柚汁胞愈伤组织的诱导及耐盐性的研究

本试验以柚汁胞为培养物,脱分化产生愈伤组织。研究了汁胞愈伤组织布不同NaCl浓度处理下矿质营养元素的变化。试验表明:在MT附加2,4-K 0.5+BA 1.0.培养基中,柚汁胞愈伤率达98.5％。愈伤组织几乎都是从汁胞柄上产生。在NaCl盐逆境下,愈伤组织生长受抑制。在NaCI 0％～0.5％范围内愈伤组织能够生长,在1.0％～2.0％范围内,生长量不到对照的10％。则定的13种矿质元素中,愈伤组织内Na~+含量为外源Na~+浓度的2.3～4.6倍。而P,K,Ca与Na~+含量成线性相关。     

Relaxation of isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes by a voltage-dependent process

Cell contraction and relaxation were measured in single voltage-clamped guinea pig cardiomyocytes to investigate the contribution of sarcolemmal Na+-Ca2+ exchange to mechanical relaxation. Cells clamped from -80 to 0 millivolts displayed initial phasic and subsequent tonic contractions; caffeine reduced or abolished the phasic and enlarged the tonic contraction. The rate of relaxation from tonic contractions was steeply voltage-dependent and was significantly slowed in the absence of a sarcolemmal Na+ gradient. Tonic contractions elicited in the absence of a Na+ gradient promptly relaxed when external Na+ was applied, reflecting activation of Na+-Ca2+ exchange. It appears that a voltage-dependent Na+-Ca2+ exchange can rapidly mechanically relax mammalian heart muscle.     

过硫酸盐活化技术处理地下水中的BTEX及其动力学

利用模拟苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)污染的地下水,研究过硫酸盐(Na2S2O8)活化氧化处理BTEX污染。结果表明,过硫酸盐对BTEX污染的地下水具有很好的处理能力。当Na2S2O8/BTEX(摩尔比)=20,Na2S2O8/Fe2+(摩尔比)=8的时候,BTEX的处理效果最好,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯去除率均能达到80%以上;而苯的去除率稍低。整个试验过程中体系均处于强氧化环境,pH值降至3以下。过硫酸盐对苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)的去除过程均符合二级反应动力学:1/ct=kt+1/c0。     

不同桐药套种模式对土壤理化性质的影响

为筛选出对油桐林下的土壤理化性质影响较大的套种模式,通过林下套种5种药用植物(玉竹、黄精、桔梗、麦冬、石蒜),分别测定了不同套种模式下不同时期、不同土层土壤的理化性质。结果表明,不同套种模式间土壤理化性质存在显著差异(P<0.05),相同套种模式不同土层间也存在显著差异,不同套种模式间总体变化趋势基本相同。套种桔梗和石蒜对物理性质影响较大,其中土壤容重最大增加33.14%,比重最大降低14.18%,总孔隙度最大降低33.58%。套种黄精和桔梗会使土壤氮、磷含量显著增加,其中全氮和全磷含量最多可增加62.83%和111.80%。套种麦冬和石蒜会使土壤氮、磷、钾含量都显著降低,套种桔梗、黄精和玉竹会使有机质含量显著提高,最高达148.37%。     

Dynamics of water molecules in aqueous solvation shells

We report on the direct measurement of the dynamics of water molecules in the solvation shell of an ion in aqueous solution. The hydrogen-bond dynamics of water molecules solvating a Cl-, Br-, or I- anion is slow compared with neat liquid water, indicating that the aqueous solvation shells of these ions are rigid. This rigidity can play an important role in the overall dynamics of chemical reactions in aqueous solution. The experiments were performed with femtosecond midinfrared nonlinear spectroscopy, because this technique allows the spectral response of the water molecules in the solvation shell to be distinguished clearly from that of the other water molecules in the solution.     

Ion penetration of the water-Oil interface

Ions typically pass with difficulty from water into organic phases because of water's superior solvation power. This inhibits such processes as ion transport in batteries or in lipid bilayers of cells. Ion penetration across such an interface was studied with unusual structural control. Hydronium ions were soft-landed at 1 electron volt on cold films of 3-methylpentane ("oil") on a metal substrate. The field produced by these ions drove them through the films when warmed. Coadsorption of water (0.14 to 35 bilayers) inhibited the ion penetration by creating a solvation energy trap. A Born solvation model successfully predicted the trapping energies (0 to 38 kilojoules per mole).     

