氮磷钾对桔梗生长及次生代谢产物的影响

通过田间试验,采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次D 饱和最优设计研究了氮、磷、钾肥及其配比施肥对桔梗（Platycodon grandiflorum）生长及次生代谢产物的影响。试验结果表明,施肥能显著提高桔梗药材产量,氮、磷、钾元素对桔梗药材产量影响依次为氮>钾>磷。氮、磷、钾元素对桔梗总皂苷含量影响依次为氮>钾>磷,对桔梗植株多糖含量影响依次为磷>氮>钾;氮、磷对黄酮积累表现出一定负效应。依据桔梗药材产量及总皂苷含量提出桔梗合理施肥方案为N 150 kg·hm-2、P2O5 79.41 kg·hm-2、K2O 225 kg·hm-2。     

桔梗对左氧氟沙星在健康鸡体内药动学影响的研究

为研究桔梗对左氧氟沙星（LVLX）在健康鸡体内的血药浓度及药动学参数的影响，72只健康鸡随机平均分成2组，Ⅰ组单剂量灌胃给予左氧氟沙星（10mg／kg）；Ⅱ组左氧氟沙星（10mg／kg）与桔梗煎液（2g／kg）联用。采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度，最低检测限0．001mg／L，并以3P97药动学程序进行分析，药时数据均符合一级吸收二室模型（权重=1）。与Ⅰ组相比，Ⅱ组的药动学参数有如下变化：T1/2α、T1/2ka增大，Cmax、ka降低，差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；T1/2β、Tmax、AUC、MRT0-36均极显著增加（P〈0．01）。结果表明：桔梗对左氧氟沙星在健康鸡体内的药物代谢有较大影响；减慢LVLX在体内的吸收速度，但增加了LVLX吸收的程度；加快了LVLX向组织的转运；减慢了LVLX在鸡体内的消除速度，延长了药物在体内的作用时间。     

甘草提取物对卡拉库尔羊体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

本试验以3只健康的卡拉库尔羊为瘤胃液供体,采集瘤胃液进行体外发酵培养,试验设计为基础日粮中分别添加不同来源样组:对照组(G0)、10%胀果甘草粗提物组(G1)、10%刺果甘草粗提物组(G2)、10%刚果甘草粗提物(G3)、10%甘草原样(G4);分别添加不同水平甘草提取物组:0%组(Z0)、0.5%组(Z1)、1%组(Z2)、3%组(Z3)、5%组(Z4)、7%组(Z5),研究其对瘤胃发酵参数:pH、挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸)、产气量、氨态氮浓度(NH₃-N)的影响。结果显示,本试验添加的G1、G2、G3、G4组在一定程度上均可以降低瘤胃产气量和乙酸产量;添加不同剂量的甘草粗提取物时,Z3组的添加剂量使瘤胃pH在正常范围,同时对产气量无显著影响,乙酸/丙酸比值为最低。     

Protective Effect of Stachybotrys microspora Triprenyl Phenol-7on the Deposition of IgA to the Glomerular Mesangium in Nivalenol-induced IgA Nephropathy Using BALB/c Mice

Activators of tissue proteolysis including Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol (SMTP)-7 are a new class of agents that are expected to be effective for amelioration of chronic tissue destructive diseases. The present study was performed to examine whether SMTP-7 is effective for the amelioration or protection of early-stage IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induced by nivalenol (NIV) in female BALB/c mice. In Experiment 1, mice were administered NIV at 24 ppm in diet for 8 weeks, and during the NIV treatment, they were intraperitoneally injected with SMTP-7 (10 mg/kg) three times a week. In Experiment 2, mice were injected similarly with SMTP-7 during the last 4 weeks of a 16-week NIV treatment. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed an inhibitory effect of SMTP-7 on the glomerular deposition of IgA in Experiment 1; however, it was ineffective in Experiment 2. On the other hand, SMTP-7 did not affect the serum concentration of IgA in both experiments. These results suggest that SMTP-7 has a potential to decrease the progression of IgAN induced by NIV through inhibition of local accumulation of IgA in the glomerular mesangium, while it was ineffective for suppression of IgA production. On the other hand, SMTP-7 was found to be ineffective for already deposited IgA, suggesting that SMTP-7 may not be effective for ameliorating advanced IgAN.     

