大渡河上游生计方式的时空格局与土地利用/覆被变化

该文以大渡河上游壤塘县、马尔康县和金川县为例,在野外考察、农户调查、历史资料分析的基础上,利用遥感、地理信息系统等多种手段,研究了该区1950～2000年生计方式的时空格局和1967～2000年的土地利用/覆被变化过程。结果表明：在河谷区、中山区、林区和牧区,居民生计方式的演变具有不同的特点。随着生计方式的演变,大渡河上游具有多样的土地利用/覆被变化过程。1980年代以后,该区不同地带劳动力向二三产业的转移具有显著的差异,居民对环境退化具有不同的响应方式。该研究还表明,生态脆弱区社会经济发展和生态重建的关键在于改变居民的生计方式,促进劳动力向二三产业转移。     

黄土高原流域土地利用/覆被动态演变及驱动力分析

该文采用土地资源数量变化模型和土地利用/覆被状态指数,研究了甘肃天水罗玉沟流域近20多年来土地利用/覆被的演变及驱动机制。研究结果表明：1986－2004年间,流域内坡耕地急剧减少、梯田迅速增加,林地和果园面积稳步提升。从土地利用类型转移变化看,梯田的转入速度略小于转出速度,为双向高速转换下的平衡状态;而灌木林转入速度小于转出速度,有规模减少的趋势。该地区土地利用类型在前期（1986－1995年）变化程度比后期（1995－2004年）更为剧烈。除特殊的地形地貌和气候因素外,政策、人口增长和经济发展等因素共同驱动土地利用类型的演变,特别实施天然林保护工程和退耕还林工程后,该地区土地利用状况有所好转。     

珠江三角洲土地利用/覆盖变化对地表温度的影响

Remote sensing and geographic information systems （GIS） technologies were used to detect land use/cover changes （LUCC） and to assess their impacts on land surface temperature （LST） in the Zhujiang Delta. Multi-temporal Landsat TM and Landsat ETM＋ data were employed to identify patterns of LUCC as well as to quantify urban expansion and the associated decrease of vegetation cover. The thermal infrared bands of the data were used to retrieve LST, The results revealed a strong and uneven urban growth, which caused LST to raise 4.56℃ in the newly urbanized part of the study area. Overall, remote sensing and GIS technologies were effective approaches for monitoring and analyzing urban growth patterns and evaluating their impacts on LST.     

近10 a青海高原东部土地利用/覆被变化及碳效应

近年来在人类活动的影响下,青海高原东部土地覆盖变化显著,为揭示区域土地利用/覆被变化及其对环境的影响,促进区域可持续发展,以青海高原东部农业区为研究区,采用多时相Landsat TM卫星遥感数据,分析该区域1999－2009年的土地利用格局转变以及由此引起的碳效应变化,以期为青海高原东部土地利用结构与空间配置的低碳优化、科学管理与规划提供参考。首先,利用土地利用变化强度指数分析了青海高原海东市近10 a来的土地利用类型间的变化强度及方向;其次,对研究区主要的8种土地利用转移类型引起的碳效应进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：近10 a来,退耕还林/草等生态工程与西部开发战略的实施,使区域土地利用呈现"3增2减"的整体变化,即林地、建设用地和未利用地面积呈上升趋势,分别增加约67%、56%和1.14%,耕地、草地面积减少,分别减少30%和12%;由于建设用地的扩张,耕地非农化导致的碳排放量增加373.60万t,生态的正向演变（退耕还林/草;草地转林地）和建设用地的复垦退出引起的总碳汇量增加156.04万t,生态的逆向演变（林地/草地转变成耕地;林地转变成草地）引起的碳汇量损失22.85万t。近10 a来区域土地利用/覆被变化导致的碳排放增量高出碳汇增量240.41万t,说明自然和人文因素共同驱动的土地利用变化对青海高原东部的碳平衡和可持续发展产生显著影响。     