Imaging elemental distribution and ion transport in cultured cells with ion microscopy

Both elemental distribution and ion transport in cultured cells have been imaged by ion microscopy. Morphological and chemical information was obtained with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.5 micron for sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in freeze-fixed, cryofractured, and freeze-dried normal rat kidney cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Ion transport was successfully demonstrated by imaging Na+-K+ fluxes after the inhibition of Na+- and K+ -dependent adenosine triphosphatase with ouabain. This method allows measurements of elemental (isotopic) distribution to be related to cell morphology, thereby providing the means for studying ion distribution and ion transport under different physiological, pathological, and toxicological conditions in cell culture systems.     

An intrinsic bond-centered electronic glass with unidirectional domains in underdoped cuprates

Removing electrons from the CuO2 plane of cuprates alters the electronic correlations sufficiently to produce high-temperature superconductivity. Associated with these changes are spectral-weight transfers from the high-energy states of the insulator to low energies. In theory, these should be detectable as an imbalance between the tunneling rate for electron injection and extraction-a tunneling asymmetry. We introduce atomic-resolution tunneling-asymmetry imaging, finding virtually identical phenomena in two lightly hole-doped cuprates: Ca(1.88)Na(0.12)CuO(2)Cl2 and Bi2Sr2Dy(0.2)Ca(0.8)Cu2O(8+delta). Intense spatial variations in tunneling asymmetry occur primarily at the planar oxygen sites; their spatial arrangement forms a Cu-O-Cu bond-centered electronic pattern without long-range order but with 4a(0)-wide unidirectional electronic domains dispersed throughout (a(0): the Cu-O-Cu distance). The emerging picture is then of a partial hole localization within an intrinsic electronic glass evolving, at higher hole densities, into complete delocalization and highest-temperature superconductivity.     

自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐菌的Na~+/H~+离子逆转运蛋白基因筛选

[目的]筛选四川自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因,并对其结构和编码蛋白进行分析。[方法]构建自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白宏基因组文库,通过与Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因缺陷宿主菌株E.coliKNabc的功能互补筛选Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。并通过生物信息学方法对该基因的起始密码子、终止子、ORF、-35区、-10区和SD序列以及编码蛋白的分子量、等电点、疏水区域、跨膜区域、系统进化和耐盐特性进行分析。[结果]筛选到1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因m-nha,该基因能够赋予E.coli KNabc在盐和碱性条件下良好生长的能力。[结论]由于m-nha编码蛋白在氨基酸序列和结构上不同于以往报道的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白,故鉴定该基因为1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。该研究结果对于理解古盐井中嗜盐微生物的嗜盐机制,开发利用古盐井中的基因资源及寻找新的耐盐基因具有重要的意义。     

Observation of all-metal aromatic molecules

Aromaticity is a concept invented to account for the unusual stability of an important class of organic molecules: the aromatic compounds. Here we report experimental and theoretical evidence of aromaticity in all-metal systems. A series of bimetallic clusters with chemical composition MAl4- (M = Li, Na, or Cu), was created and studied with photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. All the MAl4- species possess a pyramidal structure containing an M+ cation interacting with a square Al4(2-) unit. Ab initio studies indicate that Al4(2-) exhibits characteristics of aromaticity with two delocalized pi electrons (thus following the 4n + 2 electron counting rule) and a square planar structure and maintains its structural and electronic features in all the MAl4- complexes. These findings expand the aromaticity concept into the arena of all-metal species.     

