Evaluation of energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions in rice cultivation in Guilan province,northern Iran

Paddy and Water Environment - The agricultural sector as a supplier of nutritional needs is becoming increasingly dependent on energy consumption. The present study was carried out to investigate...     

辽北地区耕地土壤养分状况变化及培肥对策

对辽宁省铁岭市7个县(市)区55万hm2耕地的747个土样化验分析,结果表明,土壤有机质与全N平均含量分别为1.58%和0.089%,处于中等和较缺状况,较缺面积均有所增加。速效P含量平均为13.8mg/kg,明显增加,达到中等和略缺状况,并且有一定面积达到较丰富状况。速效K含量平均为114mg/kg,明显下降,大面积处于中等和较缺状况,而且较缺面积大辐度增加。据此提出了若干相应的施肥建议。     

北方无公害优质水稻栽培管理技术

承德市具有良好的无公害水稻自然环境和区位优势,通过选用优质、高产、高抗品种,在整个水稻生长过程中实行规范化栽培技术管理,可提供无公害、优质、水稻产品。     

Seroepidemiological survey of helminthic parasites of stray dogs in Sari City, northern Iran

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of helminthic parasites in stray dogs' population especially zoonotic infections and to identify potential risk factors in the different areas of Sari city in Caspian area, north of Iran. During the period from April to September 2007, 50 stray dogs were collected from urban areas of Sari city. Recovered parasites were fixed in alcohol and stained by carmine then observed by microscope. The taxonomic study was carried out by measuring different parts of the body of helminthes and statistical tests were performed using the Chi-square test. A total of 27 adult and 23 juvenile stray dogs were collected and the overall prevalence rate of infection was 90%. The three most common helminthes were Toxocara canis (60%), Ancylostoma caninum (46%) and Dipylidium caninum (36%). Other parasites were Uncinaria stenocephala (12%), Taenia hydatigena (6%), Spirocerca lupi (6%), Dirofilaria immitis (6%), Toxascaris leonina (2%), Rictularia sp. (2%), Taenia ovis (2%) and Taenia taeniformis (2%). Five species of zoonotic helminthes recovered were T. canis, A. caninum, U. stenocephala, D. caninum and D. immitis. Hookworm infections (58%) were more common significantly in the young stray dogs (p < 0.01). In regard to prevalence ofA. caninum, T. canis and U. stenocephala, there was significant difference between juvenile and adult dogs (p < 0.05). The results highlight the potential role of stray dogs for transmission of helminthic parasites particularly zoonotic parasites that are a significant risk to human health.     

Water productivity and nutrient status of rice soil in response to cultivation techniques and nitrogen fertilization

Three methods of rice cultivation were compared in a field experiment at New Delhi, India during 2012 for their water use and changes in nutrient availability of soil. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with conventional transplanting (CT), system of rice intensification (SRI), and aerobic rice (AR) cultivation technologies. Five doses of nitrogen included 100 % (120 kg N ha^?1), 125, and 150 % recommended dose of N(RDN) through urea, 75 % of RDN through urea (90 kg N ha^?1) + 25 % of RDN (30 kg ha^?1) through farm yard manure (FYM), and 100 % of RDN through FYM. Results revealed that status of available N in soil under rice at 45 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) was significantly higher in CT and SRI compared to AR method. Application of the highest dose of nitrogen through urea resulted in the highest availability of N (188.9, 174.2, and 135.2 kg ha^?1 for 45 and 90 DAS and at harvest stage, respectively). The soil under AR recorded significantly low availability of phosphorus and iron. However, availability of K in soil was not affected significantly under adopted production techniques and nitrogen management. The recorded irrigation water productivity was maximum in AR cultivation (9.16 kg ha mm^?1) followed by SRI (7.02 kg ha mm^?1) with irrigation water saving of 54 and 36 %, respectively compared to CT.     

