Effect of supplementary concentrates on performance of early-weaned lambs at pasture

Two experiments in which early-weaned lambs (4–7 and 5–9 weeks of age) continuously grazed a perennial ryegrass-white clover sward are described. In both experiments groups of lambs were offered a proprietary concentrate ad libitum, 2/3 or 1/3 of ad libitum allowance, or no concentrate. Mean daily gains over 56 days in Experiment 1 increased from 88 g without concentrate to 275 g with ad libitum concentrate allowance; the range in daily gains over 71 days in Experiment 2 was 201 g to 253 g respectively. In both experiments mean faecal OM output from herbage decreased as concentrate OM intake increased.     

Grass silage as a basic feed for store lambs. 2. Effect of harvesting system and chop length of grass silage on silage intake and performance of store lambs

A perennial ryegrass sward was cut at a leafy stage of growth and harvested with different harvesters to produce silages differing in chop length to evaluate the effect of silage chop length on silage intake and on the performance of store Iambs when silage was fed as the sole diet. The silage was harvested in late May either as long silage (L), single-chopped (S). double-chopped (D). long precision-chopped (LP) or medium precision-chopped (MP) silage with (he appropriate machinery. The silages were treated with formic acid at 2.5 1 t^?1. were well preserved (pH 3.7–3.8) and were of high dry-matter digestibility [749–810 g DMD kg^?1 dry-matter (DM)]. The silages were fed ad libitum as the sole diet to Suffolk crossbred store lambs over a period of 11 weeks. Silage intake and lamb performance progressively increased as silage chop length declined from 32.4 cm (L) to 6.8 cm (MP). Silage intakes were 572, 661, 750, 893 and 1129 (± 21) g DM d^?1 for silages L, S, D, LP and MP respectively. The corresponding daily liveweight gains were -3, 40, 53, 85 and 151 (± 7.6) g d^?l. Similar increases in empty body weight gain and carcass weight gain were obtained as silage chop length declined. Rumen retention time (RRT), estimated from the rumen contents of the lambs at slaughter and their silage intake in the week before slaughter, was much shorter for silages LP and MP compared with silages L or S. Silage intake was negatively related to RRT(b= -24.5 ± 6.1 gDM h^?l RRT). The results of this study showed that high intakes of grass silage and liveweight gains were achieved when grass was cut at a leafy stage of growth and harvested with a precision-chop harvester set to produce a moderate chop length (7 cm). The feeding of long or flail-chopped silages resulted in lower intakes and lower liveweight gains.     

Effect of photoperiod on development and reproduction of Megacopta cribraria(Hemiptera:Plataspidae)

Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) continually outbreaks due to suitable photoperiod in recent years. Effect of photoperiod on growth, development and reproduction of M. cribraria were assessed in this study. Results indicated that developmental duration, nutrient accumulation efficiency, and adult fecundity of M. cribraria were significantly different under 6 photoperiodical conditions. Developmental duration of nymph stage gradually tended to be shorter as day time increase. Body weights of 5th instar nymphs for 16 h and 4 h day time photoperiods were 5.2 mg and 4.6 mg, respectively. Moreover, longevity of adults tended to be longer as day time increase. However, for the short day photoperiod (4 L:20 D and 8 L:16 D), population showed no reproductive behaviors. Index of population trend increased with photoperiod extension and adults showed stronger reproductive capacity and longer longevity. This research identified the favorable photoperiodical conditions before outbreak. It may provided reference for ecological adaptability of M. cribraria, and contribute to the scientific basis for forecasting and controlling of M. cribraria.     

Effect of concentrate, dried grass and dried white clover ratios on intake, digestibility and liveweight gain by early-weaned lambs

Early-weaned lambs were offered rations of conventional concentrate, dried grass and dried white clover pellets ad libitum for 52 days. In vivo OM digestibility coefficients of concentrate, grass and clover were 80.0, 53.4 and 66.6% respectively. Dry matter intake of dried grass was similar to that of concentrates but supported significantly lower (P < 0.001) daily gains (0.18 kg). Supplementation of dried grass with an equal proportion of dried clover significantly increased (P <0.05) DM and DOM intake and daily gains. Daily gains by lambs offered the 1:1 grass:clover diet (0.29 kg) were similar to gains by lambs offered either dried clover (0.30 kg) or concentrates (0.30 kg).     