过表达胡杨PeRIN4基因拟南芥提高质膜H+-ATPase活性和耐盐性

本文克隆了RIN4(RPM1-interacting protein 4)在胡杨中的同源基因PeRIN4,并在拟南芥中进行过表达,通过研究转基因株系的耐盐表型、质膜H+-ATPsae活性及H+ 、Na+、K+等的动态离子流,揭示了PeRIN4基因在植物响应和适应盐胁迫环境中的作用。利用定位载体pGreen0029-PeRIN4-GFP瞬时转化拟南芥叶肉细胞原生质体的方法,对胡杨PeRIN4蛋白进行亚细胞定位,发现该蛋白定位在细胞的胞质中。耐盐表型实验结果显示,在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下,拟南芥PeRIN4过表达株系(OE1和OE8)的生存率和根长均明显高于野生型(WT)和转空载体拟南芥(VC),说明PeRIN4基因能够提高拟南芥的耐盐性。与WT和VC相比,拟南芥PeRIN4过表达株系质膜H+-ATPsae的活性较高。动态离子流数据显示,在盐胁迫下,PeRIN4过表达株系外排H+和Na+ 离子的能力强于野生型和转空载体拟南芥,然而K+的外流却弱于WT和VC。因此,PeRIN4蛋白具有调节质膜H+-ATPsae活性的功能。拟南芥质膜H+-ATPsae活性的提高主要有两方面的作用:一是可以增强H+泵的质子动力势,驱动Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白,提高Na+外排的能力;二是抑制质膜的去极化,减少K+离子通过去极化激活的外向型K+通道(DA-KORCs)和非选择性阳离子通道(DA-NSCCs)外流,维持了K+/Na+平衡,从而提高PeRIN4转基因拟南芥的耐盐性。      

银中杨、玉簪落叶生物质炭对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(6+)吸附的影响因素

为探讨银中杨、玉簪落叶所制备生物质炭对水体Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)吸附规律的差异及影响因素,采用限氧裂解法将银中杨及玉簪落叶制成生物质炭,并以此为吸附载体研究其在不同初始离子质量浓度、pH值、Na+浓度及接触时间等因素影响下对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)的吸附。结果表明:随着初始Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)质量浓度的增加(0~800 mg·L~(-1)),落叶生物质炭对相应重金属离子的吸附量也增加。将初始质量浓度设置在0~200 mg·L~(-1),生物质炭对3种金属离子的吸附量由大到小表现为Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(6+),然而,将初始离子质量浓度提升至300~800 mg·L~(-1),吸附量由大到小表现为Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Cd~(2+);溶液pH值由2增至8,可使Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)在生物质炭表面的吸附率得到迅速提升,然而,生物质炭对Cr~(6+)的吸附率在整个pH值变化范围则呈渐趋降低的趋势;随着Na+浓度增加(0~0.6 mol·L~(-1)),落叶生物质炭对3种金属离子所表现的吸附规律各不相同,其中,对Pb~(2+)的吸附量先下降而后渐趋升高,对Cd~(2+)的吸附量逐渐下降,而对Cr~(6+)的吸附量则表现为先增加而后下降。Na+离子浓度由0 mol·L~(-1)提升至0.6 mol·L~(-1)可使生物质炭对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附量分别降低16.8%和97.1%,相反,对Cr~(6+)吸附量却有所促进,使其增加55.6%;生物质炭对初始质量浓度为400 mg·L~(-1)的Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Cr~(6+)吸附的数量随接触时间延长(0~1 440min)而逐渐增加,相同条件下由大到小表现为Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Cd~(2+);生物质炭对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附主要以电性吸附为主,而专性吸附则为生物质炭吸附Cr~(6+)的主要机制。     

野大麦耐盐适应性反应机制的研究

【目的】探讨野大麦的耐盐适应性反应机制。【方法】采用原子吸收和X-ray微区分析等方法分析野大麦[Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link]在NaCl胁迫下幼苗生长、K+和Na+吸收、运输、分配及外排等生理响应。【结果】在NaCl≤350 mmol•L-1时，茎叶和根系的干重变化不明显，盐浓度的增加对根生长的抑制作用小于茎叶，根Na+含量增加的幅度小于茎叶、茎叶和根中K+含量均下降，但茎叶可维持较高的K+含量；野大麦具有较强的K+-Na+吸收选择性；低盐胁迫时Na+主要贮存于液泡和细胞间质；高盐胁迫时主要通过外排Na+来维持体内离子平衡。【结论】野大麦在NaCl≤350mmol•L-1时生长正常，其耐盐性与根拒绝吸收Na+及茎叶维持高K+含量有关，Na+区域化与外排可能是野大麦主要的耐盐适应性反应机制。     

盐胁迫对苗期湖南稷子K+、Na+含量与分布的影响

以湖南稷子(Echinochloa frumentacea)为材料,设置不同浓度(0、25、50、75、100、125、150、200 mmol·L-1)的NaCl和Na2 SO4作为胁迫处理,探讨盐胁迫对湖南稷子苗期K+、Na+吸收与分布特性的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl和Na2 SO4浓度的增加,湖南稷子叶片、茎鞘...     

