外施海藻糖对高温胁迫下小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响

在非生物胁迫条件下,海藻糖可以提高植物的抗逆性,减少逆境胁迫对植物组织的伤害,维持植物的相对正常生长。为了解其具体的作用机制,以小麦为材料,通过检测高温胁迫及室温恢复过程中丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、超氧自由基(O·-2)含量、抗氧化物质[抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)]含量、抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)]活性及其基因转录的表达调控,以探究外源海藻糖对小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,在高温胁迫下外源海藻糖处理主要提高了AsA含量,增强了CAT和APX活性,同时上调了Mn-SOD、Cu/ZnSOD、CAT、POD和APX的相对表达量,从而降低了MDA及H2O2的产生。而随后的室温恢复过程基本与高温胁迫的结果一致,也提高了这些酶的基因转录水平以及AsA含量,主要差别是对抗氧化酶活性的影响,即室温恢复阶段外源海藻糖主要提高了POD和APX活性。综合来看,外源海藻糖在小麦幼苗的高温胁迫及室温恢复过程中,通过促进抗氧化酶基因的上调表达,提高抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,以酶促和非酶促两种机制共同清除高温胁迫产生的活性氧,减少氧化胁迫的损伤,维持小麦幼苗的生长。     

外源抗坏血酸对镉毒害小麦幼苗的缓解作用

为了解抗坏血酸(AsA)对Cd2+毒害小麦幼苗生长的缓解作用,以小麦品种周麦27为材料,采用室内水培法分析了在Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗经不同浓度AsA处理后的生长及生理变化。结果表明,外源AsA能显著提高Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗的株高、根长、地上部干重、根系干重、根系活力、光合色素含量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,显著降低丙二醛含量和相对电导率以及叶片胞间CO2浓度。说明Cd2+胁迫下外源AsA可以通过提高小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧自由基,减少其对光合色素蛋白大分子的攻击作用,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,维持光合作用和细胞膜的稳定性,从而缓解了Cd2+对幼苗生长的毒害作用,其中以35mg·L-1 AsA的缓解效果最好。     

外源褪黑素对盐碱胁迫下小黑麦种子萌发幼苗生长、抗氧化能力的影响

为了解外源褪黑素对盐碱胁迫条件下小黑麦种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧能力的影响,以小黑麦品种东农96026为材料,通过种子萌发试验和水培试验分析了盐碱胁迫(NaCl、NaHCO3摩尔比1∶1混合)条件下外源褪黑素(浓度200μmol·L^-1)添加后,小黑麦种子萌发指标、生长指标、渗透调节物质含量、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环系统相关酶活性和物质含量的变化。结果表明,外源褪黑素可显著提高盐碱胁迫条件下小黑麦的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,增加幼苗地上部分和根系的生物量,提高根系可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。褪黑素可显著增强盐碱胁迫下小黑麦幼苗单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶及谷胱甘肽还原酶活性,提高AsA和GSH含量及AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值。由此说明,外源褪黑素能促进盐碱胁迫下小黑麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,提高渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,从而有效地缓解盐碱胁迫对小黑麦生长发育的抑制效应。     

外源水杨酸对高温胁迫下小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为探究外源水杨酸(SA)对高温胁迫下小麦产量形成特性的影响,以扬麦18为试验材料,于2018-2020年进行盆栽试验,分别在小麦抽穗期(SAHG)、开花期(SAAG)、花后5 d(SA5G)以及花后10 d(SA10G)对其喷施水杨酸(SA),在灌浆期(花后15～19 d)采用被动式模拟增温方法对其进行高温胁迫,分析不同处理对小麦产量及其相关指标的影响。结果表明,与常温对照(NN)相比,灌浆期高温胁迫(NG)显著降低了小麦的产量和千粒重,不同时期喷施SA显著降低了高温胁迫下产量和千粒重的下降幅度,不同处理缓解效果表现为SAAG>SA5G>SA10G>SAHG。外源SA处理缓解了高温胁迫对小麦不同穗位强、弱势粒粒重的损害,对上部小穗及弱势粒粒重的影响较为显著,从而缓解了高温胁迫下小麦产量的降低。喷施SA显著降低了灌浆期高温胁迫下籽粒蔗糖含量、可溶性糖含量、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性的降低幅度,提高了籽粒中吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)的含量。推测喷施SA通过调控小麦籽粒内源激素水平提高籽粒糖类物质含量,进而缓解高温胁迫对产量影响。     