茵山莲水提物对四氯化碳诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

为探讨茵山莲水提物对四氯化碳(CCl₄)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及可能机制,以对后续茵山莲的深入研究及临床转化提供理论指导。将60只ICR小鼠随机分为6组,每组10只,分别为空白对照组、模型对照组、联苯双酯对照组、茵山莲低(1.17 mg·g^-1)、中(2.34 mg·g^-1)、高(4.68 mg·g^-1)剂量组,按不同剂量药物每天灌胃1次,给药7 d。在末次给药1 h后,除空白对照组以外,其余各组小鼠腹腔注射0.2%四氯化碳构建急性肝损伤模型。12 h后小鼠眼球采血并分离血清,收集肝组织。采用生化分析检测血清总蛋白(TP)和谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)活性,肝组织中GST、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性,利用HE染色和Masson染色观察肝组织病理及肝纤维化情况,采用蛋白免疫印迹法和免疫组织化学法检测肝组织白介素1beta (IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子alpha (TNF-α)、血管生成因子A (VEGFA),金属基质蛋白酶9(MMP9)及转录因子NF-κBp65、蛋白激酶IKK、p38MAPK等蛋白表达及定位情况。结果表明,与模型对照组相比,2.34 mg·g^-1茵山莲水提物能显著降低小鼠血清GST水平,显著升高肝内CAT水平,各组间T-SOD无显著差异,但2.34 mg·g^-1茵山莲水提物组小鼠与空白对照组、模型对照组在肝GST、SDH和血清TP水平上无显著差异。2.34 mg·g^-1茵山莲水提物能缓解CCl₄诱导的小鼠肝病理损伤和纤维化病变,抑制肝IL-1β、TNF-α、VEGFA、NF-κBp65和IKK的表达。提示茵山莲水提物可能通过NF-κB和p38MAPK通路抑制肝氧化应激和炎症水平,从而缓解小鼠急性肝损伤。     

Hepatic emphysema associated with ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in a dog

An eleven-year-old Chinese Crested Powder Puff dog presented with polydipsia/polyuria, inappetence, diarrhea and vomiting underwent an ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy. Two days post-biopsy the clinical condition of the dog acutely deteriorated with fever, dyspnea, ataxia and subcutaneous emphysema. Radiographs and ultrasound showed focal severe hepatic emphysema in the region of the previous liver biopsy. Post-mortem examination revealed chronic hepatitis with dissecting fibrosis, acute hepatitis with hemorrhage and in the hindlimb musculature extensive hemorrhage and necrosis. Pure cultures of the gas producing bacteria Clostridium perfringens were isolated in samples from the hind limb musculature. We propose that the hepatic emphysema in the region of the biopsy site was a result of a clostridial infection.     

穿心莲水提物与10种临床常用抗菌药联用的体外抑菌试验

为研究穿心莲水提物与临床常用10种抗菌药联用对鸡致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用传统的水提法制备穿心莲中药液并浓缩至浓度为1 g/mL,用琼脂平板稀释法测定穿心莲水提物分别与阿莫西林、头孢曲松等10种常用抗菌药物联用对临床分离的10株鸡致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用。结果表明,穿心莲和头孢曲松、穿心莲和氟苯尼考联用100%呈现协同作用;穿心莲和头孢噻呋联用90%呈现协同作用,10%呈现无关作用;穿心莲和大观霉素联用80%呈现协同作用,20%呈现无关作用;穿心莲和林可霉素联用50%呈现协同作用,40%为无关或颉颃作用,10%为无关作用;穿心莲与阿莫西林、安普霉素、阿米卡星、多西环素、恩诺沙星联用以无关或颉颃作用为主。以上结果表明,在体外,穿心莲与头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、大观霉素、氟苯尼考联用对鸡致病性大肠杆菌呈现协同作用,与阿莫西林、安普霉素、阿米卡星、林可霉素、多西环素、恩诺沙星联用呈现无关或颉颃作用。     

家蚕蛹虫草菌丝体水提物对CCl4诱导小鼠肝脏和免疫功能损伤的保护作用

为发掘家蚕蛹虫草的药用价值,研究家蚕蛹虫草菌丝体水提物对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝脏及免疫功能损伤的保护作用。将ICR雄性小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和家蚕蛹虫草菌丝体水提物低、高剂量组[0.2、0.4 g/(kg.d)],除正常对照组外各组均按剂量30 mg/kg腹腔注射CCl4造模。测定各组小鼠血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和免疫因子白细胞介素2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)的水平,结果表明家蚕蛹虫草菌丝体水提物可极显著提高模型小鼠血清中的IL-2、IFN-γ水平(P<0.01),并极显著降低AST、ALT活性及TNF-α含量(P<0.01)。研究结果显示家蚕蛹虫草菌丝体水提物对CCl4诱导的肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,并通过促进IL-2、IFN-γ的分泌,进而降低TNF-α的水平,调节CCl4模型小鼠的免疫功能,这也是其发挥抗肝脏纤维化作用的机制之一。     

