枯草芽孢杆菌在养殖中的应用

目前常用的活菌制剂有枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸杆菌、酵母菌、光合菌、玉垒菌、蜡制杆菌等。其中枯草芽孢杆菌属于对人畜无毒害类细菌 ,国内外允许用于饲养添加剂以内服。它在水中大量繁殖时分泌的胞外酶 ,可把水中及底泥中的蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪等有机物分解、吸收 ,有降低水体富营养化和清除底泥的作用。在作用过程中有机营养一部分转化为细胞物质 ,大部分转化为细菌活动的能量。在其转化过程中 ,氨气、氮气就从水中逸散到大气。用这种方法 ,水中氨氮和硝基氮可除去80 %～ 90 %。另一部分有机营养转化为优势的有益菌体。这些菌体一部分进入食物…     

芽孢杆菌在水产养殖中的研究和应用概况

芽孢杆菌具有稳定性好、抗逆性强、复活率高等自身优势,同时具有防病、促生长、增强机体免疫力、净化水质等作用,已作为微生物饲料添加剂和水质改良剂在我国水产养殖业中得到广泛应用。对芽孢杆菌的常用种类、作用特点及其在水产养殖中的研究和应用进行了概述,讨论了芽孢杆菌作用效果的主要影响因素,并对其在水产养殖中的应用前景进行了展望。     

响应面法优化芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)A4的培养参数

为了提高芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)A4的菌浓度,采用响应面法对其培养参数进行优化。以单因素实验为基础,筛选适合A4菌生长的碳源和氮源,采用Plackett-Burman实验方法确定影响菌浓度的显著因子;通过最陡爬坡实验逼近菌浓度最大值响应稳定区域;最后根据Box-Behnken实验确定显著因子的最佳水平,建立相关参数的回归方程,得到优化培养参数,并以摇瓶培养实验验证理论参数及方程的科学性。结果显示,最适碳源、氮源分别为玉米浆、大豆蛋白,且它们与温度均为显著影响A4菌浓度的因子,其最适水平分别为20.06 g·L~(-1)、13.29 g·L~(-1)、30.26℃。采用优化后的参数进行摇瓶培养(24 h),A4菌浓度达1.19×109CFU·mL~(-1),与理论计算值(1.24×109CFU·mL~(-1))无显著差异(P0.05),但显著高于未优化菌株培养浓度(2.69×107CFU·mL~(-1))(P0.01)。可见,运用响应面法优化芽孢杆菌A4的培养参数,能显著提高A4菌的菌浓度。     

益生素——乳酸芽孢杆菌应用稳定性研究

实验对益生素新产品———乳酸芽孢杆菌的应用稳定性进行了研究。结果表明乳酸芽孢杆菌经90℃、60min湿热处理和100℃、60min干热处理后,其活菌数只下降了一个数量级,具有较强的耐热性,在pH2.2～7.0范围内存活率不受影响,能够耐受胃肠道的酸性环境,具有很好的加工、储存、使用性能,可以开发应用于生产实际。结果还显示乳酸芽孢杆菌对大部分抗生素敏感,实际应用中应尽量避免同时使用抗生素和益生素。     

芽孢杆菌的生产方法及该菌在水产养殖中的应用

生产芽孢杆菌应注意菌种选择、提纯、复壮,保持生产环境清洁,发酵时应注意培养基灭菌、调整pH值、控制温度及发酵时间,产品要低温干燥、密闭存储。芽孢杆菌在水产养殖中可作为饲料添加剂、池塘底质改良剂、水生态稳定剂,具有预防病害等作用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌在罗氏沼虾越冬保种池中的应用

2007年3月在两座罗氏沼虾越冬保种温棚中进行枯草芽孢杆菌制剂改良池水水质试验,经过对水质指标铵氮和亚硝基氮的跟踪测定,认为枯草芽孢杆菌净化水质效果明显。     

池塘芽孢杆菌的筛选、鉴定和生长特性研究

以高产南美白对虾池塘中分离的芽孢杆菌为研究对象,通过筛选和形态学、理化特性以及核酸特征测定,鉴定为凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans,编号为ZJ0519),并对其生长特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,菌株ZJ0519生长最适温度为30～45℃,最适初始pH值为6.0～7.0,并具有广盐性,在盐度为0～30的培养基中都可以生长.此外,菌株ZJ0519发酵液代谢产物有机酸组分分析显示,主要为乳酸和醋酸,其中乳酸产量可达(7.65±0.14)g/L;为B.coagulans作为益牛菌在水产养殖池塘微生态调节中的应用奠定了基础.     