外源钙及其抑制剂对蝴蝶兰幼苗耐热性的影响

为探讨Ca2+信号参与调节蝴蝶兰耐热性形成的生理机制,采用适宜浓度的外源Ca2+(CaCl2)、胞外Ca2+螯合剂(EGTA)和质膜Ca2+通道抑制剂(LaCl3)溶液喷施蝴蝶兰幼苗植株,以喷施蒸馏水为对照,测定高温胁迫下蝴蝶兰幼苗植株的抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛、渗透调节物质和光合色素含量的变化.结果表明,与对照相比,Ca...     

干旱胁迫下外源海藻糖对糯玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

以苏玉糯5号为供试材料,研究干旱胁迫条件下外源海藻糖对糯玉米幼苗根系和叶片抗氧化系统及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力,喷施外源海藻糖后这两类物质含量增加。干旱胁迫下喷施外源海藻糖增加玉米根系和叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,增强糯玉米幼苗根系和叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等活性,降低超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)、丙二醛(MDA)等含量。外源海藻糖处理下叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、AsA和GSH含量增加幅度大于根系,叶片中丙二醛含量降幅大于根系。表明喷施外源海藻糖缓解干旱胁迫对叶片伤害效果大于根系。干旱胁迫下喷施外源海藻糖能够增强糯玉米抗旱能力,减小干旱伤害。     

不同外源试剂对菜用大豆低温胁迫的调控效应

为了筛选可以有效缓解菜用大豆低温胁迫伤害的外源试剂,并明确其对菜用大豆低温胁迫的调控效应。本试验以菜用大豆品种辽鲜1号为供试品种,以赤霉素、乙烯利、阿魏酸、γ-氨基丁酸、壳聚糖和绿原酸为供试试剂,比较外源试剂对低温胁迫下菜用大豆的抗氧化系统、渗透调节物质和氮代谢的影响,筛选能够增强菜用大豆低温胁迫耐性的外源试剂。结果表明：外源GA₃、GABA处理显著提高了低温胁迫下菜用大豆的抗氧化酶活性,尤其是SOD和CAT活性,并显著提高了AsA和GSH含量,显著降低了超氧阴离子（O^-₂）含量,缓解了菜用大豆受到的氧化损伤。此外,外源GA₃、GABA处理使菜用大豆可溶性糖和蔗糖含量显著增加,增强其细胞保水能力;同时显著提高了菜用大豆氮代谢酶活性,尤其是硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酸合酶（GOGAT）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性,促进菜用大豆氮代谢作用,增强其低温胁迫耐性。由此可知,外源GA₃和GABA处理通过调节抗氧化性、渗透调节物质和氮代谢来缓解菜用大豆的耐冷能力。     

外源抗坏血酸对水稻抗铝生理指标的影响

为探讨外源抗坏血酸(AsA)对水稻的抗铝性能的影响,以'滇优35号'(杂交稻,粳稻)为试验材料,采用溶液培养法研究外源AsA对铝胁迫下水稻根尖H2O2、内源AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,铝胁迫导致水稻根尖可溶性蛋白和内源AsA含量减少,而MDA和H2O2...     

6-BA对Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗渗透调节物质及抗氧化特性的影响

为探讨6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)对Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的调节作用,采用营养液水培法,以小麦品种807为材料,分析了叶面喷施不同浓度的6-BA对Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片中渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物质含量的影响。结果表明,50mg·L-1 HgCl2处理后,小麦幼苗叶片的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著降低。叶面喷施一定浓度的6-BA能够提高Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,显著提高小麦幼苗叶片的POD、SOD活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高小麦幼苗叶片的AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值,从而缓解Hg2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用。叶面喷施10mg·L-1 6-BA对缓解小麦幼苗Hg2+胁迫效果最好。     