Land use change and land degradation in China from 1991 to 2001

China has long been experiencing intense land use/cover changes (LUCC). Undesirable land use/cover changes have resulted in widespread land degradation. This study examines the temporal and spatial dynamics of land use change and land degradation as evident from land use survey datasets (1991–2001). Six prominent land degradation processes were identified, namely: desertification, secondary salinisation, loss of agricultural use, deforestation, grassland degradation and loss of wetland. Rates of conversion were calculated and distribution patterns were mapped with the aid of GIS. The results showed that these land use changes have affected the wider environment and accelerated land degradation. It provided a more complete and up‐to‐date picture of China's land degradation which helps to develop improved conservation policies that combat land degradation and promote sustainable land management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐池县土地利用/覆被变化的人文因素分析

以位于我国西部风沙区的盐池县为研究区域,利用土地利用现状变更调查和社会经济统计数据,建立土地利用/覆被变化的人文因素指标体系.用多元线性回归分析与灰色关联分析法,分析了盐池县土地利用/覆被变化的人口、贫富状况、社会经济、技术、政策、文化观念因素,以及土地利用/覆被变化的人文主导指标.结果表明:1)盐池县土地利用以耕地、...     

Local faces,global flows: The role of land use and land cover in global environmental change

The emergence of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) as one of the major themes within the global environmental change research community poses a series of difficult but not insurmountable problems. LUCC takes place incrementally through the operation of sets of human and biophysical forces largely specific to the locale in question, but cumulatively LUCC contributes significantly to global environmental change. Linking LUCC to global change requires the cooperation of the natural and social sciences to bridge the local to global dynamics involved. The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme are undertaking the development of an international research project with such aims in mind. This project seeks to improve understanding of LUCC dynamics by balancing the need for a nuanced understanding at the local level with the need from improved regional and global LUCC models. The rudiments of this effort and some of problems confronting it are outlined here.     

Impacts of land use/cover change on soil properties in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of deforestation on physical and chemical properties of soils under native forest in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan. Land use/cover maps of 1953, 1978 and 2002 were interpreted and analysed within GIS to quantify the shift from forest to rainfed cultivation. Six sites were sampled in a non‐changed forest and in cultivated fields, three for each. Different soil properties of texture, bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), phosphorous and potassium were analysed. Results showed that many forests were changed into cultivated lands at a rate more than the reforestation. Subsequently, adverse effects on the studied physical and chemical properties were observed. The most affected properties were particle size distribution, bulk density of surface soil and subsoil. Organic matter and CEC decreased in cultivated soil as compared to the forest soil. Cultivated soils were found to exhibit a significantly lower status in physical and chemical soil properties as compared to forest soils. This general decline in the soil physical and chemical properties, in turn, contributed to soil erosion, reduction of soil fertility and land degradation. There is an urgent need to improve soil quality by developing sustainable land use practices to reduce the rate of soil degradation and to ensure long‐term sustainability of the farming system in the study area and in similar biophysical settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于遥感的蒸散发及地表温度对LUCC响应的研究

探讨土地利用/覆盖类型变化(LUCC)对地表温度(LST)和计算蒸散发(ET)的影响,进而了解LUCC对水资源消耗的影响。利用Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据,解译获取山东省垦利县1987年和2000年的LUCC信息,并利用单窗算法和SEBAL模型分别反演LST,ET。研究发现：由于经济的快速发展,导致1987到2000年13年间山东省垦利县的土地利用/覆盖变化极为显著,变化面积达到总面积的36.12%;土地利用/覆盖的特点基本控制了研究区域的LST和ET的区域分布特点,滨海滩涂、沼泽地、水体的LST值低,而ET值高;建设用地和盐碱地的LST值高,ET值低。不同土地利用/覆盖类型下的各LST和ET基本都表现为单峰型变化。1987年和2000年LST的频率分布特征大体一致,但2000年的各地类LST的分布范围比1987年的LST分布范围变宽。ET的分布变化没有呈现出这个特征,2000年各类型的日ET量都大于1987年的日ET量,两个时期都表现为水体的ET最大,农田次之,建设用地的ET最小。且不同土地利用/覆盖类型下ET和LST之间都存在明显的反相关关系。     

