
The results are discussed in relation to those for the first 3 harvest years (1985-87). It is concluded that, although Aurora was less persistent than both late-flowering varieties, its superiority in providing an average of 29% more lamb output than S23 during the critical spring period (up to early June) would be of considerable practical significance in upland sheep systems, as would be the overall superiority of the tetraploid Meltra over S23.     

Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 5. Herbage production, quality and intake in years 4–6

Herbage characteristics were studied over years 4–6 (1988–90) in three perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) varieties as grass-only (200 kg N ha^-1) and grass/clover ( Trifolium repens L.) swards which received 75kg N ha^-1 in 1988 and 0kg N ha^-1 in 1989 and 1990 when continuously stocked with sheep. Mean total annual herbage production of Aurora, a very early flowering variety, was 11% more than that of late-flowering Aberystwyth S23 due to 21% higher growth as grass/clover pasture. The grass/clover sward of Meltra, a tetraploid late-flowering variety, out-yielded S23/clover by 17%. Herbage production of grass/clover was 86% of that of grass only in 1988 but only 54% of the grass-only swards averaged for 1989 and 1990.
In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Meltra was 38g kg^-1 OM and 27g kg^-1 OM higher than that of S23 and Aurora respectively. OMD of grass/clover was 15g kg^-1 OM higher than that of grass only during the post-weaning period. Herbage intake was positively correlated with OMD of herbage.
The herbage attributes were related to lamb performance reported previously. Lamb output was positively correlated with intake of digestible organic matter.
Differences between the three varieties in herbage characteristics were greater as grass/clover than as grass-only swards, reflecting their compatibility with white clover. In this respect Meltra was the best and S23 the poorest variety.     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本灌浆期剑叶果糖1,6—二磷酸酯酶活性的影响

叶绿体果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶(FBPase)是绿色植物Calvin循环调节作用的关键酶,已经证明光合作用同化CO_2生成的糖磷酸酯可向外运输,以致在叶绿体内形成淀粉和细胞质中合成蔗糖、脂肪酸,并提供能量,而光合产物的输出与环中的果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶有关。袁晓华和李锡泾研究证明:水稻剑叶叶绿体中FBPase活性明显高于下层叶,尤其在灌浆期其活性高2～3倍。“寒露风”是华南地区晚稻生产的主要危害,由于低温引起不正常结实,造成水稻大面积减产。为了解“寒露风”     

Evaluation of some weed control treatments for long season weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) under zero and minimum tillage at Samaru, in Nigeria

The effect of weed control treatments for long season control of weeds in maize under zero and minimum tillage was evaluated at Samara in northern Nigeria. Among the weed control treatments evaluated, soil ridging plus application of either 2,4-D or atrazine at 1.5 kg a.i/ha performed well as they effectively controlled weeds and resulted in better growth and a grain yield that was comparable to the hand weed control. Maize production under minimum tillage was better than under zero tillage.