外源NO对镧胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

为探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)对稀土元素镧(La)胁迫下植物抗氧化系统的调节机制,采用水培方法,研究了NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对200 μmol·L^-1 La³⁺胁迫下燕麦幼苗生长、La含量及叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响。结果表明,施用100 μmol·L^-1 SNP显著缓解了La³⁺胁迫对燕麦幼苗根长、株高和植株干重的抑制,使叶片过氧化氢和丙二醛含量增幅下降;地上部La含量显著降低,并有效逆转了La³⁺胁迫诱导的还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量的升高,提高了AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值及单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性。表明La胁迫下外源NO可抑制La从根系向地上部的转运,并通过提高抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环相关酶活性及AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值,减轻La胁迫诱导的H₂O₂对燕麦幼苗的伤害。     

Inhibition of growth ofErwinia carotovora in vitro by phenolics

Summary The phenolic acids caffeic, cinnamic, ferulic, salicylic, sinapic, and vanillic, together with scopoletin and coniferyl alcohol, at concentrations of ≤1 mg/ml, variously inhibited growth ofErwinia carotovora in Nutrient Broth buffered to pH 6 by 0.2 M phosphate buffer. Chlorogenic acid at 1 mg/ml did not inhibit growth but it did so in agar diffusion bioassays at high concentrations (3–10 mg/well) probably by lowering of the pH of the agar.     

Induced Effects of Exogenous Phenolic Acids on Allelopathy of a Wild Rice Accession (Oryza longistaminata, S37)

Four exogenous phenolic acids,including salicylic acid,fumalic acid,p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzonic acid,were used to investigate the regulatory effects on allelopathy of a wild rice accession of S37(Oryza longistaminata),which is a known allelopathic rice.The four exogenous phenolic acids induced the enhancement of the allelopathic potential of wild rice S37 in target weeds though the weed-suppressive activities were low,and the inducible effects were dependent on the specific phenolic acid,concentra...     

外源酚酸类物质对一个长雄蕊野生稻材料S37化感效应的调控作用

以长雄蕊野生稻S37为材料,生物测定外源水杨酸(salicylic acid)、阿魏酸(fumalic acid)、香豆酸(p-coumaric acid)和对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid)在不同浓度和诱导时间下对长雄蕊野生稻S37化感抑草效应的影响,以探讨外源酚酸类物质对水稻化感效应的调控作用。结果表明,外源4种酚酸单剂对稗草的抑制活性较低,但能够诱导长雄蕊野生稻S37使其化感抑草效应增强,且这种诱导效应与外源酚酸的种类、浓度和诱导时间显著相关。叶面喷施4种酚酸后,野生稻S37对伴生稗草株高、根长和鲜质量的抑制率显著提高,其中阿魏酸处理组对稗草的抑制作用最强,在剂量为100mg/L时,对稗草株高和鲜质量的抑制率分别高出对照38.12和26.31个百分点。此外,长雄蕊野生稻S37在酚酸处理后不同时间的叶片水提液对稗草的抑制效应存在差异,处理后48h叶片水提液对稗草的抑制作用最强,后逐渐减弱。     

应用分子生物技术筛选台湾花生种原油酸/亚油酸基因型

选用本农场历年来搜集保存的556个花生品系种原,分析ahFAD2A及ahFAD2B基因型。设计ahFAD2AF/R及ahFAD2BF/R引子,进行ahFAD2A及ahFAD2B基因片段检验,可产生826bp之ahFAD2ADNA片段,及658bp之ahFAD2BDNA片段。将ahFAD2A及ahFAD2BPCR产物分别经限制酶Hpy99Ι及Hpy188Ι酶切后,结果受分析的556个品系中,仅E01-146品系之ahFAD2APCR产物无法受限制酶Hpy99Ι酶切;但ahFAD2BPCR产物则受限制酶Hpy188Ι酶切,结果显示E01-146品系同时具有突变基因ahfad2a及ahfad2b。     

Identification of KCS gene family and functional analysis of FAE-like genes from Malania oleifera

