Lectin Histochemistry of Glycoconjugates in Horse Salivary Glands

The glycoconjugate content of major horse salivary glands was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectins. Qualitative differences were observed in the terminal sugar residues of secretory glycoproteins and glycoconjugates linked to the apical surface of excretory duct epithelial cells. Mucous acinar cells in mandibular and sublingual glands contained oligosaccharides with D-galactose, α- and β-N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose residues, whereas mandibular, sublingual and parotid serous cells contained only oligosaccharides with terminal α- and β-N-acetylgalactosamine residues. The apical portion of striated and interlobular duct lining cells of mandibular and sublingual glands stained for α- and β-N-acetylgalactosamine and for N-acetylglucosamine. In parotid gland the cytoplasm of intercalated duct cells and the apical surface of striated duct epithelial cells stained for α-N-acetylgalactosamine.     

酶联免疫吸附试验夹心法检测梅花鹿狂犬病病毒抗原的研究

以马抗狂犬病固定毒抗体建立的酶联免疫吸附试验夹心法,检测了动物脑组织中的梅花鹿狂犬病病毒抗原。对已知阳性和阴性鼠脑抗原的检测表明,本法具有敏感、特异、快速,简便等特点。实验室检测了50份阳性鼠脑抗原及40份阴性鼠脑抗原,其消光值(OD值)均数(X)分别为0.928和0.209。对5只鹿、3头牛和4只羊脑组织的检测结果皆与其它诊断结果相符;对15只犬的检测发现,其敏感性远远高于补体结合试验的敏感性。     

动物唾液腺功能组分研究进展

动物在长期进化过程中,其唾液腺经过不断演化而分泌具有各种生理活性的功能组分,并对机体产生多重作用.随着生物毒素成为新的研究热点,近年来对动物唾液腺分泌功能组分的研究也越来越深入.在吸血节肢动物、无颌类动物、有毒动物以及吸血蝙蝠的唾液腺分泌物中不断发现大量新的功能组分,其中包括抗凝、抗炎、抗肿瘤和抑菌等多种活性分子.除了...     

Electrophoresis Study of Extracts of Submaxillary Salivary Glands from Naturally Rabid Dogs

Rabies virus in submaxillary salivary glands from naturally infected dogs was investigated by a paper electrophoresis technique, and the virus activity was quantitated by intracerebral titration in mice. Extracts from these salivary glands were found to contain (a) 10⁴ to 10⁶ mouse ICLD ₅₀ units of wild rabies seed and (b) a protein complex that migrated electrophoretically in the albumin band and more conspicuously in the beta and gamma bands of normal horse serum. The protein complex was interpreted to comprise aggregates of neutralizing antirabies antibody.     

3D Printing of Rat Salivary Glands: The Submandibular–Sublingual Complex

The morphology and the functionality of the murid glandular complex, composed of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (SSC), were the object of several studies conducted mainly using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using a 4.7 T scanner and a manganese‐based contrast agent, we improved the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the SSC relating to the surrounding anatomical structures allowing to obtain high‐contrast 3D images of the SSC. In the last few years, the large development in resin melting techniques opened the way for printing 3D objects starting from a 3D stack of images. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of the 3D printing technique of soft tissues such as the SSC in the rat with the aim to improve the visualization of the organs. This approach is useful to preserve the real in vivo morphology of the SCC in living animals avoiding the anatomical shape changes due to the lack of relationships with the surrounding organs in case of extraction. It is also harmless, repeatable and can be applied to explore volumetric changes occurring during body growth, excretory duct obstruction, tumorigenesis and regeneration processes. 3D printing allows to obtain a solid object with the same shape of the organ of interest, which can be observed, freely rotated and manipulated. To increase the visibility of the details, it is possible to print the organs with a selected zoom factor, useful as in case of tiny organs in small mammalia. An immediate application of this technique is represented by educational classes.     

进境伴侣动物狂犬病检验检疫制度对比分析

本文通过比较狂犬病非疫区国家(日本,澳大利亚,韩国,欧盟)、疫区国家(美国,加拿大,俄罗斯)与中国进境伴侣动物检验检疫制度,发现非疫区国家对疫苗效价、芯片、相关证书、驱虫等要求较高,而疫区国家仅对相关证书和驱虫有要求。我国对疫区国家入境的伴侣动物隔离检疫要求为30天,对非疫区的隔离检疫要求为7天,居家隔离为23天。由于各个口岸建设情况不同,伴侣动物入境检验检疫实施情况也有所不同。为加强入境检疫监管,建议限制伴侣动物入境口岸数量,与承运单位和机场相关部门合作,完善进境伴侣动物检疫制度。     

卵形巴贝西虫在长角血蝉若蜱唾液腺内的发育

本实验以感染有卵形巴贝西虫的长角血蜱若蜱叮咬家兔,对若蜱从叮咬到饱血脱落为止5d内唾液腺中卵形巴贝西虫的发育进行了观察.结果证实,卵形巴贝西虫在若蜱唾液腺细胞内经过母孢子(Sporont)阶段发育为子孢子(Sporozoite),因此卵形巴贝西虫取孢子生殖方式.随着子孢子的增加与释放,唾液腺细胞出现明显的空洞化.     

Histochemistry of Complex Carbohydrate in the Major Salivary Glands of Hoary Bamboo Rats (Rhizomys purinosus)

The major salivary glands (parotid glands, monostomatic sublingual glands and submandibular glands) were obtained from hoary bamboo rats (Rhizomys purinosus) and fixed in Bouin's solution. Paraffin sections were subjected to a battery of staining methods including lectin staining for demonstration of complex carbohydrates. Among the three major salivary glands, unique histochemical features were observed in the submandibular gland. Different from most myomorpha species, submandibular glands of the hoary bamboo rats have two types of secretory cells in the secretory endpieces. One type of cells showed positive reactions with Alcian blue (AB)(pH2.5), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and some lectins (peanuts agglutinin, Griffonia simplicifolia I. Machura pomifera agglutinin). The granular ducts, which exist in animals belonging to suborder myomorpha, were not observed in the submandibular glands of this animal.     

Use of Aspiration Method for Collecting Brain Samples for Rabies Diagnosis in Small Wild Animals

In developing countries such as Brazil, where canine rabies is still a considerable problem, samples from wildlife species are infrequently collected and submitted for screening for rabies. A collaborative study was established involving environmental biologists and veterinarians for rabies epidemiological research in a specific ecological area located at the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The wild animals’ brains are required to be collected without skull damage because the skull’s measurements are important in the identification of the captured animal species. For this purpose, samples from bats and small mammals were collected using an aspiration method by inserting a plastic pipette into the brain through the magnum foramen. While there is a progressive increase in the use of the plastic pipette technique in various studies undertaken, it is also appreciated that this method could foster collaborative research between wildlife scientists and rabies epidemiologists thus improving rabies surveillance.     

Carbonic Anhydrase III in the Salivary Glands and Kidney of the Japanes Monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) was found in muscles of the Japanese monkey by the double immunodiffusion test and western blotting using antiserum raised against equine CA-III. Immunocytochemical localization of CA-III in the salivary glands and kidney of the monkey was studied using an avidin-biotinylated glucose oxidase complex. CA-III was found mainly in the striated duct and interlobular duct cells of the parotid glands. In the submandibular glands, striated duct, interlobular duct, and excretory duct cells were strongly stained for CA-III. In the kidney of the monkey, CA-III was localized mainly in the dark cells of the collecting duct at the medulla and in the epithelial cells of thick limb of Henle's loop.     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白基因主要功能区的克隆和序列比较分析

对我国不同来源的狂犬病野毒株８２０２、ＢＲＶ、ＭＲＶ以及无毒疫苗株ＳＲＶ９的Ｇ基因４０５～１１４４位核苷酸序列进行了ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增、克隆和序列测定，并应用计算机对其进行了分析比较。结果证明，鹿源８２０２株与中国人用疫苗株为同源株（同源性达９７．０％），因此我国鹿狂犬病极可能是人用疫苗毒株污染所致；同地不同动物分离的ＭＲＶ株和ＢＲＶ株为亲缘关系较远毒株，表明ＢＲＶ引起的牛狂犬病不是由于ＭＲＶ感染所致；疫苗株ＳＲＶ９与３个野毒株同源性在８３％～８４％之间。３个野毒株８２０２、ＢＲＶ、ＭＲＶ及疫苗株ＳＲＶ９的糖基化位点和抗原决定簇内某些氨基酸亦不同。由计算机建立的系统树首次证明我国存在着狂犬病病毒基因亚型。８２０２、ＭＲＶ、ＳＲＶ９和其他对照株的同源性在８５．３％以上，为Ⅰａ亚型；ＢＲＶ与它们的同源性仅为８２．３％，被分为Ⅰｂ亚型。从而证明我国存在亲缘关系较远的狂犬病野毒株     