自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐菌的Na~+/H~+离子逆转运蛋白基因筛选(英文)

[目的]筛选四川自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因,并对其结构和编码蛋白进行分析。[方法]构建自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白宏基因组文库,通过与Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因缺陷宿主菌株E.coliKNabc的功能互补筛选Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。并通过生物信息学方法对该基因的起始密码子、终止密码子、ORF、-35区、-10区和SD序列以及编码蛋白的分子量、等电点、疏水区域、跨膜区域、系统进化和耐盐特性进行分析。[结果]筛选到1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因m-nha,该基因能够赋予E.coliKN-abc在盐和碱性条件下良好生长的能力。[结论]由于m-nha编码蛋白在氨基酸序列和结构上不同于以往报道的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白,故鉴定该基因为1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。该研究结果对于理解古盐井中嗜盐微生物的嗜盐机制,开发利用古盐井中的基因资源及寻找新的耐盐基因具有重要的意义。     

Sodium current in ventricular myocardial fibers

Membrane currents were measured in thin bundles of dog ventricular myocardium under voltage-clamp conditions. A rather large initial inward current which had an equilibrium potential at about + 55 millivolts could be recorded. When the external sodium concentration was reduced, the equilibrium potential for this current was shifted by the amount predicted theoretically for a current carried solely by sodium ions. The size of the sodium inward current (I(Na)) was largely dependent on the preceding membrane potential. The I(Na) was completely inactivated if the membrane potential was as low as -45 millivolts. Sodium ions are the main carrier of charge during the rapid depolarization phase of the action potential.     

Diffusion of nonequilibrium quasi-particles in a cuprate superconductor

We report a transport study of nonequilibrium quasi-particles in a high-transition-temperature cuprate superconductor using the transient grating technique. Low-intensity laser excitation (at a photon energy of 1.5 electron volts) was used to introduce a spatially periodic density of quasi-particles into a high-quality untwinned single crystal of YBa2Cu3O6.5. Probing the evolution of the initial density through space and time yielded the quasi-particle diffusion coefficient and the inelastic and elastic scattering rates. The technique reported here is potentially applicable to precision measurements of quasi-particle dynamics not only in cuprate superconductors but in other electronic systems as well.     

Ion selectivity in a semisynthetic K+ channel locked in the conductive conformation

Potassium channels are K+-selective protein pores in cell membrane. The selectivity filter is the functional unit that allows K+ channels to distinguish potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions. The filter's structure depends on whether K+ or Na+ ions are bound inside it. We synthesized a K+ channel containing the d-enantiomer of alanine in place of a conserved glycine and found by x-ray crystallography that its filter maintains the K+ (conductive) structure in the presence of Na+ and very low concentrations of K+. This channel conducts Na+ in the absence of K+ but not in the presence of K+. These findings demonstrate that the ability of the channel to adapt its structure differently to K+ and Na+ is a fundamental aspect of ion selectivity, as is the ability of multiple K+ ions to compete effectively with Na+ for the conductive filter.     

混合药剂吸湿回干技术对盐碱胁迫大豆苗期植株K~+、Ca~(2+)和Na~+的影响

为明确不同处理对大豆苗期耐盐碱能力的影响,对大豆种子采取引发剂处理、水处理和未处理三种处理方式,研究了盐碱胁迫下苗期植株K~+、Ca~(2+)和Na~+的变化。结果表明:种子引发剂处理的苗期植株,在盐碱胁迫下其地上部和地下部Na~+、K~+和Ca~(2+)含量均高于未处理和水处理;引发剂处理的TSK,Na最高,而其TSCa,Na高于水处理,低于未处理。通过混合药剂吸湿回干技术处理,可以增强大豆种子的抗盐碱性,为解决大豆耐盐碱能力提供新的理论依据。     

Negligible effect of ions on the hydrogen-bond structure in liquid water

The effects of ions on bulk properties of liquid water, such as viscosity, have suggested that ions alter water's hydrogen-bonding network. We measured the orientational correlation time of water molecules in Mg(ClO4)2, NaClO4, and Na2SO4 solutions by means of femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. The addition of ions had no influence on the rotational dynamics of water molecules outside the first solvation shells of the ions. This result shows that the presence of ions does not lead to an enhancement or a breakdown of the hydrogen-bond network in liquid water.