Comparison the effects of metoclopramide and dropridol associated with dexamethasone on post operative nausea and vomiting

The aim of study was, comparison of effects of Metoclopramide and Dropridol associated with Dexamethasone on prevalence of nausea and vomiting after operation was considered. In this study 160 patients ASA physical status I were divided into two groups. In both groups, premedication and induction of anesthesia were given equally according to weight. To the first group, Metoclopramide associated with Dexamethasone and to the second group, Dropridol associated with Dexamethasone was ordered. At the end of the operation, after removing tracheal tube, prevalence of nausea and vomiting in both groups was considered after 2 h and results were analyzed with t-test and Chi-square. Ratio of nausea and vomiting after operation in the first group was 24% and in the second 8%. So results show that prevalence of nausea and vomiting in the second group was considerably lower than the first group (p < 0.004). According to the results of this study our conclusion, Dropridol with dexamethasone given at the before of general anesthesia was more effective in decreasing the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in patients compared with metoclopramide with dexamethasone.     

Effect of processing conditions on warpage of film insert molded parts

In order to investigate effects of injection molding conditions on viscoelastic behavior and thermal deformation of film insert molded (FIM) parts, injection molding was performed with various conditions such as injection speed, melt temperature, and packing time. It was shown that variation of the warpage was decreased monotonically with increasing injection speed and exhibited a bell-shaped curve as a function of melt temperature. Warpage variation was not affected by the packing time significantly and the proportional relationship between warpage of the film insert molded part and shrinkage of the injection molded part without film was observed. The FIM specimens produced with unannealed films showed the warpage reversal phenomenon (WRP) during annealing and the magnitude of reversed warpage was affected significantly by the injection parameters and the extent of thermal shrinkage of the unannealed film. Warpage of the FIM specimen was predicted by three dimensional numerical flow and stress analyses and the predicted values showed a good agreement with the experimental results.     

Effect of catalytic conditions on the synthesis of new aconitate esters

Sugar cane is a crop which generates large amounts of biomass and a juice rich in high-value natural molecules. After extracting sugar from the juice, the recovering of various compounds such as organic acids contained in molasses could contribute to increase the competivity of the sugar industry. Therefore, according to the biorefinery approach, we propose to study the chemical conversion of one of these acids, the aconitic acid, by esterification reactions. A new series of aconitate esters have been synthesized by combining aconitic acid and alcohols from natural origin. The effects of experimental conditions have been investigated and have shown that the type of catalysis has a significant effect on the selectivity. Kinectics have thus been performed to determine the best conditions to synthetize enriched compositions in esters. Homogeneous catalysis generates the highest yield in triester. Heterogeneous catalysis (macroporous resins) is prefered for the production of monoesters while catalysis assisted by ionic liquid is adapted to prepare mainly diesters. Green indicators have been discussed according to the calculations performed. The resulting polyfunctional esters are totally biosourced molecules and have a great potential as bioproducts for different applications.     

Grazing cycle length and silage supplementation: effects on the performance of lactating ewes with twin lambs

Masham ewes, stocked at 20 ewes ha⁻¹, reared twins at pasture in 1979 and 1980 and were rotationally grazed around six paddocks. There were three lengths of grazing cycle (18, 30 or 42 d) and the ewes at pasture were either offered silage ad libitum (S) for 8 weeks of lactation or they were not supplemented with silage (N). By feeding silage, S ewes and lambs moved into greater herbage masses (3735 u. 3390 kg organic matter (OM) ha⁻¹), but there was little effect on net herbage accumulation (10.5 v. 10.0 t OM ha⁻¹) and herbage intakes per ewe were similar (2.31 v . 2.27 kg OM d⁻¹) over the 7-month grazing season. During the period of silage supplementation, total intake was 19% higher for S than N ewes, lamb growth rates were slightly higher (280 v . 273 g d⁻¹) and the ewes lost less weight (−78 v −96 g d⁻¹).
For 18-, 30- and 42-d grazing cycles respectively the herbage masses before grazing were 2825, 3620 and 4240 kg OM ha⁻¹; net herbage accumulations were 9.8, 10.4 and 10.6 t OM ha⁻¹; mean daily herbage intakes by each unit (ewe+lambs) were 2.22, 2.35 and 2.30 kg OM and lamb growth rates from birth to weaning at 20 weeks were 205, 204 and 204 g d⁻¹.
Frequent grazing of relatively light herbage masses or infrequent defoliation of heavier herbage masses made little difference to sward or animal performance. It is concluded that, at this stocking rate, different grazing cycles of 18, 30 or 42 d do not affect the performance of lactating ewes.     