喀斯特山区土地利用/覆被变化情景模拟

该文运用CLUE-S模型模拟研究了贵州中部猫跳河流域在不同情景模式下未来十年内土地覆被的空间变化情况。根据研究区土地覆被结构的现状以及影响土地覆被变化的宏观因素，作者设计了生态安全目标、粮食安全目标、经济发展目标以及综合发展目标等4种可能出现的情景。结果表明，在不同土地利用情景下，猫跳河流域未来十年的土地覆被格局及其效应存在明显的差别。生态安全目标情景能在较大程度上改善流域的生态环境，但会对流域的粮食安全构成较大的威胁。粮食安全目标情景能够保障流域的粮食安全，但会导致区域生态环境质量下降。经济发展目标模式可充分保障经济建设用地的需求，但会威胁到流域的粮食安全。综合发展目标情景比较全面地考虑到了流域经济发展、生态保护以及粮食安全等需要，是研究区未来较为可取的土地利用模式。     

三门峡水库回水变动区土地利用/土地覆被变化及其景观格局分析

该文针对三门峡水库回水变动区水位变动情况,借助RS、GIS技术对潼关以下库区1987～2002年间典型年的汛期和非汛期土地利用/土地覆被变化情况进行了分析;并基于景观生态学理论和方法,对研究区生态系统景观格局随水位变动的变化情况进行了分析。其结果表明：研究区内河流与耕地面积在汛期和非汛期均呈减小趋势,而裸地的面积却逐渐增大,林地面积不论是在汛期还是在非汛期,其波动都不大。季节性淹水区内各生态系统除砾石滩地面积略有增加外,其他类型的面积均有所减少,受水位变动的影响较大;台地和阶地区内耕地面积有所减少,但草地和裸地面积有大幅度的增加,表明在水位变动的影响下草地分布的高程有所升高;其他生态系统类型受水位变动的影响不大。景观格局分析表明：研究区景观多样性、景观均匀度均呈下降趋势,生态系统正朝单一性、不均匀化的方向发展;景观破碎度略有增加;相对优势度也有一定的增加,研究区受阶地上各生态系统类型的支配程度正在增强。     

元谋干热河谷土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响(简报)

为了研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响,该文以金沙江干熟河谷的元谋县为例,采用遥感与地理信息系统技术,利用LANDSAT TM影像,分析从1986～2000年间的土地利用变化情况,根据谢高地的生态服务价值系数对区域土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值进行评估,并对其进行了敏感系数(CS)分析.结果表明:研究区在1986～2000年之间,耕地、草地、水域和未利用土地面积均呈现减少的趋势,而林地和建设用地面积呈增加趋势;元谋县2000年的生态系统服务价值比1986年有所提高,土地利用变化使研究区生态资产增加了0.0399亿元,这主要是林地面积增加以及林地的生态价值系数最高的原因所至;敏感性系数分析表明本研究采用的谢高地生态价值系数是合理的.     

Land‐use change and urbanization of Adana,Turkey

This study analyses land‐use/land‐cover (LULC) changes in Adana city, Turkey, using satellite data of 1984 and 2000. Study of the expansion of the city over adjacent agricultural fields and semi‐natural areas was the major focus. The satellite images were classified using supervised classification prior to comparison of LULC on two different dates. The change map was produced by pixel‐to‐pixel comparison of the classified images. Urban and built‐up area increased by a factor of 2ċ07 during the 16 years; about 30 per cent on agricultural land and 70 per cent on previously semi‐natural land. Permanent immigration and urban development strategies were the main driving forces. Some policy perspectives are also given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕北黄土高原地区土地利用/覆被分类及验证

陕北地区自退耕还林工程实施以来,区域土地覆被发生巨大变化,退耕后土地利用/覆被分类有利于实现退耕前后土地利用/覆被动态监测,评价退耕还林工程进展程度。该文在前人分类系统的基础上,通过对研究区不同土地覆被类型分布特征的实地调查,首先构建了适合陕北地区的土地覆被分类系统;其次依照上述分类系统,以MODIS/NDVI数据、DEM数据和陆面温度数据为依据,采用决策树分类方法对2008年陕北地区土地覆被进行分类;最后采用野外调查数据和Google Earth高分辨率遥感数据,利用误差矩阵的方法对分类结果的整体精度和典型区域不同土地覆被类型的区分精度进行验证。结果表明,基于上述方法的土地覆被分类不仅反映了土地覆被分布的整体情况,而且不同的土地覆被类型之间也得到较好的区分。     