施钾对花生养分吸收及生长的影响

用盆栽试验和田间试验相结合,研究了土娄土施用不同量钾肥对花生不同生育时期养分吸收及生长的影响。结果表明：施用钾肥可促进花生的生长和发育,使花生产量提高了２７．６％,最高产量出现在Ｋ２Ｏ用量６７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;施钾促进花生对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分的吸收,三种养分的吸收量为Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｐ,但不同钾肥用量对养分的吸收影响不大;施钾使花生籽粒蛋白质和粗脂肪含量分别提高了１７．７％和１０．７４％。试验中我们还观察到,施用钾肥可显著提高花生的抗病性,而抗病性有随施钾量增加而提高的趋势。     

移栽密度对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

通过移栽密度对水稻生长发育及产量的影响试验,结果表明:随着移栽密度的变小,前期生长量变小,中后期显著增加,有效分蘖期及分蘖高峰期后延,整个生育期叶色变化平稳,水稻产量增加。最佳移栽密度为30cm×20cm,每穴3苗,产量达到725.2kg/667m2。     

Effect of processing on the in vitro digestibility of proteins and carbohydrates in some Indian legumes

The effect of different types of processing such as boiling, pressure cooking, puffing, frying, germination, and germination followed by cooking on the protein and carbohydrate digestibility of chickpea, horsegram and cowpea were studied in in vitro systems. In the case of chickpea, the protein digestibility was not significantly improved by any of the treatments. However, for horsegram and cowpea, improvement in protein digestibility was observed after some of the different processing treatments. Frying decreased the protein digestibility in all of the pulses. All of the treatments, except germination, caused a marked increase in in vitro carbohydrate digestibility.     

Effect of sample drying on the determination of fibre and water-soluble carbohydrates of maize silage

Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were assayed in wet and dry samples of maize silage, either treated with NaOH or untreated (control), before and after ensiling.
Statistically significant effects of drying at 60°C were observed in WSC, NDF and cellulose estimations expressed on the basis of 105°C dry matter.
It could therefore be preferable to analyse wet samples, as these are not altered by the degradations induced by oven-drying and are more representative of the original condition of the forage.     

北粳沈农265在浙北的生育特性及栽培技术

我县地处浙江省西北部 ,天目山北麓。目前水稻栽培以单季为主 ,粳稻产量水平为 50 0 kg/ 667m2 ,沈农 2 65是沈阳农大选育的北方超级稻品种 ,浙江省农科院作物所于 1 997年引进在我县试种 ,3年试种和大面积示范结果表明 ,沈农 2 65在我县种植表现出高产、稳产、抗性好等优点。一、产量表现3年试种和示范结果表明 ,沈农 2 65稳产高产性好 ,低肥水平可稳产 ,高肥条件能高产。在我县种植产量一般为 60 0～ 650 kg/ 667m2 ,高产田块超 70 0kg/ 667m2 ,比当地同类品种增产 2 0 %左右。二、生育特性1 .生育期适中　全生育期 1 30～ 1 35天 ,在我县…     

Predicting adoption of double cropping in paddy fields of northern Iran: a comparison of statistical methods

Factors affecting the adoption of double cropping were explored in rice farms of Fouman County of Guilan Province in northern Iran using artificial neural networks (ANNs), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and logistic regression (LGR). Eleven factors (age, education, occupation, family size, type of farm ownership, distance to the agricultural service center, attending agricultural extension courses, use of financial resources and bank loans, number of domestic animals, area under cultivation, and social participation) were examined. An additional objective was to compare the ability of the three models in predicting the adoption of double cropping. ANNs showed an overall predictive power of 89.8%. LDA showed an overall predictive power of 83.2%, with seven of the eleven independent variables being effective on the adoption of double cropping. LGR indicated an overall predictive power of 87.6%, with eight of the eleven independent variables being effective on the adoption of double-rice cropping. ANNs showed higher power than LGR and LDA in predicting the adoption of double cropping. Based on all three methods used for analysis, the most important independent variables were social participation and area under cultivation (positive factors) as well as distance to the agricultural service center and family members (negative factors). Establishment of cooperatives or other kinds of farmers’ associations to foster social participation could motivate adoption of double cropping, particularly among small-scale farmers. To increase agricultural services, more local centers should be created in rural areas. The government should promote double cropping through effective incentives and technology transfer to small-scale farmers.     

