马铃薯病毒外壳蛋白融合基因转化马铃薯及其抗病性分析

将多种病毒的有效核酸片断拼接成融合基因转入马铃薯可获得多抗马铃薯材料。针对马铃薯生产中分布广泛、危害严重并经常混合感染的马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)和马铃薯S病毒(PVS),开展了利用基因工程方法获得兼抗4种马铃薯病毒转基因马铃薯材料的研究。试验在前期获得含4种马铃薯病毒外壳蛋白基因片段的质粒pART27-XSYV-rh的基础上,通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转化马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)品种‘陇薯3号’,PCR扩增和PCR-Southern杂交证明,4价融合基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中。qRT-PCR分析表明,该融合基因在转基因植株中能正常表达。3株转基因植株的抗病性鉴定结果表明,2株对4种病毒同时具有抗性;1株对PLRV侵染表现阳性,对另外3种病毒同时具有抗性。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒CP基因的RT-PCR扩增

根据马铃薯卷叶病毒CP基因的序列设计合成了两对特异性DNA引物,用RNA提取试剂RNAplant从感病的马铃薯叶片中提取总RNA,在3′引物引导下以总RNA为模板反转录合成cDNA第一链,然后进行PCR,分别扩增出了长627 bp和336 bp的特异性PCR产物,其大小与预期的CP基因及其部分序列一致,实现了马铃薯卷叶病毒CP基因及其片段的简便、有效的RT-PCR扩增。     

马铃薯S病毒的RT-PCR检测

根据马铃薯S病毒(PVS)的外壳蛋白基因序列,设计合成了一对寡核苷酸引物。以感染PVS的马铃薯组织和健康的组织为材料,对提取植物总RNA的两种方法进行了比较,并对总RNA的提取方法进行改进,获得了纯度较高,完整性较好的总RNA。以此为模板,进行cDNA合成及PCR扩增,从感病组织扩增得到一段长度约642bp的特异PCR扩增产物,与理论设计的外壳蛋白基因大小一致,而健康组织无此扩增产物。从而建立了检测PVS快速灵敏简便的新方法,在基因水平上为PVS的检测提供了新手段。     

马铃薯RAPD标记的PCR技术影响因素的探讨

试验采用不同的马铃薯材料进行ＰＣＲ 技术体系的研究, 建立和完善了马铃薯少量材料的ＤＮＡ提取方法, 研究了ＰＣＲ扩增中Ｍｇ２ ＋ 浓度、引物和底物浓度对ＰＣＲ产物的影响。试验结果表明, 在以引物为１０ ｍｅｒ 的ＰＣＲ反应体系中, 适当提高Ｍｇ２ ＋ 浓度（１－５ ～２－７ ｍＭ） 有利于ＰＣＲ反应的进行, 而引物与底物只有在一个相对适当浓度范围内才能获得理想的结果, 过低会使扩增产物达不到可检测的水平, 过高则会影响扩增产物的特异性。本试验中引物的适宜浓度为０－８ μＭ, 底物为８０ ～１８０ μＭ。所建立的优化马铃薯ＰＣＲ 体系同样适用于水稻、玉米、番茄和油菜等作物。     

马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白基因的克隆及全序列测定

自田间采集的马铃薯病叶中提取马铃薯Y病毒 (PVY)总RNA ,人工合成引物P1、P2 ,通过RT PCR扩增合成PVY cp的cDNA ,并将其克隆到 pGEM TEasy载体上。经限制酶谱分析后进行全序列测定 ,结果表明 :该基因由 80 1个核苷酸组成 ,编码 2 67个氨基酸 ,与文献报道的 3个PVY cp基因相比同源性均在 90 %以上 ,且其编码的氨基酸同源性均在 94 4 %以上。说明PVY cp基因具有较高的保守性     

马铃薯晚疫病种薯带菌的分子检测

从马铃薯块茎上分离纯化得到晚疫病菌、银腐病菌、癌肿病菌、红腐病菌、黑点病菌和镰刀菌等并提取它们的全基因组DNA,用引物08-3和08-4对这些真菌的DNA进行PCR扩增,以检验该引物扩增晚疫病菌DNA的特异性。取马铃薯种薯的芽眼、芽及其他不同部位并用NaOH法提取晚疫病菌DNA,再用引物08-3和08-4进行特异性扩增以检验种薯是否带晚疫病菌。结果表明:(1)引物08-3和08-4有很强的特异性,只能扩增出大小为257bp的马铃薯晚疫病菌DNA片段;(2)用该引物能扩增出种薯芽眼组织中大小为257bp的晚疫病菌DNA,说明通过PCR特异扩增,能直接检测出马铃薯种薯中潜伏的晚疫病菌。(3)本次检测的本地感病品种米拉有10%的种薯带晚疫病菌。该研究为种薯传播晚疫病菌的分子检测提供了依据和方法。     