Effect of rainfall and temperature on yield of Vicia sativa under rainfed Mediterranean conditions

The productivity of Vicia sativa grown in rotation with barley under rainfed Mediterranean conditions was examined at two locations over several years (eighteen location × year situations). Rainfall during the growing season ranged from 200 to 500 mm. Vetch relied on indigenous rhizobia for nodulation and N fixation while for phosphorus it was fertilized with 20kgPha⁻¹. Harvesting took place at the beginning of pod formation. The dry matter (DM) yield reached 6·6t ha⁻¹ and the N offtake 215 kg ha⁻¹. The highest yields were obtained when rainfall exceeded the 350 mm level. The N concentration of the forage was not influenced by rainfall or by the productivity of the plants. Yield of DM was related to the number of days of ground frost in January but not in February and March. Monthly minimum and maximum temperature was not related to the DM yield. The combination of monthly rainfall and temperature explained over 95% of the variation in yield.     

Effect of different human hair bleaching conditions on the hair coloration with hair boosting shampoo as colorant

In this paper, detailed simulation of human hair bleaching was conducted. The materials and chemical used as well as the hair bleaching procedures were described. After bleaching, the colour change of the hair was evaluated in accordance with CIE Lab system and the hair bleaching results was analysed. Following the hair bleaching process, hair coloration was employed with the use of colour boosting shampoo with henna of three different colours. The effect of different bleached hair samples on colour uptake property was examined by spectrophotometer method. Based on this study, it was concluded that the original hair colour did affect the colour uptake using the colour boosting shampoo with henna significantly. In order to have a visible coloring result, hair bleaching treatment was therefore highly recommended before conducting the hair coloration process.     

气象条件对棉花蕾铃脱落影响的探讨

棉花是彭泽县的传统大产业.棉花的增产潜力是在充分满足其生长发育的肥、水、光、温和管理等多方面条件下形成的.而其中气象条件造成棉花的蕾铃脱落,对棉花的稳产和高产的影响关系极大.为此,我们进行了初步的探讨.     

华北春芝麻不同栽培条件对干物质的影响

对华北春芝麻区不同栽培条件下芝麻干物质的积累、分配、转移规律进行了研究，结果表明：(1)芝麻生殖器官干重与总干物质变化一致，随生育进程而增加；(2)干物质分配，苗期以营养器官为主，蕾期、花期营养器官与生殖器官并进，以后叶片中的干物质越来越多地转移到生殖器官；(3)封顶期叶片仍保持一定的绿叶面积，能继续供给生殖器官干物质；(4)地膜覆盖比露地栽培更有利于干物质的积累、分配、转移；(5)探讨了高产生理指标。     