KCS(3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase)is the key enzyme catalyzing the first step of very long chain fatty acid(VLCFA)biosynthesis.Studies showed that different KCSs possessed different substrate preference.Malania oleifera are abundance of VLCFAs in its mature seeds,especially the nervonic acid,which is essential for human health.In this study,we identified and characterized 18 KCS genes in M.oleifera genome.Phylogenetic analysis showed that these KCS genes were classified into four subfamilies,including two FAE-like,six KCS-like,eight FDH-like and two CER6.We concentrated on the functional role of two FAE-like genes,Maole003085.T1 and Maole004215.T1 which encoded predicted amino acid residues of 516 and 518 in protein,respectively.Multiple sequence alignment showed that their two proteins contained the known and conserved active sites among FAE-like subfamily.Upon heterologous expression in wild type yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)INVSc1,we found that Maole004215.T1 could produce four new fatty acids including C22:0/C22:1 and C24:0/C24:1,but Maole003085.T1 only produced C22:1.Besides,upon heterologous expression in mutant yeast BY4741-△elo3,we found the Maole003085.T1 could produce C24:0 and C26:0,while the Maole004215.T1 could catalyze the formation of fatty acids C24:0,C26:0 and C28:0.These results showed Maole003085.T1 and Maole004215.T1 had fatty acid elongation activity in yeast,and possessed different substrate preference in the production of different VLCFAs.Interestingly,we found Maole004215.T1 could produce nervonic acid in yeast,which provides molecular basis on the genetic improvement and genic engineering for producing nervonic acid resources by using biotechnological methods.     

Inhibition of polygalacturonase and polygalacturonic acid lyase fromErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora by phenolics in vitro

Summary The phenolic acids benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, salicylic, sinapic, syringic and vanillic together with vanillin, were tested for their ability to inhibit polygalacturonic acid lyase (PL) and polygalacturonase (PG) in culture filtrates ofErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora. None of the compounds inhibited PL at 200 μg/ml, although syringic and sinapic acids caused a 54% and 43% reduction respectively at 400 μg/ml. PG was strongly inhibited by caffeic acid (57% inhibition at 100 μg/ml) and chlorogenic acid caused slight inhibition. Little if any inhibition of PG was caused by benzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, salicylic, sinapic, syringic, and vanillic acids or vanillin. The percentage inhibition of PG by chlorogenic acid was not affected by pH values over the range 4–7.     

In vitro induction of potato tuberization by organic acids

Summary Potato microtubers are usually induced in media containing growth regulatory, typically cytokinins and growth retardants. However, since these substances may imbalance the physiology of the cultured explants and cause adverse carry-over effects on the subsequent performance of the microtubers, the potential acid-induction of in vitro-mass tuberization was investigated as an alternative. For this purpose, a range of explant types (stolons, single-node or apex-containing multinodal sections), organic acids (acetic, propionic, ascorbic, acetylsalicylic or salicylic acid), and photoperiods (continuous dark, 8 or 16 h photoperiod) were established. Gellified medium or raft membranes on liquid medium were also tested. Although variations due to explant type, photoperiod, organic acid supplemented, and medium type were found, all organic acids tested under the different experiments caused tuberization. Multiple tuber formation or bigger tubers did not develop on multinodal explants. In terms of tuberization rate and mean tuber weight, gellified medium performed better than liquid medium with rafts. The recently established role of the salicylic and acetylsalicylic acids on tuberization is corroborated by our system. The results with the acetic, propionic and ascorbic acids show that in vitro hormone-free tuberization can be easily and rapidly achieved.     

Morphological and structural studies of thermally treated starch-fatty acid systems

A series of starch-fatty acid samples were prepared using three types of starches differing in their amylose content i.e. maize, pea and amylomaize and three fatty acids differing in their chain length; i.e. myristic, palmitic and stearic. Two different modes of heating the starch systems were employed; i.e. either prior to the addition of the acid to starch aqueous dispersions or after heating the dispersions at the predetermined temperatures 75, 85 or 98 °C. Light and SEM microscopic examination indicated that amylose-fatty acid interactions taken place during starch gelatinization retarded the destruction of the granules depending on the heating temperature. XRD studies revealed that the degree of crystallinity exhibited by the starch samples was dependent on the amylose content, the fatty acid chain length and the modes of heating employed.