猪圆环病毒2型10JS-2株的分离与全基因组序列分析

本试验从江苏某猪场采集猪血清,进行猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)的检测和分离,根据GenBank中登录的PCV2全基因组序列,设计1对特异性引物,扩增PCV2全基因组,并且进行序列测定和分析。发现一株PCV2 10JS-2的基因组全长为1779 nt,在病毒复制起始区域含有11个碱基的插入。在GenBank中对含有11个碱基插入的毒株序列进行BLAST发现,有两株PCV2(AY321993和EF565360)也有11个碱基的插入,但是与10JS-2比较,插入的碱基和插入的位置不同。遗传进化分析显示10JS-2属于PCV2a基因型,AY321993和EF565360属于PCV2b基因型,因此推断10JS-2可能是由PCV2a基因型的毒株在复制起始区域发生碱基插入形成的。这是首次发现此类PCV2毒株。     

四川地区腹泻仔猪群猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型分子流行病学调查

为了解四川地区腹泻仔猪群中猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV2)的感染情况,本实验采用PCR方法对病料样品进行PCV2检测,并对分离的病毒DNA进行测序及生物信息学分析。结果显示PCV2感染率为71.6%(312/436),阳性结果中肠系膜淋巴结检出率为100%(312/312)。将扩增并测序的19条PCV2序列与Gene Bank中23株参考序列比较分析,构建了系统进化树,结果表明四川省腹泻仔猪群感染PCV2基因型主要为PCV2b、PCV2d基因型。针对PCV2高频突变ORF2基因编码的Cap蛋白氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析,结果显示主要抗原表位氨基酸位点存在替换,进而引起抗原漂移,这可能促使PCV2免疫原性发生改变。本研究为四川地区PCV2的防制奠定了基础。     

广西某市屠宰猪淋巴结猪圆环病毒3型的病原检测及遗传演化分析

为了解猪圆环病毒3型(PCV3)在广西地区健康猪群中的遗传变异情况,对广西某市屠宰场健康猪的181份淋巴结进行PCV3的病原检测,结果 PCV3阳性率为24.31%。这说明在健康屠宰猪群中PCV3的感染率较高,带毒情况较为严重。对其中的阳性样品进行全序列扩增,最终得到6条PCV3全基因组序列。将试验所得PCV3全基因组序列与GenBank上已发表的国内外毒株全基因组序列相比较,结果发现PCV3全基因组相似性为98.6%~99.9%,变异程度低,较为保守;对PCV3ORF2基因进行遗传演化分析,发现PCV3毒株可分为两大型。通过对PCVs(PCV1、PCV2和PCV3)Cap蛋白相似性进行比对分析,推测PCV2与PCV3不具有交叉保护性。     

犬的病料中检测到猪圆环病毒3型

为进一步弄清我国犬是否感染猪圆环病毒3型(porcine circovirus 3,PCV3),本试验对山东省青岛市某宠物医院采集发病犬的48份样品进行PCV3荧光PCR检测,发现7份病料呈现明显阳性,对这7株阳性样品继续用普通PCR扩增,有3份可以扩增出228 bp的特异性条带。这些条带测序后与圆环病毒的其他参考序列进行同源性分析,结果显示这3份样品的病毒序列与其他PCV3参考序列处于同一个进化分支,与PCV3的同源性为93.3%～99.5%,表明我国犬确实存在PCV3感染。     

河北北部猪圆环病毒2型流行毒株的遗传变异分析

为了掌握河北北部地区猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)流行病学特点和遗传变异情况,应用PCR检测方法对2015—2017年间收集的河北北部猪场86份临床病料进行PCV2检测,并对阳性毒株的全基因进行扩增、克隆和测序。结果显示,86份临床样品中,有38份样品为PCV2阳性,阳性率为44.19%,选取11株进行病毒全基因扩增,并利用序列比对软件进行遗传变异分析发现,11株病毒之间同源性为95.9%～99.9%,与各参考毒株之间同源性为93.5%～99.9%。在遗传进化关系上,11株病毒分别处于2个分支:PCV2b和PCV2d,表明河北北部地区PCV2流行比较广泛,并且以PCV2b和PCV2d毒株流行为主。本研究充实了河北北部地区PCV2流行病学调查资料,也为河北PCV2疫苗株的研发和选择提供了依据。     