Biotinylated DNA probes for detecting virus Y and aucuba mosaic virus in leaves and dormant tubers of potato

Summary Detection of potato virus Y (PVY) in dormant potato tubers using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been reported not to be accurate and reliable and it requires breaking of the dormancy of tubers prior to testing. We describe a simple, practical and highly sensitive hybridization method based on the use of biotinylated DNA probes for detecting PVY and potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) in dilutions made of crude extracts of infected potato leaves and dormant tubers. As little as 50 fg of RNA can be detected by this method, and the probes are highly specific for their targets, even in crude plant extracts. The presence of one virus did not interfere with the detection of the other.     

嵌套式PCR超灵敏检测马铃薯环腐病菌

马铃薯种薯中存在环腐病菌潜伏侵染,这种潜伏侵染逐代累积、逐渐表现症状,这是马铃薯环腐病无法根除的根本原因。本研究应用国外成功报道的根据存在于pCS1质粒和环腐菌染色体中一个1.3 kb的插入因子IS1121、高度重复的DNA片段设计的环腐病菌亚种特异性引物序列合成出引物对CMSIF1-CMSIR1和引物对CMSIF2-CMSIR2。以环腐标准菌株、黑龙江省环腐菌株以及马铃薯上其它主要的细菌病原菌(青枯病、软腐病、黑胫病)为试验材料进行直接PCR和嵌套式PCR扩增,结果只有环腐标准菌株和黑龙江省环腐菌株出现特异性片段(直接PCR扩增出1046 bp的片段,嵌套式PCR扩增出864 bp的片段)。将环腐菌纯菌种菌悬液稀释成浓度梯度并与马铃薯组织液混合进行直接PCR和嵌套式PCR检测灵敏度比较,结果表明嵌套式PCR检测灵敏度比直接PCR检测灵敏度提高了100￣1000倍。以明显感病症状的块茎、无明显感病症状的块茎和健康块茎为试验材料进行直接PCR和嵌套式PCR,结果除明显感病症状块茎外,所有无明显感病症状的块茎也均被检测出带有环腐病菌。     

马铃薯SSR-PCR体系的优化与建立

以马铃薯叶片DNA为模板,采用单因素试验的方法,对影响马铃薯SSR-PCR反应体系的主要成分模板DNA、dNTP浓度、引物浓度、Mg2+浓度、Taq酶浓度及退火温度进行了优化,并建立最优化的马铃薯SSR扩增反应体系。结果表明:在20μL反应体系中,模板DNA用量为60 ng,dNTP为0.3125 mmol/L,引物浓度为2.4pmol,Mg2+为1.5 mmol/L,Taq酶为0.5 U,筛选各引物最适宜的退火温度,经2.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,扩增条带清晰,优化后的SSR反应体系稳定性好,可用于马铃薯遗传多样性分析。     

Detection of a simplex RAPD marker linked to resistance to potato virus Y in a tetraploid potato

Extreme resistance to potato virus Y, derived from a wild diploid speciesSolanum chacoense, was found in Japanese cultivar Konafubuki. The segregation ratio of resistant vs susceptible in the tetraploid population from Kita-akari (susceptible) x Konafubuki (resistant) indicated that the resistance gene followed a monogenic dominant fashion. Bulked DNA samples of resistant and of susceptible clones were screened with 306 decamer primers by PCR to find RAPD markers linked to the resistance. The RAPD marker 38-530 was reproducibly detected in the resistant clones with a recombination frequency of 16.3%. Except for Konafubuki the marker band was found only in a few limited parental lines and cultivars where the resistance is not involved. Thus, using Konafubuki as a resistance gene source, the RAPD marker 38-530 would be practically and widely useful in tetraploid breeding programs.     

应用PCR技术快速检测马铃薯环腐病菌

根据马铃薯环腐病菌16SrDNA基因片段核苷酸序列设计引物(引物1∶5-′TGTACTCGGCCAT-GACGTTGG-3′和引物2∶5-′TACTGGGTCATGTTGGT-3)′,进行马铃薯环腐病菌PCR特异性扩增试验。合成的引物能从马铃薯环腐病菌总基因组DNA和细菌纯培养,以及人工接种和自然发病的马铃薯块茎中特异性扩增环腐病菌16SrDNA基因片段1046bp。该试验结果为马铃薯环腐病的鉴定、检测及病害流行学研究提供了新的技术和方法。     

应用RT-PCR技术检测马铃薯A病毒

参考GenBank中马铃薯A病毒(potato virus A,PVA)的保守序列,利用Primer6.0引物设计软件设计并合成了一对特异性引物PVAF、PVAR,以此引物利用RT-PCR方法对PVA保守序列基因进行了特异性扩增。结果表明:引物PVAF、PVAR能从已知的感染PVA病毒的植株中扩增出834bp的cDNA特异性片段;该RT-PCR的检测灵敏度为1pg的病毒核酸,特异性强,重复性好,可用于PVA病毒的快速检测。     

马铃薯Y病毒一步RT-PCR检测试剂盒的研制

马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)对马铃薯的危害最大,可导致马铃薯退化,降低马铃薯产量。解决这一问题的重要途径就是培养脱毒种薯,但是否完全脱毒需要经过检测才能证实。本研究依据PVY CP基因序列设计合成了一对引物PY1、PY2,以带毒样品植物总RNA为模板,在同一个反应中同时加入反转录和PCR反应所需试剂,反应程序中包括反转录和PCR反应所需条件,进行反应扩增,带毒样品扩增得到340 bp的目的条带,而健康对照无此目的条带,从而建立了PVY的一步RT-PCR检测技术,并组装成试剂盒。该试剂盒具有良好的稳定性和特异性,灵敏度可以检测到带毒植物组织下限的6.25μg,高于ELISA(100μg)和NASH(15μg)的灵敏度,虽然和常规方法的灵敏度相同,但更为快速、简便、易于操作,适合脱毒苗和脱毒种薯生产单位做大量样品的检测。     

Occurrence and Distribution of Potato Pests and Diseases in Kenya

Potato plays an important role in food security in Kenya but yields are low (<10 t/ha), and this is partly attributed to the lack of healthy planting material. This study is the first wide-scale survey to determine the occurrence and distribution of common potato pests and diseases in Kenyan seed (certified and quality declared) and ware crops. Potato crops growing on 101 farms in 21 districts were examined. Approximately 36% of plants in farmers’ fields sampled both during the long rains (main potato-growing season) and short rains seasons displayed virus-like disease symptoms. Six viruses (potato leafroll virus (PLRV), Potato virus A (PVA), potato virus M (PVM), potato virus S (PVS), potato virus X (PVX), and potato virus Y (PVY)) were detected using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in potato samples. Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products from PVY-infected plants revealed the presence of recombinant strains of PVY (NTN and Wilga). Four aphid species, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, and Aphis fabae, colonized potato in all districts, occurring in greater numbers west of the Great Rift Valley than to the east. There was a positive correlation between virus incidence and aphid numbers in the long rains (main) potato-growing season. PLRV, PVM, PVS, PVX, and PVY were detected in solanaceous weeds. Ralstonia solanacearum was detected in soils from 13 farms in 8 of the 18 districts surveyed. Approximately 38% of soil samples were infested with Meloidogyne spp. Phytophthora infestans isolates belonging to the US 1 and 2_A1 genotypes were identified. Although many economically important diseases are present in Kenya, the lower aphid incidence in districts east of the Great Rift Valley may indicate that these districts are more suitable for seed potato production.     

一种适于PCR扩增的荞麦DNA大量提取及纯化方法

为满足对大批量材料进行分子标记检测的需要,以荞麦叶片为材料,针对荞麦叶片中黄酮含量高,提取荞麦基因组DNA时采用改良的CTAB方法,该方法提取的DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳和检测,获得的DNA条带较亮、无RNA、无拖尾现象;经分光光度计检测获得数据证明酚类、蛋白质较少。利用ISSR引物对提取的荞麦基因组DNA进行PCR检测,能获得清晰稳定的条带,说明该方法提取的荞麦基因组DNA能满足PCR反应的需要。     

地高辛标记的DNA探针和ID-ELISA检测芜菁花叶病毒的比较

以克隆的芜菁花叶病毒（TurnipmosaicVitusTuMV）外壳蛋白基因的重组质粒PGT3为模板，用PCR的方法合成了长度为0．87kb的地高辛标记的双链DNA探针。用其进行了十字花科蔬菜病毒检测研究。在斑点杂交中，探针检测TuMVRNA的灵敏度为250pg，相当于5ng的病毒，比ID－ELISA检测TuMV的灵敏度高6倍。