Evaluating urbanization,fragmentation and land use/land cover change pattern in Istanbul city,Turkey from 1971 TO 2002

Spatiotemporal analysis of landscape dynamics is crucial in formulating an appropriate set of actions in landscape management. This paper presents a large scale analysis of the spatiotemporal structure of Istanbul, a highly urbanized city in Turkey, from 1971 to 2002 using forest cover type maps analysed with geographical information systems (GIS) and a spatial statistics programme. The quantitative evidence indicated that increasing population and expanding urbanization caused drastic changes to the temporal and spatial dynamics of land use/land cover pattern in Istanbul. There was a net increase of 5387·3 ha in total forested areas (1·0 per cent) due to mainly reforestation activities even though the population increased three times over a 31‐year period. Increase in number of patches and decrease in mean patch size together demonstrated that the landscape developed into a more fragmented structure that would negatively affect biodiversity and the resilience of the ecosystems. In conclusion, plain increase in forest areas may not always be a favourable situation. The quality, composition and the configuration of forest landscape should also be analysed to present the dynamics of ecosystem in terms of ecological and economical sustainability over a longer time and larger area. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多时间尺度小流域侵蚀产沙对土地利用/覆被格局的变化响应

为阐明多时间尺度小流域侵蚀产沙对土地利用/覆被格局的变化响应机制，该研究基于吕二沟流域1982-2020年逐日降雨、水沙实测资料和土地利用/覆被数据，综合运用 K-均值聚类法、多元回归分析等方法，从年际和年内月际2个时间尺度对比分析了不同土地利用/覆被格局下的流域侵蚀产沙变化及其与泥沙连通性指数的关系。结果表明：1）1982-2020年间，吕二沟流域由耕地为主体向农林草复合结构转变、泥沙连通性指数显著下降，可将整个研究期划分为1982-1985年、1986-1990年、1991-2000年和2001-2020年共4个阶段，分别对应土地利用/覆被格局Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ。2）随着以林草地增加为主的土地利用/覆被变化，流域产流、产沙能力减弱。相较土地利用/覆被格局Ⅰ，土地利用/覆被格局Ⅳ的年均径流深显著降低；后期土地利用/覆被格局（Ⅲ和Ⅳ）下的汛期月产流产沙能力显著小于前期（土地利用/覆被格局Ⅰ）。3）基于月降雨量、月最大日降雨量和月侵蚀性降雨日数3个降雨指标，可将研究期内的汛期月降雨划分为4种类型：小雨量、弱侵蚀性的A型，中雨量、弱侵蚀性的B型，大雨量、中侵蚀性的C型，大雨量、强侵蚀性的D型；在大雨量中侵蚀性的C型降雨下，不同土地利用/覆被格局间的月际径流深和产沙模数均不存在显著差异。年际和月际尺度下，小流域产沙模数均与泥沙连通性指数呈指数递增关系，但C雨型下的关系减弱。研究为干旱半干旱区流域土地利用/覆被格局优化配置和功能提升提供科学依据。     

锡林浩特市土地利用/覆盖变化研究

利用1995年和2000年的土地利用/覆盖数据,对锡林浩特市的土地利用/覆盖变化进行了研究。结果表明:1995—2000年间,锡林浩特草场资源退化趋势明显,高覆盖度草场明显减少,中、低覆盖度草场以及未利用地不断增加,草场资源向着恶性方向发展。此外,城镇扩展,毁草开荒等人类活动也破坏了大量优质草场。由于人类的不合理利用,研究区的景观格局日益破碎化,其中草地景观要素破碎化明显。草地资源是锡林浩特市社会经济发展和生态环境建设的关键,其不断退化和破碎已经成为严重社会经济和生态环境问题,影响着该区农牧业的正常生产和生态环境的持续发展,急需解决。     

Evaluating land use/land cover changes and fragmentation in the Camili forest planning unit of northeastern Turkey from 1972 to 2005