Trace toxic elements in agricultural soil and sediment in the biggest estuarine area,northern Vietnam

Paddy and Water Environment - Soil quality, especially its toxic elements content, plays an important part in clarifying the sustainability of an estuarine ecosystem. In this study, six toxic...     

播期对北方白菜型冬油菜生长发育及产量的影响

研究不同播期下对北方旱寒区5个白菜型冬油菜品种的越冬率、生长发育、根冠比及产量构成因素的变化,分析了播期对白菜型冬油菜生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,白菜型冬油菜越冬率下降,播期与越冬率呈显著负相关;播期推迟7d,品种的出苗所需天数增加,出苗期推迟,全生育期缩短4～7d,干物质积累、根冠比下降,株高、主花序长、单株角果数、千粒重、产量以及含油率均随着播期的推迟相应降低;试验表明适期早播对促进白菜型冬油菜的生长发育,提高越冬率,增加产量有重要作用。     

Effect of tillage and nutrient management on wheat productivity and quality in Haryana, India

This article reports on field experiments with 4 different rotations that are commonly used throughout Haryana in NW India (rice-wheat, cotton-wheat, pearl millet-wheat, cluster bean-wheat), where we assess wheat yield and chapatti quality measures with different crop establishment methods and input of micronutrients. In a series of experiments conducted on farmers’ fields in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 winter seasons, the addition of micronutrients and sulphur to wheat crops was used alongside the use of a common farmer practice, the use of farmyard manure (FM) and best practice inputs of N-fertilizer (150 kg N ha⁻¹), P-fertilizer (26 kg P ha⁻¹) and K-fertilizer (33 kg K ha⁻¹). The application of FM with the recommended NPK treatment produced 9-13% more grain yield in the rice-wheat rotation when compared with the recommended NPK only treatment. Given that the farm sites used here had low levels of soil P, this may suggest that the recommended rate of 26 kg P ha⁻¹ for the rice-wheat rotation is too low. The addition of FM did not improve any grain quality outcomes at any of the sites. There were no yield responses with S application with any of the rotations but the S input resulted in more wheat protein from all sites (average 8%). The addition of S also gave similar increases in grain hardness and the chapatti score. The inclusion of micronutrients (boron, copper, iron, zinc and manganese) with the recommended NPK treatment did not increase the grain yield at any of the sites when compared with the recommended NPK treatment, and sometimes, but not consistently, gave small responses with protein, grain hardness and chapatti score. In concurrent experiments wheat growth and chapatti quality were compared in zero till and conventionally sown systems, and with and without S fertilizer amendment. Here too there were no grain yield responses to S, and the protein, grain hardness and chapatti score were increased with S addition. Grain yields with zero till and conventional wheat were similar in the rice-wheat system and zero till sowing resulted in small increases in yield at all of the non-rice sites. The grain from the zero till treatments had higher protein (1-3%), grain hardness (3-10%) and chapatti score from all 4 rotations. Zero till has substantial adoption in the rice-wheat districts of Haryana but little farmer awareness and adoption in the areas where the other rotations are used. The data given here show that with zero tillage and an integrated practice of nutrient management farmers in Haryana can maintain grain yields of wheat whilst improving quality outcomes.     

The correlation of genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Fusarium graminearum in North part of Iran

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most notorious diseases in North part of Iran. Due to lack of sufficient information regarding genetic diversity of FHB, the correlation between genetic diversity and geographic distribution of 52 isolates that collected from infected wheat kernels from four main grown region of North part of Iran were analyzed with 10 simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers and 15 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. The un-weighed pair group method using arithmetic means (UPGMA) was used and a dendrogram was constructed based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of SSR and RAPD markers revealed that the first two factors accounted for 51 and 41% of the total variance, respectively. SSR and RAPD data classified isolates into four and seven groups, respectively. SSR analysis showed that there was a correlation between genetic clusters of isolates and geographical origin in F. graminearum. However, results of cluster analysis using RAPD data didn't show any relation with geographical distribution but the results of this analysis confirmed a genetic variation among all isolates.     