乳酸芽孢杆菌制剂的制备工艺及其在畜牧业上的应用

乳酸芽孢杆菌制剂作为一种新型的饲料添加剂,在畜牧业得到了广泛应用,并给畜牧业的发展带来了促进作用,文章主要针对乳酸芽孢杆菌的定义、作用机制、产品制备工艺和应用现状进行了阐述,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

芽孢杆菌及其在水产养殖中的应用

应用益生菌制成微生态制剂,是近年发展起来的一种新型绿色饲料添加剂。芽孢杆菌比其它益生菌具有更多的优点,因而芽孢杆菌的研究开发与应用受到人们广泛重视。一、芽孢杆菌概述芽孢杆菌(Baciuus)为革兰氏染色阳性,是普遍存在的一类好氧性细菌,多属芽孢杆菌属。芽孢杆菌在制剂中以内生孢子的形式存在,孢子进入肠道后,在肠道上部能迅速复活并分泌活性很强的蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶,有助于降解植物性饲料中某些复杂的碳水化合物,拮抗肠道内的氧气,造成厌氧环境。肠道原籍优势菌大多属厌氧菌,而有害菌和外来菌多为需氧菌,从而有利于维持肠道生…     

芽孢杆菌对弧菌的抑制作用及其应用

采用牛津杯抑菌圈检测法,探讨了4株芽孢杆菌(K、S、BA、SN)代谢产物对溶藻弧菌的抑制能力,用三角烧瓶稀释法模拟养殖水体,探讨了枯草芽孢杆菌SN对溶藻弧菌的抑制效果.结果显示,K、S、BA没有抑菌活性,SN有明显抑菌活性,在模拟养殖水体中,104~l06 cfu/ml的SN溶液对溶藻弧菌有明显的抑制作用,其抑制作用随溶藻弧菌菌量的增大而减弱.进一步尝试用SN培养液来控制鲍养殖池中底栖硅藻上弧菌的数量,104 cfu/ml的SN对弧菌有较好的抑制作用.     

三株芽孢杆菌生长与蛋白酶活性的研究

采用Folin -酚试剂法测定在不同pH值时三株芽孢杆菌Y2 - 2、F14、Y1- 13的酶活力 ,研究细菌生长与蛋白酶活力的关系。结果表明 ,在细菌生长初期 ,蛋白酶活力较小 ,随着细菌生长进入稳定期 ,蛋白酶活力逐渐增大。在同一生长阶段 ,芽孢杆菌发酵液的蛋白酶活力随pH值的增加而增大 ,在pH值为 9时达到最大值。证明该三株菌所产蛋白酶均为碱性蛋白酶 ,其中以Y2 - 2、F14的酶活力基本相当 ,且在整个实验中测得的酶活力均比Y1- 13的酶活力大。     

Improvement of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis population growth dynamics with inclusion of Bacillus spp. probiotics

Due to growing interest in bacterial probiotic incorporation within juvenile marine finfish production, multiple commercial products are currently available. The following trial was conducted to test the effect of incorporation of a commercially available Bacillus spp. probiotic blend (EcoAqua) on population growth dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Incorporation consisted of 0.1 mL L^?1 daily probiotic additions directly to rotifer cultures and 0.1 μL mL^?1 additions to feed mixtures during preparation. Probiotic‐treated cultures’ daily mean populations were found to be significantly greater (P_α(2),4,4 < 0.05) on multiple culture days. This trend was confirmed as significant (P_α(2),1,45 < 0.001) using ancova . Logistic population growth curves fit for each treatment were statistically non‐coincident (P_α(2),5,40 < 0.001). Substantial differences between treatment and control parameter estimates were observed; however, statistical comparisons could not be employed. Population variability was also reduced by probiotic inclusion as evidenced by lack of significant, positive correlation for probiotic daily population standard deviations (r = 0.0022, P = 0.99) and detection of a significant, positive correlation for control absolute value regression residuals (r = 0.50, P = 0.013) with Day of Culture. The tested bacterial probiotic improved rotifer culture population dynamics, suggesting potential production benefits from its utilization.     

Quality of Kapi,Salted Shrimp Paste of Thailand,Inoculated with Bacillus spp. K-C3

The use of Bacillus spp. K-C3, isolated from commercial Kapi, salted shrimp paste of Thailand, as the starter culture for Kapi production, at different levels including 10², 10⁴, and 10⁶ CFU/g dry weight sample named Kapi-B2, Kapi-B4, and Kapi-B6, respectively, in comparison with naturally fermented Kapi (Kapi-C) was studied. All inoculated samples exhibited higher extent of proteolysis and lipolysis as indicated by higher trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptide, degree of hydrolysis, and free fatty acid content in the final products. The greater rate of fermentation in the inoculated samples directly affected characteristics of Kapi and yielded Kapi with browner color and enhanced lipid oxidation as indicated by peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values. Increased antioxidative properties, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), were obtained in Kapi with added inoculum. Moreover, those inoculated samples also contained higher intensity of volatile compounds, in which N-containing compounds, mainly pyrazine derivatives, were dominant. Kapi-B4 and Kapi-B6 showed the highest extent of these aforementioned values compared with Kapi-C and Kapi-B2. Therefore, inoculation with Bacillus spp. K-C3 at the level higher than 10⁴ CFU/g dry weight sample is a potential means to accelerate the fermentation rate and yielded Kapi with preferable characteristics.     

Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia

Use of antibiotics for the control of bacterial diseases in shrimp culture has caused several adverse impacts to the industry. This has resulted in the search for alternative environment friendly approaches to overcome bacterial infections. This study was conducted to investigate the use of beneficial bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Ten pathogenic bacterial species isolated from shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and Artemia cysts were tested for susceptibility to indigenous marine Bacillus subtilis AB65, Bacillus pumilus AB58, Bacillus licheniformis AB69 and compared with oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and bacitracin, which are common antibiotics used in Asian aquaculture. The Bacillus spp. were isolated from the local marine environment for bioremediation use in shrimp hatcheries and were proven to reduce total ammonium nitrogen. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were 90% susceptible to B. subtilis AB65, 70% susceptible to B. pumilus AB58 and B. licheniformis AB69 and 100% susceptible to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and gentamicin but only 40% to bacitracin. Two representative isolates of the vibrio group, Vibrio alginolyticus VaM11 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus VpM1, when tested for competitive exclusion by a common broth method using the marine Bacillus spp., showed decreased viable counts from 10(8) to 10(2) cfu mL(-1). The results suggest that the action of the marine bacteria appears to be significant in protecting the host shrimp against pathogenic bacteria. In addition to the alternative use of antibiotics, the selected marine bacteria had additional bioremediation properties of reducing ammonia.     

挪威渔业概况

本文主要介绍挪威最近几年海洋渔业、水产养殖、水产品加工、水产品出口、渔业管理体系和渔业科研教育的情况,供有关单位参阅。     

台湾渔业发展概况

本文从统计数学、养殖模式及教育科研三方面简要介绍台湾渔业发展概况。     

巴西水产养殖业概况

本文介绍了巴西东西南北各区域的养殖现状,并对有意前去投资开发的企业提出需要解决的问题。     

Evaluating the probiotic potential and adhesion characteristics of Bacillus spp. isolated from the intestine of Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski

Probiotics have been widely used in aquaculture worldwide especially in China as antibiotics have been banned in aquaculture. In the present study, 27 potential strains were isolated from Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski intestinal tract towards the assessment of their probiotic potential. Two potential probiotics were finally screened from the 27 candidate strains according to the results of enzyme-producing ability, in vitro against pathogens ability and antibiotic sensitivity test. The 2 potential probiotics were identified and confirmed on the basis of their colony morphology, biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequencing. The probiotic strains, LSG2-3–2 and LSG3-6, were identified to be Bacillus methylotrophicus and B. tequilensis, respectively. Further studies showed that LSG2-3–2 and LSG3-6 had excellent tolerance to high temperature (80℃), low pH (3–5), bile salts (0.3%), intestinal juice (10%), and gastric juice (0.5%). The adhesion rates of LSG2-3–2 and LSG3-6 in the in vitro intestinal mucosal adhesion model were 17.74% and 24.04%, respectively. Analysis of their bacteria surface adhesive proteins revealed that the lectins on the bacterial surface of LSG2-3–2 and LSG3-6 were mainly protein and glycoprotein properties, respectively. The adhesion receptor components in the mucus proteins of the two strains were all protein properties. The results of the inhibitory adhesion test indicated that LSG3-6 had a higher inhibitory effect on Aeromonas hydrophila and LSG2-3–2 had a better inhibitory effect on A. veronii. The biosafety assay confirmed that the isolates were not pathogenic to the host fish. Based on the presently observed characteristic features, it can be concluded that LSG2-3–2 (B. methylotrophicus) and LSG3-6 (B. tequilensis) retrieved from the digestive tract of R. lagowskii can be used for the healthy breeding and disease prevention of R. lagowskii.

     

埃及水产养殖概况--赴埃及参加水产养殖培训考察报告

2007年9月～12月,笔者赴埃及参加了由埃及国际农业中心举办的水产养殖发展(Fish Culture Development)培训班.本文根据此次参加培训了解到的情况,对埃及的水产养殖情况作一介绍.     

Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The effect of the addition of Bacillus probiotic during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was examined in three separate experiments: (I) Nauplius_4‐5 to Zoea₃, which were exposed to probiotic in the water (P_w), only in the microalgae (P_m), in the water and microalgae (P_wm) and a control with no probiotic (C); (II) Mysis₁ to Mysis₃, which were exposed to probiotic in the water (P_w), only in Artemia (P_a), in the water and Artemia (P_wa) and a control (C); (III) PL₁ to PL₁₀, which were exposed to similar treatments for mysis experiment. The use of probiotic Bacillus spp. resulted in an increase in the survival and growth of zoea and mysis phases, especially when the probiotic was added only in the water. For postlarvae, the use of the probiotic had no influence on the zootechnical parameters, however, there was a reduction in the count of presumptive Vibrio both for water and shrimp.