Changes in land use/land cover have important consequences on the management of natural resources including soil and water quality, global climatic systems and biodiversity. This study analysed the spatial and temporal pattern of land use/land cover change in the Camili forest planning unit that includes the Camili Biosphere Reserve Area within the Caucasian hotspot, in the northeast corner of Turkey. To assess the patterns during a 33‐year period, the necessary data were obtained from forest stand maps and evaluated with Geographic Information Systems and FRAGSTATS. Results showed that the total forested areas increased from 19 946·5 ha (78·6% of the study area) in 1972 to 20 797·3 ha (81·9 per cent) in 2005 with a slight net increase of 851 ha. Softwood cover types (411·8 ha) completely transitioned to other cover types over 33‐year period. In terms of spatial configuration, the total number of forest fragments increased from 172 to 608, and mean size of forest patch (MPS) decreased from 147·7 ha to 41·8 ha during the period. Nearly 84 per cent of the patches in 1972 and 93 per cent of them in 2005 generally seem to concentrate into 0–100 ha patch size class, indicating more fragmented landscape over time that might create a risk for the maintenance of biodiversity of the area. There were apparent trends in the temporal structure of forest landscape, some of which may issue from mismanagement of the area, social conflict, and illegal utilization of forest resources due to ineffective forest protection measurements. The study revealed that it is important to understand both spatial and temporal changes of land use/land cover and their effects on landscape pattern to disclose the implications for land use planning and management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of land use/cover change on surface runoff in Shenzhen region,China

Shenzhen is one of the special economic zones in China. It has been growing rapidly from rural land to an industrial city since the mid-1980s. With the process of urbanization, flooding has become a threat to the security of the city area. In this study, Buji River basin in Shenzhen Region was selected to investigate the effect of urbanization on surface runoff and peak discharge. Land use data were obtained from LANDSAT images in 1980, 1988, 1994, and 2000, and surface runoff in the same period was simulated by SCS model. Results showed that urbanization played an important factor intensifying the flood process. Increase of urbanized land and decrease of farmland might be the main reasons for increasing runoff. At 10%, 50% and 90% rainfall probability (the rainfall probability of 10% means 10-year return period of moist year, 2-year return period of normal year and 10-year return period of dry year), the increase of runoff coefficient was 12.6%, 20.7% and 33.5% respectively under relatively dry soil moisture condition, however, and the value was 2.5%, 4.3% and 6.9% respectively under relatively wet soil moisture condition. Urbanization led to obvious increase in the maximum flood discharge and decrease in runoff confluence time. At 1%, 2% and 5% rainfall probability, the increase of the maximum flood discharge was 20.2%, 23.0% and 28.9% respectively, under relatively dry soil moisture condition. The corresponding value was 1.3%, 1.6% and 2.6% respectively under relatively wet soil moisture condition. Due to urbanization in the past 20 years, runoff coefficient increased 13.4% and the maximum flood discharge increased 12.9% on average.     

Temporal and spatial changes of soil erosion under land use and land cover change based on Chinese soil loss equation in the typical watershed on the Loess Plateau

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) directly affect the temporal and spatial change of soil erosion. As a typical governance watershed in the hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau, the Jiuyuangou watershed has experienced significant LULCC in the past 10 years due to conversion of farmland to forests, economic construction, and cropland abandonment. However, the evolution process of soil erosion change and LULCC in the watershed is unclear, as is the relationship between the two. This study used satellite images to extract information on LULCC in the watershed and the Chinese soil loss equation (CSLE) model to evaluate the temporal and spatial evolution of soil erosion in the watershed from 2010 to 2020. The main results showed that (1) the continuous vegetation restoration project in the watershed reduced soil erosion from 2010 to 2015; however, the increased frequency of extreme rainfall events after 2015 reduced its impact. The annual average soil erosion modulus decreased from 10.85 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 2010 to 8.03 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 2015 but then increased to 10.57 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 2020; (2) the main land use and land cover (LULC) type in the Jiuyuangou watershed is grassland, accounting for 62% of the total area, followed by forestland, cropland, buildings, and water. Cropland has the largest multi-year average soil erosion modulus, followed by grassland and buildings, with forestland having the smallest; (3) significant spatial correlations occurred between soil erosion change and LULCC for common ‘no change’ and common ‘gain’ in the settlements, roads, and areas near the human influences with good soil and water conservation, but not other regions due to the influence of climatic factors (heavy rain events). Thus, we should repair terraces, control dams in the watershed, and actively conserve water and soil. This study provides a scientific reference for planning and managing water and soil conservation and ecological environment construction in the watershed.