Evaluation of the Local Analgesic Effects of a Commercial Aqueous Extract of Sarracenia purpurea and Ammonium Sulfate in the Equine Abaxial Sesamoid Block Model

Sarracenia purpurea is a carnivorous plant whose aqueous extracts have been proposed to exert analgesic effects by neurolytical action on peripheral nerves. The aim of this study was to determine the local analgesic effects of a commercially available aqueous extract solution of S. purpurea (P-Bloc, St. Joseph, Missouri) and a 1% ammonium sulfate solution, using the horse abaxial sesamoid block model. Twenty horses were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group (n = 10) was used to evaluate the effect of P-Bloc. The horses received a bilateral (medial and lateral) abaxial sesamoid block with 5 mL of P-Bloc in one random forelimb, while in the contralateral forelimb, they received either 5 mL of 2% lidocaine as a positive control (n = 5) or 5 mL of 0.9% NaCl as a negative control (n = 5). The second group (n = 10) was treated as the first but received 5 mL of 1% ammonium sulfate in NaCl (0.9% NaCl) solution instead of P-Bloc. The period of hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL, in seconds) was measured using a custom-made heat projector lamp as a source of a noxious skin heating stimulus applied to the pastern. Lidocaine (2%) prolonged (P ≤ .05) the HWRL period, returning to the negative control basal values after 240 minutes. Neither the treatment with P-Bloc nor 1% ammonium sulfate modified the HWRL period. The lack of effect of these compounds in this model reinforces the results reported elsewhere and suggests a nonlocal anesthetic mechanism of action for the aqueous extract of S. purpurea in the horse.     

麻叶荨麻醇提液对大鼠离体子宫运动的影响

为探究荨麻对子宫运动的影响及其可能机制,本试验用生物信号处理系统测定了浓度递增(0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%、8.0%和16.0%)的麻叶荨麻(Urtica cannabina,UC)醇提液对未孕大鼠离体子宫收缩频率、收缩张力和收缩幅度的影响,并用特异性M-受体阻断剂硫酸阿托品(atropine,A,2.5 μg/mL)和2.0% UC联合用药,分为3个处理: UC单独处理、UC+A和A+UC,观察UC对子宫收缩的影响是否与M-受体有关.结果显示,在UC浓度递增到4.0%时收缩频率较用药前显著增加(P <0.05);浓度递增到4.0%、8.0%时,收缩幅度较用药前极显著降低(P <0.01);但浓度递增UC对子宫收缩张力影响不显著(P >0.05).一次性加入2.0% UC后子宫收缩张力迅速增加并接近僵直,之后逐渐降低.无论UC+A或A+UC处理都使子宫收缩频率较用药前明显加快,收缩张力极显著增加(P <0.01),但2个联合用药处理组之间差异不显著(P >0.05);UC+A和A+UC处理组收缩张力较UC单独用药组均极显著降低(P <0.01).结果表明,UC可兴奋未孕大鼠离体子宫,A可缓解UC引起的子宫僵直或张力增加,但不能阻断UC引起的子宫收缩频率增加.提示UC对未孕大鼠离体子宫的兴奋作用和激动与M-受体有一定关系,但可能还存在其他机制.     

Impaired Development of Somatotropes, Lactotropes and Thyrotropes in Growth-Retarded (grt) Mice

Congenitally primary hypothyroid growth-retarded (grt) mice exhibit a characteristic growth pause followed by delayed onset of pubertal growth. We characterized the developmental pattern of somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary, as well as plasma levels of their secretory hormones, in grt mice. Compared with normal mice, the weight of grt pituitary gland was similar at 8 weeks of age but significantly heavier after 12 weeks of age. Compared with normal mice, there were significantly fewer somatotropes in the grt pituitary until 8 weeks of age, but the number gradually increased up to 48 weeks. The number of lactotropes in grt mice was consistently lower than that in normal mice from 2 through 48 weeks, whereas the number of thyrotropes in the grt pituitary was consistently higher than in the normal pituitary. Thyrotropes in the grt pituitary exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia with less intensive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) immunoreactivity than normal thyrotropes. In normal mice, the sum of the relative proportions of these cells plateaued at 8 weeks, where it remained up to 48 weeks of age. In grt mice, these proportions almost reached normal levels at 12 weeks of age but gradually declined after 24 weeks. Plasma growth hormone concentrations did not differ between grt and normal mice until 24 weeks of age. Compared with normal mice, grt mice exhibited significantly lower plasma prolactin and thyroxine levels but higher TSH levels. These findings indicate that development of somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes in grt mice is impaired, being followed by altered hormone secretion.     