Effects of grazing by lambs in autumn on a red clover-perennial ryegrass sward

In 1976, 1977 and 1978 a red clover-perennial ryegrass sward was cut twice for silage, and in the autumn of 1976 and 1977 it was either grazed at low and high stocking rates, i.e. seventeen and thirty-four lambs per ha respectively, or was cut with a forage harvester. The effects of grazing on yield in the following year were examined. Herbage growth in the grazing period was slow and did not differ significantly between the treatments. The yield of silage dry matter taken in May and July was highest in ungrazed plots (9·8 and 8·1 t ha^-1 in 1977 and 1978 respectively) and lowest in plots stocked at the high rate (5·9 and 5·7 t ha^-1 in 1977 and 1978 respectively). The aftermath yield for grazing in 1977 was slightly but significantly greater on treatments grazed in the previous year compared with ungrazed treatments. Red clover content decreased markedly during grazing, the high stocking rate treatment containing 2·4% clover and the ungrazed treatment 57·3% clover. The high stocking rate treatment also had the lowest red clover content in the first silage cut. Red clover content in grazed plots increased to a level similar to that in ungrazed plots by the start of the grazing period in the subsequent harvest year. Animal performance was higher at the low than at the high stocking rate but herbage consumption per head did not differ significantly between the two grazing treatments. Possible reasons for the adverse effect of grazing on the red clover are defoliation and treading. It is concluded that such experiments can form the basis of an economic assessment of red clover and help the farmer decide whether or not he should integrate the crop into his system.     

西湖龙井茶主要呈味物质浸出浓度与速率的研究

利用正交试验设计,研究了冲泡水温与冲泡时间、冲泡水温与冲泡次数对西湖龙井茶冲泡效果的影响.对茶汤中的氨基酸、茶多酚、咖啡碱、水浸出物的含量进行测定,结果显示,一次冲泡时,茶汤中各种成分的浸出浓度与冲泡时间呈正相关,各种成分的相对浸出速率为咖啡碱〉氨基酸〉水浸出物〉茶多酚.分次冲泡时,酚氨比随冲泡次数的增加而大幅增加.各种成分浸出浓度据温度的不同在第1泡或第2泡出现最高值,第3泡之后开始急剧下降.     

Effect of interceptor drainage on phosphorus transport and soil chemical characteristics under different cultivation conditions

Paddy and Water Environment - Drainage is a profitable water management operation in waterlogged soils, particularly in hot, arid environments where waterlogging is caused by irrigation and salts...     

Effects of concentrate supplementation and herbage allowance on the performance of grazing suckling lambs

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of concentrate supplementation on the performance of suckling lambs while grazing at variable levels of herbage allowance. Twenty-four ewes suckling twin lambs were allocated 55 d after lambing between four grazing treatments (two levels of herbage allowance × two levels of supplementation) in a 2×2 factorial design. The sward consisted of Tall Fescue and was grazed rotationally.
Daily herbage organic matter (OM) allowances were 57.0 (H) and 38.5 (L) g OM kg LW⁻¹ above 1·5 cm cutting height. Lambs were either supplemented (S) ad libitum with high-moisture whole maize grain or unsupplemented (U).
Supplement intake during the 60-d grazing period was 16 kg DM and 17.5 kg DM respectively for LS and HS lambs. The effect of supplementation on lamb growth rate differed significantly between allowances: at the low allowance level, supplementation increased growth rate (287 g d⁻¹ vs 226 g d⁻¹), whereas it had no effect at the high level (277 g d⁻¹ vs 276 g d⁻¹). Growth rate of unsupplemented lambs was significantly reduced at the low level of allowance compared to the high level (226 g d⁻¹ vs 276 g d⁻¹). The effect of sward height on time spent grazing by unsupplemented lambs is described during the defoliation of a plot.     

The effects on ewes and lambs of grazing pasture containing differing levels of nitrate-nitrogen

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards were given annual applications in six equal instalments at 21-day intervals of either 100, 400 or 700 kg ha^?1 N in 1973 and 1974. Ewes with twin lambs were rotationally grazed on these areas. The nitrate-N content of the grass was measured immediately before grazing. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals from the ewes and lambs to estimate blood methaemoglobin and certain plasma mineral concentrations. A maximum nitrate-N concentration of of 0.67% in the herbage dry matter was recorded but no adverse effect of N fertilizer was found in terms of the blood constituents or growth of the sheep, or in the carcase quality of the lambs.     