检测狂犬病病毒抗原的夹心间接Dot—ELISA的建立和应用研究

本研究建立了检测狂犬病病毒抗原的夹心间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验(SI-Dot-ELISA).本法检出狂犬病病毒抗原的最低浓度为:0.01IU/mL的标准抗原,1:100000 (相当于20 LD_(50))的狂犬病病毒CVS株和鹿8202株的鼠脑悬液,1:400(相当于7906TCID_(50)/mL)的狂犬病病毒SAG株的细胞培养物.对多种健康动物的组织、健康细胞培养物以及犬瘟热病毒、犬腺病毒等检测均为阴性.用SI—Dot—ELISA、夹心间接ELISA(SI—ELISA)和小鼠脑内接种3种方法,检测了388份材料,检出的阳性份数分别为173、171和179,经统计学处理,3种方法在狂犬病病毒抗原的检测上,可以相互代替.甲醛灭活病毒不影响本方法的检测,而加入氢氧化铝胶后的病毒悬液则不能用本法检测.本法适用于狂犬病的诊断、流行病学调查、疫苗效价的测定和实验研究中病毒抗原的测定.     

IV. Demonstration of the Viral Antigen by Means of Immunofluorescence

African swine fever immunofluorescent conjugates were prepared in swine and used successfully in the demonstration of viral antigen in frozen tissue sections and in inoculated tissue culture cells. Cross reactivity was observed with the six strains used in the inoculation of swine. The high antibody content of the serum of immune swine did not interfere with demonstration of the antigen in frozen tissue sections of certain of their organs. The localisation and extent of antigen varied with the stage of infection. The virus was demonstrated in spleen and other organs as early as after one day of pyrexia and until after death of the animal. A pool of hog cholera and African swine fever conjugates stained with dyes of different colours was used in the localisation of respective antigens in experimental mixed infection.     

狂犬病综合防控技术集成与示范项目实施效果

为提高我国狂犬病的综合防控能力,以陕西省韩城市、安徽省界首市以及贵州省桐梓县作为城市、农村、城乡结合部的代表区,项目组实施了狂犬病综合防控技术集成与示范项目。通过开展集成新型实用防控技术,落实大规模免疫、监测、宣传培训等措施,项目实施成效显著:犬只免疫率由项目实施前不足20%提升至92.06%;发病人数显著下降,疫情得到有效控制;3个项目区的狂犬病防控知识知晓率分别由项目实施前的40.3%、50.0%和86.3%提升至93.8%、95.0%和93.0%,公众对狂犬病认知度显著提升,营造了齐抓共管的良好社会氛围;整合锻炼狂犬病防治队伍,为防治工作储备了人才;社会关系更加和睦,生态环境得到改善。此外,项目区还提出了改进免疫标识、加强流浪犬管理的建议。     

安徽省狂犬病综合防控技术集成与示范项目实施效果调查

为了解安徽省狂犬病综合防控技术集成与示范项目实施3年来的效果,在项目示范区界首市,对项目实施情况及效果开展了相关调查。调查发现,该项目通过采取强化犬只免疫、开展宣传培训、加强督查和规范管理等策略,取得了明显的实施效果:一是城乡公共卫生状况得到有效改善,2015年以来无人间和畜间狂犬病病例发生;二是公众对狂犬病的知晓率明显上升,由项目实施前的86.3%提高到95%;三是农村犬免疫密度和免疫合格率大幅提升,项目乡镇的免疫密度由2%提高到95%以上,免疫抗体合格率由不到70%提升至94.6%左右。但该项目在实施期间仍存在一些问题,如项目经费少、工作难度大、红项圈易损毁、流浪犬难管理、持续免疫难维持等。建议加大项目的经费投入,由政府统一部署流浪犬的管理,扩大项目实施范围,延长项目实施年限,并尽快在全国试点推广。