乳酸菌―芽孢菌发酵黄芪对小鼠免疫功能作用的研究简

试验旨在探讨乳酸菌―芽孢菌发酵黄芪对小鼠免疫功能的影响。将84只小鼠分成6组,每组14只,分别为生理盐水组（阴性对照组）、未发酵黄芪组（阳性对照组,黄芪生药浓度为150 mg/mL）、试验Ⅰ组（黄芪生药浓度为60 mg/mL）、试验Ⅱ组（黄芪生药浓度为90 mg/mL）、试验Ⅲ组（黄芪生药浓度为120 mg/mL）、试验Ⅳ组（黄芪生药浓度为150 mg/mL）。小鼠采用灌胃方式给药30 d,最后处死小鼠测定其体重、免疫器官（胸腺和脾脏）系数、免疫因子（IgG、IL-6、sIgA）。结果显示,给药30 d后,试验组小鼠体重明显升高;试验Ⅰ组免疫器官系数极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）;试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组免疫因子IgG和sIgA均极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。由此可知,乳酸菌―芽孢菌发酵黄芪对小鼠的免疫功能有很好的促进作用。     

Protective effects of recombinant Brucella abortus Omp28 against infection with a virulent strain of Brucella abortus 544 in mice

The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Brucella (B.) abortus have been extensively studied, but their immunogenicity and protective ability against B. abortus infection are still unclear. In the present study, B. abortus Omp28, a group 3 antigen, was amplified by PCR and cloned into a maltose fusion protein expression system. Recombinant Omp28 (rOmp28) was expressed in Escherichia coli and was then purified. Immunogenicity of rOmp28 was confirmed by Western blot analysis with Brucella-positive mouse serum. Furthermore, humoral- or cell-mediated immune responses measured by the production of IgG1 or IgG2a in rOmp28-immunized mice and the ability of rOmp28 immunization to protect against B. abortus infection were evaluated in a mouse model. In the immunogenicity analysis, the mean titers of IgG1 and IgG2a produced by rOmp28-immunized mice were 20-fold higher than those of PBS-treated mice throughout the entire experimental period. Furthermore, spleen proliferation and bacterial burden in the spleen of rOmp28-immunized mice were approximately 1.5-fold lower than those of PBS-treated mice when challenged with virulent B. abortus. These findings suggest that rOmp28 from B. abortus is a good candidate for manufacturing an effective subunit vaccine against B. abortus infection in animals.     

构树叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用及机理研究

为了研究构树叶提取物的抑菌作用及其机理,以金黄色葡萄球菌为供试菌,采用牛津杯法测定构树叶提取物的抑菌效果,通过测定供试菌生长曲线、细胞膜渗透性和蛋白质合成来研究构树叶提取物的抑菌机理。结果表明,构树叶水提取物和75%乙醇提取物抑菌圈直径分别为17.5和18.0 mm,最小抑菌浓度均为6.8 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度均为12.50 mg/mL。构树提取物能显著抑制金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白质合成,从而抑制其生长,但对其细胞膜的通透性影响不大。因此,构树叶提取物通过抑制金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白质合成发挥其抑菌效果。     

Effects of inactive parapoxvirus ovis on cytokine levels in rats

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of iPPOV on pro-inflammatoryand anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in rats. iPPOV (1 ml/rat) wasadministered intraperitoneal route to 49 rats, except for 7 rats (Control, 0 group). Serumsamples were collected from 7 rats at 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th and 24th hr aftertreatments. Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-10 were determined using ELISA.Administration of iPPOV stimulated TNF-α (16th and 24th hr) and IL-6 (12th, 16th and 24thhr) synthesis and caused fluctuations in IL-10 and IL-12 concentrations. In conclusion,increased cytokine levels could be attributed to immunomodulatory activity of iPPOV,however, detailed studies are required to fully understand effects of iPPOV on immunesystem.     