连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量及养分吸收的影响

在磷、钾素含量较高的黄红壤上研究了连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量、养分吸收和经济效益的影响。结果表明:施用磷钾肥,可以显著提高油菜产量,增产幅度达45.3%~180%,磷肥效应起主导作用。连续施用磷钾肥有利于养分的协调供应,提高了油菜植株的养分含量和养分吸收量。磷钾肥的施用还能大幅度提高经济效益,三季油菜纯利润平均增加了1 372.8~1 851.1元/hm2。     

湖洼地夏大豆迎茬种植对产量的影响及栽培技术

湖洼地秋作物较适宜夏大豆种植。实践证明，夏大豆迎茬种植较正茬减产幅度和对性状影响均较大。通过培能地力，深松土壤等一系列栽培措施，较好地解决了迎茬所造成的减产问题，从而使夏大豆迎茬种植获得高产。     

Crop and water productivity as influenced by rice cultivation methods under organic and inorganic sources of nutrient supply

A field experiment was conducted during the wet seasons of 2010 and 2011 at New Delhi, India to study the influence of organic, inorganic, and integrated sources of nutrient supply under three methods of rice cultivation on rice yield and water productivity. The experiments were laid out in FRBD with nine treatment combinations. Treatment combinations included three sources of nutrient supply viz., organic, integrated nutrient management, and inorganic nutrition and three rice production systems viz., conventional transplanting, system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice system. Results indicated that the conventional and SRI showed at par grain and straw yields but their yields were significantly higher than aerobic rice. Grain yield under organic, inorganic and integrated sources of nutrient supply was at par since the base nutrient dose was same. Plant growth parameters like plant height, tillers, and dry matter accumulation at harvest stage were almost same under conventional and SRI but superior than aerobic rice system. Root knot nematode infestation was significantly higher in aerobic rice as compared to SRI and conventional rice. However, organic, inorganic and integrated sources of nutrient supply did not affect nematode infestation. There was significant advantage in term of water productivity under SRI over conventional transplanted (CT) rice and less quantity of water was utilized in SRI for production of each unit of grain. A water saving of 34.5–36.0 % in SRI and 28.9–32.1 % in aerobic rice was recorded as compared to CT rice.     

磷肥用量对油菜产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响

利用大田试验研究了磷肥用量对油菜生长、产量、养分含量、养分积累及经济收益的影响.结果表明,在4个施磷水平下,蕲春和黄冈两个试验点磷肥(P2O5)用量分别为135kg/hm2和90kg/hm2时效果最好,分别提高产量148.5%和81.5%,增加纯利润2 532元/hm2和1 038元/hm2.施磷能大幅度的增加油菜分枝数、每株角果数、每角籽粒数及在一定程度上提高籽粒千粒重.施磷能不同程度地提高油菜各部位N、P、K养分含量,显著地提高油菜地上部对N、P和K的积累量.根据肥料效应方程和油菜籽及磷肥价格确定,蕲春和黄冈试验点最高产量水平时的磷肥用量分别为145.3kg/hm2和119.2kg/hm2,而最佳施磷量则分别为141.4kg/hm2和113.5kg/hm2.     

Role of aleurone cell walls in water diffusion and distribution within cereal grains

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L) are two important cereals cultivated worldwide. The effect of aleurone cell wall structure on water diffusion and distribution within wheat and barley grains was evaluated at different relative humidity levels. Time domain nuclear magnetic resonance was used to measure the transverse relaxation time T₂ of grains. Two water states were distinguished within grains, namely W₁ (lower mobility) and W₂ (higher mobility). Grains with thicker aleurone layer cell walls had a higher W₂. The water-absorption and desorption rates were mainly determined by the thickness of the aleurone cell walls and decreased with increasing cell wall thickness. The higher W₂ values observed in grains with thicker aleurone cell walls with the a water content of 2.0% (w/w) and 12.1% (w/w) were probably related to a higher water motion within the grains, in response to higher porosity. Arabinoxylan and (1,3)(1,4)-β-glucan alternating multilayer films were prepared, each film had 20 layers, one layer was approximately 1 μm thick. The film was used as a model to simulate the aleurone layers. These results show that cell walls of the aleurone layer regulate the diffusion and distribution of water within grains.