Effects of improved nutrition during lactation on the performance of hill lambs

Two experiments compared the effects of grazing by hill ewes with single lambs on lowland pasture for varying periods of time. In Experiment 1 lambs kept with their mothers on lowland pasture for 0, 21, 42 or 70 d before being moved to hill grazing gave daily liveweight gains (g) of 243,329, 338 and 348 respectively in the 1–21 days postpartum period; 243,248,310 and 314 in the 22–42 days period; 118, 132, 157 and 229 in the 43–70 days period and 105, 100, 115 and 98 in the 71 days to weaning period. In Experiment 2, ewes with single lambs grazed lowland pasture for 0, 21, 56 and 110 days and the daily liveweight gains (g) recorded were 233, 348, 343 and 353 respectively in the 1–21 days postpartum period; 184, 229, 306 and 297 in the 22-56 days period and 109, 115, 141 and 209 in the 57-110 days period. At each weighing up to weaning there was a positive correlation between lamb weight and the number of days spent on lowland pasture. Carcass weight and killing out percentages were each also significantly improved. The implications of these results in developing a hill-sheep system are discussed.     

Fortification of rice with folic acid using parboiling technique: Effect of parboiling conditions on nutrient uptake and physical characteristics of milled rice

Parboiling was used as a technique for folic acid fortification in brown rice. A range of parboiling conditions (i.e. 70 °C soaking for 1, 2 and 3 h with 0.15, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g folic acid/300 g brown rice and milled for 0, 60 and 120 s) were studied to investigate the uptake of folic acid in the fortified rice. Approximately 20–300 μg folic acid/g was found in the fortified rice and an average of 90% of folic acid was retained in the washed and cooked fortified rice. The quality of the fortified rice was evaluated based on head rice yield (HRY), kernel dimensions and color. No significant change in HRY and grain dimensions were observed between raw and fortified rice, suggesting the economic value of rice will not be compromised with the fortification process and rice uniformity may likely be achieved after mixing with the untreated rice. Despite the inherent yellow color of folic acid, in comparison with parboiled rice, a significant difference in yellowness was exhibited only in rice fortified at 1.2 g folic acid/300 g brown, but not among those fortified at lower fortificant concentrations. The difference in lightness (ΔL^∗) (between fortified rice and parboiled rice) was reduced as soaking duration increased.     

Grass silage as a basic feed for store lambs. 3. Effect of barley supplementation of silages varying in chop length on silage intake and lamb performance

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of silage chop length and barley supplementation on silage intake and the performance of store lambs. The silages were cut from a perennial ryegrass regrowth at a relatively mature stage of growth in early July. Different types of harvester were used to produce a long silage (L), single-chopped (S), double-chopped (D), medium precision-chopped (MP) or a short precision-chopped (SP) silage. The chop length of the silages averaged 37.4, 12.4, 8.4, 7.0 and 2.9 cm respectively. All silages were treated with formic acid at 2.51 t^?1grass. They were well preserved and of a good quality with a dry-matter (DM) digestibility of 720–760 g kg^?1 DM. The silages were fed ad libitum to Suffolk crossbred store lambs over a period of 10 weeks. Each silage was fed either alone or was supplemented with whole barley at 400 g lamb^?1 d^?1. When offered silage alone, intakes were 738, 679, 773, 980 and 910 (± 30) g DM d^?1 for silages L, S, D, MP and SP respectively. Similar relative differences in intakes between the silages were evident when supplemented with barley. Liveweight gain on silage alone was higher on the precision-chopped silages (85–93 g d^?1) than the long or flail-chopped silages (28–49 g d^?1). Liveweight gain on the precision-chopped silages was also better when supplemented with barley (150 vs. 90–112 (± 90) g d^?1). Silage intake and lamb performance were similar for the MP and SP silages, despite the difference in chop length. Barley supplementation reduced silage intake to a similar extent for all silages (-9%) and increased total DM intake (+ 30%) and metabolizable energy intake (+ 37%). The substitution rates of silage for barley were similar for all silages and averaged 0.24 g silage DM g^?l barley DM. The response in weight gain per 100g of barley fed was similar for all silages and averaged 20.0 g liveweight gain and 13.4 g carcass gain. Feed conversion efficiency of the total diet was similar for the Mail-chopped and precision-chopped silages but was less for the long silage. The results of this study show that the benefit in weight gain due to the higher intake of precision-chopped silage was maintained when the silage was supplemented with a moderate level of barley. Such silage required supplementation with barley (400 g d^?l) to achieve a rate of liveweight gain of 150g d^?1.