连翘提取物对对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

试验旨在探究连翘提取物（FSE）预防性干预对对乙酰氨基酚（acetaminophen,APAP）诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及其潜在作用机制。采用半仿生-生物酶法提取连翘有效成分,使用APAP构建小鼠肝损伤模型。随机将60只雌性昆明小鼠分入正常对照（NC）组、APAP肝损伤模型（LD）组、连翘提取物（FSE）对照组、连翘提取物高剂量（HFSE＋LD）组、连翘提取物中剂量（MFSE＋LD）组和连翘提取物低剂量（LFSE＋LD）组,每组10只。HFSE＋LD组、MFSE＋LD组、LFSE＋LD组分别按每天200、100、50 μg/g灌胃给予连翘提取物,NC组和LD组分别灌胃等量生理盐水,每天2次,连续给药6 d。预防性给药3 d后,腹腔注射APAP,每天1次。末次给药12 h后,试验小鼠眼球采血并快速取出肝脏,检测血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性,以评价肝损伤程度;检测肝脏匀浆液中还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）水平,以评价肝脏氧化应激程度;制作肝脏病理切片,经苏木精伊红（HE）染色后观察肝脏病理变化;采用探针药物法测定肝脏线粒体细胞色素P4502E1（CYP2E1）活性;采用实时荧光定量PCR检测肝脏线粒体CYP2E1 mRNA表达水平;采用Western blotting法检测肝脏CYP2E1蛋白表达情况。结果表明：与NC组相比,LD组小鼠血清中ALT、AST活性均显著增加（P<0.05）;肝脏SOD活性、GSH含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,MDA、H₂O₂含量,CYP2E1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P<0.05）,成功构建小鼠肝损伤模型。200、100和50 μg/g的连翘提取物可显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST活性（P<0.05）,显著提高肝脏中SOD活性（P<0.05）;200、100 μg/g连翘提取物可显著提高肝脏中GSH水平（P<0.05）,显著降低肝脏中MDA、H₂O₂水平及CYP2E1的mRNA和蛋白表达量（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,连翘提取物可减轻APAP诱导的小鼠肝损伤程度且呈剂量依赖性,其潜在作用机制可能与所含活性物质的抗氧化作用以及对CYP2E1酶活性和表达的抑制有关。     

亚抑菌浓度穿心莲提取物对减缓金黄色葡萄球菌α-溶血素介导的A549细胞损伤作用的影响

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种广泛存在的重要致病菌,可引起人类和动物许多严重的感染。另外,α-溶血素是金黄色葡萄球菌最重要的毒力因子之一。本研究通过乙醇回流提取方法,获得中草药穿心莲提取物,然后通过最低抑制浓度(MIC)值测定、溶血活性测定、Western blotting、RT-PCR、LDH及Live/dead等方法研究分析穿心莲提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌α-溶血素分泌的影响及对A549细胞的保护作用。试验结果表明,穿心莲提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值为2048 μg/mL,且呈剂量依赖性地抑制金黄色葡萄球菌α-溶血素分泌,并能有效减缓金黄色葡萄球菌菌液上清对A549细胞的损伤。提示,穿心莲提取物是一种潜在的抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的药物。     

中链甘油三酯对脂多糖刺激小鼠血液指标与肝脏抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究中链甘油三酯(MCT)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激小鼠血液指标与肝脏抗氧化功能的影响。将40只昆明小鼠用2×2试验因子设计分成4组,主因子包括:日粮(10%豆油或"8%MCT+2%豆油")和免疫应激(注射LPS或生理盐水)。试验第28天,每个日粮组的5只小鼠注射150μg/kg体重的LPS,另5只注射无菌生理盐水作为对照。结果表明:与对照组相比,LPS显著降低了小鼠血浆葡萄糖、总蛋白水平及肝脏总抗氧化能力(P0.05),LPS刺激后小鼠血浆白介素-1β含量呈升高趋势(P=0.051);与长链甘油三酯(LCT)相比,MCT显著提高了血浆总蛋白、白蛋白含量(P0.05),并降低了总胆固醇水平(P0.05);MCT组血浆总甘油三酯(P=0.055)水平与肝脏总抗氧化能力(P=0.081)较LCT组呈升高趋势,肝脏丙二醛含量相对较低(P=0.091)。MCT降低了LPS刺激后小鼠机体葡萄糖的消耗,改善蛋白质代谢与肝脏抗氧化能力。