猪圆环病毒3型Cap蛋白序列的生物信息学研究

猪圆环病毒3型(PCV3)是一种在世界范围内分布较广泛的新型猪病毒,其发病机制尚不清楚。为系统分析PCV3 Capsid(Cap)蛋白序列和结构特点,收集Gen Bank登录的来自不同国家和地区的210条PCV3全基因组和Cap蛋白基因序列,筛选获得46株PCV3代表序列;采用生物信息学(Bio Edit和MAGE 6.0等)技术分析PCV3 Cap序列同源性、结构特点、系统进化和热点突变位点情况。结果表明:46株PCV3 Cap序列同源性为97.66%～100%,PCV3 Cap预测的8个B细胞和10个T细胞表位中均存在序列突变,其中B细胞抗原表位E (109～146位氨基酸)和T细胞抗原表位D(72～81位氨基酸)存在的突变位点数最多。研究发现26株属于PCV3a,20株属于PCV3b。PCV3与PCV2 Cap序列比较分析发现,PCV3 Cap在NLS区域内有6处突变(R11K、R12K、H26M、R27K、V31A和R34K); PCV3 Cap序列间比对分析发现,PCV3b Cap序列出现突变的几率(17/20,85%)高于PCV3a (19/26,73%)。而从临床表现有繁殖障碍和死胎的样品中检测出的PCV3序列均存在S77T和I150L突变位点;从伴有发热、肺炎的仔猪以及肺匀浆样本检测出的PCV3序列中均有R10K突变位点,这些特定的突变位点与临床症状的关系需后续深入研究。本研究结果为PCV3基因功能、进化、预防和控制等研究提供重要序列信息。     

近两年我国猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型流行病学调查

猪圆环病毒(PCV)发现于1982年,属于圆环病毒科、圆环病毒属,是已知最小的动物病毒之一。根据猪圆环病毒的致病性、抗原性及核苷酸序列,将其分为PCV1和PCV2两个型,其中PCV1无致病性,而PCV2被认为是新生乳猪先天性颤抖的病原,可     

猪圆环病毒3型引起母猪流产病例的诊断与分析

研究旨在对猪圆环病毒3型（PCV3）引起母猪流产病例进行诊断和分析。试验对某养殖场母猪流产胎儿进行细菌分离、提取DNA/RNA,并利用PCR/RT-PCR检测技术进行检测。结果显示,母猪流产胎儿猪瘟病毒（CSFV）、猪蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）、猪伪狂犬病病毒（PrV）、猪乙脑病毒（JEV）、猪细小病毒（PPV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）均呈阴性,仅PCV3为阳性。PCV3阳性PCR产物进行基因测序,发现其核苷酸序列与其他PCV3存在较高的同源性,相似度超过98%。研究表明,PCV3可能为此次母猪流产的主要病因。     

近两年我国猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型流行病学调查

猪圆环病毒（PCV）发现于1982年,属于圆环病毒科、圆环病毒属,是已知最小的动物病毒之一。根据猪圆环病毒的致病性、抗原性及核苷酸序列,将其分为PCV1和PCV2两个型,其中PCV1无致病性,而PCV2被认为是新生乳猪先天性颤抖的病原,     

猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型ORF2基因的克隆及序列分析

参照已发表的猪圆环病毒II型(Porcinecircovirustype2,PCV2)基因序列,设计合成了一对引物,对PCV2北京株(Shy)ORF2基因进行PCR扩增,产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,呈现一条约720bp的特异条带,将其回收后克隆入pGEM-TEasy载体中,并进行序列测定,与加拿大PCV2株(基因序列号AF027217)ORF2基因比较发现,核苷酸的同源性达99.3%,氨基酸的同源性为98.3%,证实为PCV2-ORF2基因。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein